Between the Great Divide

by Anam Zakaria

  6.Human Rights Watch, ‘With friends like these,’ Volume 18. No.12, September 2006, p. 62. Web: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/pakistan0906webwcover_0.pdf (Last accessed: 15 January 2017).

  7.Asad Hashim, ‘Kashmir refugees living a life on hold,’ Al Jazeera, 18 September 2013. Web: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/09/201391711186325937.html (Last accessed: 26 May 2017).

  8.Human Rights Watch, ‘With friends like these,’ Volume 18. No. 12, September 2006, p. 62. Web: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/pakistan0906webwcover_0.pdf (Last accessed: 15 January 2017).

  9.Emanuel Sarfraz, ‘My govt looking after 40,000 refugees: AJK PM,’ The Nation, 9 September 2017. Web: http://nation.com.pk/09-Sep-2017/my-govt-looking-after-40-000-refugees-ajk-pm (Last accessed: 29 October 2017).

  10.Asad Hashim, ‘Kashmir refugees living a life on hold,’ Al Jazeera, 18 September 2013. Web: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/09/201391711186325937.html (Last accessed: 26 May 2017).

  11.Human Rights Watch, ‘With friends like these,’ Volume 18. No.12, September 2006, p. 62. Web: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/pakistan0906webwcover_0.pdf (Last accessed: 15 January 2017).

  12.Locals tell me that though all refugees are meant to get ID cards, it is not always easy to acquire them. Their links with India are checked and cross-checked and some of them have to undergo ruthless interrogations. Many are deprived of the ID card altogether, which makes it impossible to find a job or perform other day-to-day activities.

  13.Kashmir Image, ‘Increase in the monthly allowance of refugees,’ 2 February 2018. Web: http://www.urdu.kashmirimage.com/2018/02/02/kashmiri-refugees/ (Last accessed: 4 February 2018).

  14.Asad Hashim, ‘Kashmir refugees living a life on hold,’ Al Jazeera, 18 September 2013. Web: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/09/201391711186325937.html (Last accessed: 26 May 2017).

  15.Human Rights Watch, ‘With friends like these,’ Volume 18. No.12, September 2006, p. 19. Web: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/pakistan0906webwcover_0.pdf (Last accessed: 15 January 2017).

  16.While Pahaari means ‘mountainous’, and is ‘primarily spoken in the Murree tehsil of the Rawalpindi district in northern Pakistan… another dialect of the same language, also called Pahaari as well as Chibhali, extends into Azad Kashmir… Pothwari is spoken in the plateau south of the Pahaari dialect area… The Pahaari-Pothwari language complex includes three major but mutually intelligible dialects: Pahaari, Pothwari and Mirpuri. Those speaking the latter, Mirpuri, also refer to their language as Pahaari.’ Michael Lothers and Laura Lothers, ‘Pahaari and Pothwari: A sociolinguistic survey,’ SIL International, 2010, p. 2.

  17.Human Rights Watch, ‘With friends like these,’ Volume 18. No.12, September 2006, p. 9. Web: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/pakistan0906webwcover_0.pdf (Last accessed: 15 January 2017).

  18.Ibid., p. 9 and pp. 62-63.

  19.Ibid., pp. 7 and 51.

  20.Binoo Joshi, ‘Indian state launches “militant rehabilitation” policy,’ BBC, 22 November 2010. Web: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-11814562 (Last accessed: 6 November 2017).

  21.Asad Hashim, ‘Kashmir refugees living a life on hold,’ Al Jazeera, 18 September 2013. Web: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/09/201391711186325937.html (Last accessed: 26 May 2017).

  22.Emanuel Sarfraz, ‘My govt looking after 40,000 refugees: AJK PM,’ The Nation, 9 September 2017. Web: http://nation.com.pk/09-Sep-2017/my-govtlooking-after-40-000-refugees-ajk-pm (Last accessed: 29 October 2017).

  23.Muhammad Mukaram, ‘Only want to visit my dying father: Pak woman writes to Kashmir CM,’ The Quint, 26 June 2016. Web: https://www.thequint.com/news/india/only-want-to-visit-my-dying-father-pak-woman-writes-tokashmir-cm-mehbooba-mufti-rawalpindi (Last accessed: 29 October 2017).

  24.William Dalrymple, Curfewed Night by Basharat Peer, The Guardian, 20 June 2010. Web: https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/jun/20/curfewednight-basharat-peer-dalrymple (Last accessed: 29 October 2017).

  25.Physicians for Human Rights & Asia Watch, ‘The crackdown in Kashmir: Torture of detainees and assaults on the medical community,’ February 1993. Web: https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/INDIA932.PDF (Last accessed: 29 October 2017); Basharat Peer, ‘What lies beneath,’ Foreign Policy, 22 September 2011. Web: http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/09/22/what-lies-beneath-2/ (Last accessed: 29 October 2017).

  26.William Dalrymple, Curfewed Night by Basharat Peer, The Guardian, 20 June 2010. Web: https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/jun/20/curfewednight-basharat-peer-dalrymple (Last accessed: 29 October 2017).

  27.Mirza Waheed, ‘India’s crackdown in Kashmir: Is this the world’s first mass blinding?’ The Guardian, 8 November 2016. Web: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/08/india-crackdown-in-kashmir-is-this-worlds-first-massblinding (Last accessed: 29 October 2017).

  28.Tariq Naqash, ‘Protesting Kashmiri refugees want demands fulfilled,’ Dawn, 11 June 2013. Web: https://www.dawn.com/news/1017478 (Last accessed: 29 October 2017).

  29.Peerzada Ashiq, ‘82-hour internet ban on Eid fuels anger in Kashmir,’ The Hindu, 28 September 2015. Web: http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/internet-ban-on-eid-fuels-anger-in-kashmir/article7699176.ece (Last accessed: 29 October 2017).

  30.Aijaz Hussain, ‘India bans 22 social media sites in Kashmir over alleged abuse videos,’ The Independent, 27 April 2017. Web: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/india-bans-social-media-sites-22-kashmir-alleged-abuse-videosinidan-forces-soldiers-residents-a7705766.html (Last accessed: 20 May 2017).

  31.The Telegraph, ‘India bans social media in Kashmir for one month,’ 27 April 2017. Web: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2017/04/27/india-banssocial-media-kashmir-one-month/ (Last accessed: 29 October 2017).

  32.Tariq Naqash, ‘Protesting Kashmiri refugees want demands fulfilled,’ Dawn, 11 June 2013. Web: https://www.dawn.com/news/1017478 (Last accessed: 29 October 2017).

  33.Express Tribune, ‘Longstanding problems: Kashmiri refugees seek federal govt help,’ 9 April 2014. Web: https://tribune.com.pk/story/692925/longstandingproblems-kashmiri-refugees-seek-federal-govt-help/ (Last accessed: 21 May 2017).

  34.Ibid.

  35.Zarrar Khuhro, ‘Groaning in Ghazni,’ Dawn, 13 January 2014. Web: https://www.dawn.com/news/1080161 (Last accessed: 20 October 2017).

  Chapter 5

  1.Area-wise, Neelum is the largest of the ten districts of AJK. It has an estimated population of 170,000-200,000. Neelum Valley is a part of the Neelum district but the valley itself begins from Chela Bandi Bridge, north of Muzaffarabad, and has a population of 200,000-250,000 people.

  2.Neelum Valley is approximately 200 kilometres long. It includes ‘popular towns and villages… (like) Kundal Shahi, Jura, Athmuqam, Kutton, Keran, Dowarian, Dudhnial, Sharda, Tehjian, Kel, Arang Kel and Taobat’. Muhammad Javed, ‘The beauty at home: Neelum Valley a haven for nature lovers,’ Express Tribune, 20 August 2015. Web: https://tribune.com.pk/story/941332/the-beauty-at-home-neelum-valley-a-haven-for-nature-lovers/ (Last accessed: 21 May 2017).

  3.Islamic Relief Worldwide: http://www.islamic-relief.org/about-us/history/ (Last accessed: 29 October 2017).

  4.Mathew Price, ‘Audit clears Islamic Relief of terror funding claim,’ BBC, 12 December 2014. Web: http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-30443693 (Last accessed: 15 January 2017).

  5.Agamoni Ghosh, ‘HSBC snaps ties with Islamic Relief over “terror” fears,’ International Business Times, 4 January 2016. Web: http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/hsbc-snaps-ties-islamic-relief-over-terror-fears-1535825 (Last accessed: 22 May 2017).

  6.Shahid Hussain, ‘Bomb kills five girls near Line of Control,’ Gulf News, 11 November 2006. Web: http://gulfnews.com/news/asia/pakistan/bomb-kills-fivegirls-near-line-of-control-1.120761 (29 October 2017).

  7.Ibid.

  8.Daily Times, ‘Azad Kashmir, Pakistan’s treasure chest of rubies,’ 15 October 2017. Web: https://dailytimes.com.pk/1
25428/azad-kashmir-pakistans-treasurechest-rubies/ (Last accessed: 29 October 2017).

  9.M. Ilyas Khan, ‘The housewives taking on militants in Kashmir,’ BBC, 17 November 2013: Web: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-24426555 (Last accessed: 15 January 2017).

  10.Qadeer Tanoli, ‘FIA questions more people over anti-army posts,’ Express Tribune, 22 May 2017. Web: https://tribune.com.pk/story/1415672/fia-questionspeople-anti-army-posts/ (Last accessed: 22 May 2017).

  11.Dawn, ‘US blacklists Kashmir’s Hizbul Mujahideen as “terrorist” group,’ 16 August 2017. Web: https://www.dawn.com/news/1351930 (Last accessed: 29 October 2017).

  12.Tariq Naqash, ‘AJK protestors rally to condemn blacklisting of Hizbul Mujahideen by US,’ Dawn, 17 August 2017. Web: https://www.dawn.com/news/1352145 (Last accessed: 29 October 2017).

  13.Naveed Siddiqui, ‘Kashmiri militant leader punished as Modi visits US,’ Dawn, 26 June 2017. Web: https://www.dawn.com/news/1341914 (Last accessed: 24 January 2017).

  14.Rajesh Ahuja, ‘Arrested Pak national Bahadur Ali was trained in PoK terror groups: NIA,’ Hindustan Times, 11 August 2016. Web: http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/we-have-proof-against-arrested-pakistani-terrorsuspect-bahadur-ali-nia/story-AProHM94Y5JnIYZqR0QiyK.html (Last accessed: 28 May 2017).

  15.Shreerupa Mitra-Jha, ‘At UN, India and Pakistan spar over human rights violations in Kashmir,’ Firstpost, 15 September 2016. Web: http://www.firstpost.com/world/at-united-nations-india-and-pakistan-engage-in-war-of-words-overhuman-rights-violation-in-kashmir-3005174.html (Last accessed: 28 May 2017).

  16.Mukhtar Ahmad, Rich Phillips and Joshua Berlinger, ‘Soldiers killed in army base attack in Indian-administered Kashmir,’ CNN, 19 September 2016. Web: http://edition.cnn.com/2016/09/18/asia/india-kashmir-attack/ (Last accessed: 28 May 2017).

  17.Ibid.

  18.M.A. Mir, Kaleem Rauf and Afzaal Khan, ‘Unabated Indian shelling ruins Neelum Valley tourism,’ Express Tribune, 31 October 2016. Web: https://tribune.com.pk/story/1215683/unabated-indian-shelling-ruins-neelum-valley-tourism/ (Last accessed: 29 October 2017).

  19.Angela Deewan, ‘Pakistan says Indian shelling kills 9 in Kashmir bus attack,’ CNN, 23 November 2016. Web: http://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/23/asia/pakistan-india-kashmir-bus-attack/ (Last accessed: 28 May 2017).

  20.Tariq Naqash, ‘4 Pakistan Army soldiers drown in Neelum River after India targets military vehicle,’ Dawn, 16 July 2017. Web: https://www.dawn.com/news/1345695 (Last accessed: 21 August 2017).

  21.News18, ‘Pakistan Army says four of its soldiers drowned in river after Indian attack,’ 16 July 2017. Web: http://www.news18.com/news/india/pakistan-armysays-four-of-its-soldiers-drowned-in-river-after-indian-attack-1463055.html (Last accessed: 22 August 2017).

  Chapter 6

  1.Tariq Naqash, ‘Kashmir Day observed today,’ Dawn, 5 February 2017. Web: https://www.dawn.com/news/1312835 (Last accessed: 24 May 2017).

  2.Umair Jamal, ‘Is Pakistan getting ready to abandon Lashkar-e-Taiba,’ The Diplomat, 22 March 2016. Web: https://thediplomat.com/2016/03/is-pakistangetting-ready-to-abandon-lashkar-e-taiba/ (Last accessed: 11 November 2017).

  3.Kalbe Ali, ‘Nawaz accused of ignoring Kashmir,’ Dawn, 6 February 2016. Web: http://www.dawn.com/news/1237748 (Last accessed: 15 January 2017).

  4.Ibid.

  5.Ibid.

  6.Owais Jafri, ‘Jamaat-ud-Dawa to protest against India’s MFN status,’ Express Tribune, 9 November 2011. Web: http://tribune.com.pk/story/289103/jamatud-dawa-to-protest-against-indias-mfn-status/(Last accessed: 15 January 2017).

  7.Zulfikar Ali Bhutto speaks at the United Nations on Kashmir. Web: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4TGEkQ-3Csc (Last accessed: 15 January 2017).

  8.Benazir Bhutto’s address at United Nations General Assembly, 1996. Web: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lNbA6tuawUA (Last accessed: 15 January 2017).

  9.Dawn, ‘India terms Bilawal’s Kashmir statement “far from reality”,’ 21 September 2014. Web: https://www.dawn.com/news/1133289 (Last accessed: 14 November 2017).

  10.Vappala Balachandran, ‘How Pakistan’s military monopolized state resources for personal use,’ TheWire.in, 12 April 2017. Web: https://thewire.in/123455/pakistan-military-ayesha-siddiqa/ (Last accessed: 24 May 2018).

  11.Ayesha Siddiqa, Military Inc.: Inside Pakistan’s Military Economy, Pluto Press 2007, p. 18.

  12.Ibid., p. 26.

  13.Ibid., p. 63.

  14.Inder Malhotra, ‘Hanging by a hair,’ The Indian Express, 9 August 2010. Web: http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/hanging-by-a-hair/657900/2 (Last accessed: 22 May 2017).

  15.C. Christina Fair, Fighting to the End: The Pakistan Army’s Way of War, Oxford University Press, 2014, p. 93.

  16.Muhammad Hussain Choudhary and Uzma Azam, Pakistan Studies, Class 9, GFH Publishers, pp. 114-115.

  17.‘After Partition in 1947, the whole of the princely state of Kutch had become the Kutch district in the Indian state of Gujarat, but Pakistan and India had from the outset always disagreed over the location of the boundary… the dispute in 1965 between India and Pakistan was confined to the Great Rann,’ and for many served as a precursor to the 1965 war. Farooq Bajwa, From Kutch to Tashkent: The Indo-Pakistan War of 1965, Hurst & Company, 2013, pp. 65-66.

  18.Stanley Wolpert, Zulfi Bhutto of Pakistan: His Life and Times, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 89.

  19.Bushra Sultana, Leading Lights, Faiz Foundation Trust, p. 32.

  20.M. Ilyas Khan, ‘Operation Gibraltar: The Pakistani troops that infiltrated Kashmir to start a rebellion,’ BBC, 5 September 2015. Web: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34136689 (15 January 2017).

  21.The Indian Express, ‘Big picture: 1965, fifty years later,’ 9 September 2015. Web: http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/big-picture-1965-fiftyyears-later/ (Last accessed: 15 January 2017).

  22.Farooq Bajwa, From Kutch to Tashkent: The Indo-Pakistan War of 1965, Hurst & Company, 2013, p. 107.

  23.Bushra Sultana, Leading Lights, Faiz Foundation Trust, p. 32.

  24.Farooq Bajwa, From Kutch to Tashkent: The Indo-Pakistan War of 1965, Hurst & Company, 2013, p. 136.

  25.D.S. Sarao, ‘1965 War: Op Gibraltar and how the war started,’ Indian Defence Review, 16 September 2015. Web: http://www.indiandefencereview.com/spotlights/1965-war-op-gibraltar-and-how-the-war-started/ (Last accessed: 22 May 2017).

  26.Manoj Joshi, ‘Looking back at the 1965 war, with a more objective eye,’ TheWire.in, 6 September 2015. Web: https://thewire.in/10066/looking-back-atthe-1965-war-with-a-more-objective-eye/ (Last accessed: 10 June 2017).

  27.Bushra Sultana, Leading Lights, Faiz Foundation Trust, pp. 32-33.

  28.Ibid., p. 33.

  29.Umer Ali, ‘1965 Indo-Pak war: Let’s learn a lesson from history,’ The Friday Times, 6 September 2015. Web: http://blogs.thefridaytimes.com/1965-indo-pakwar-lets-learn-a-lesson-from-history/ (Last accessed: 29 October 2017).

  30.Hassan Abbas, Pakistan’s Drift into Extremism: Allah, the Army and America’s War on Terror, Routledge, 2015, p. 51.

  31.Arvind Goswami, 3D: Deceit, Duplicity & Dissimilation of US Foreign Policy towards India, Pakistan & Afghanistan, Author House, 2012, p. 87.

  32.Dawn, ‘What is the most blatant lie taught through Pakistani textbooks?’ 17 August 2016. Web: http://www.dawn.com/news/1125484 (Last accessed: 15 January 2017).

  33.Muhammad Hussain Choudhary and Uzma Azam, Pakistan Studies, Class 9, GFH Publishers, p. 114.

  34.For further reading, see Malik Muhammad Ashraf, ‘Sheer cynicism,’ Pakistan Today, 11 September 2015. Web: https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2015/09/11/sheer-cynicism/ (Last accessed: 14 November 2015).

  35.The Times of India, ‘Battlefield India,’ 17 July 2013. Web: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/Battlefield-India/toi175yrsarticleshow/21114276.cms (Last accessed: 12 June 2017).

  36.Ibid.

  37.Khalid Rahman and Ershad Mahmud, ‘Kashmiri Refugees: Facts, Issues and the Future Ahead,’ Policy Perspectives, Vol.3, No.1, Pluto Journals
, p. 46.

  38.BBC, ‘Are India’s plans to celebrate 1965 war victory in bad taste?’ 13 August 2015. Web: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33815204 (Last accessed: 15 January 2017).

  39.M. Ilyas Khan, ‘Operation Gibraltar: The Pakistani troops that infiltrated Kashmir to start a rebellion,’ BBC, 5 September 2015. Web: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34136689 (Last accessed: 15 January 2017)

  40.Ibid.

  41.Ibid.

  42.Ibid.

  43.Ibid.

  44.Mussarat Jabeen, Amir Ali Chandio and Zarina Qasim, ‘Language controversy: Impacts on national politics and secession of East Pakistan,’ South Asian Studies, Vol. 25, No. 1, p. 100. Web: http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/csas/PDF/Mussarat%20Jabeen%207.pdf (Last accessed: 15 January 2017).

  45.Alyssa Ayres, Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan, Cambridge University Press, 2009. p. 42.

  46.Matthew J. Webb, Kashmir’s Right to Secede: A Critical Examination of Contemporary Theories of Secession, Routledge, 2012, p. 40.

  47.Zubeida Mustafa, ‘The Kashmir dispute and the Simla Agreement,’ Pakistan Horizon, Vol. 25, No. 3, The Simla Accord (Third Quarter, 1972), Pakistan Institute of International Affairs, p. 45.

  48.Jahan Dad Khan, Pakistan’s Leadership Challenges, Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 123.

  49.Matthew J. Webb, Kashmir’s Right to Secede: A Critical Examination of Contemporary Theories of Secession, Routledge, 2012, p. 40.

  50.Judy Carter, George Irani and Vamik D. Volkan, ed. Regional and Ethnic Conflicts: Perspectives from the Front Lines, Routledge, 2016, p. 49.

  51.Bhutto.org, ‘Simla Agreement.’ Web: http://www.bhutto.org/simla-agreement.php (Last accessed: 15 January 2017).

  52.Ibid.

  53.Jacob Bercovitch and Mikio Oishi, International Conflict in the Asia-Pacific, Routledge, 2010.

  54.Ibid.

  55.The Azad Jammu and Kashmir Interim Constitution Act of 1974.

  56.Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan (1915-2003) became the ‘founder-president of Azad Kashmir in October 1947 and served four terms in office—twice by appointment by the territory’s oldest political party, the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference (AJKMC), and twice as elected president. His last term in office was from 25 August 1996 to 24 August 2001. He passed away in Islamabad on 31 July 2003.’ Ershad Mahmud, ‘Status of AJK in political milieu,’ Policy Perspectives. Web: http://cpdr.org.pk/images/publications/status-of-ajk-inpolitical-milieu.pdf (Last accessed: 29 May 2017), p. 106.