The Romanovs

by Simon Sebag Montefiore

  2

  Isabel de Madariaga, Ivan the Terrible (henceforth Madariaga), Mongols 5–6; tsar title 17. Ivan the Terrible, Anastasia, brideshows 50–9. Sergei Bogatyrev, Ivan IV 1533–84, in Maureen Perrie (ed.), The Cambridge History of Russia, vol. 1: From Early Rus’ to 1689. Troubles: Chester Dunning, Russia’s First Civil War (henceforth Dunning), 33–72. False Dmitris: this is based on Maureen Perrie, Pretenders and Popular Monarchism in Early Modern Russia. Catherine Merridale, Red Fortress: The Secret Heart of Russia’s History (henceforth Merridale) 75–102. Martin 112–21; Romanov descent 114–15.

  3

  P. Grebelsky and A. Mirvis, Dom Romanovykh 1–12. G. K. Shchutskaya, Palaty boyar Romanovykh. W. Bruce Lincoln, The Romanovs (henceforth Lincoln) 26; Lindsey Hughes, The Romanovs (henceforth Hughes), 1–10. On Michael: Orchard, 30–4.

  4

  Madariaga 140–5, 295, 342, 357; effect of Ivan 371. Circassian princes/Cherkasskys: Paul Bushkovitch, ‘Princes Cherkasskii or Circassian Murzas: The Kabardians in the Russian boyar elite 1560–1700’, Cahiers du Monde Russe (2004) 45.1–2.9–30. Filaret: J. L. H. Keep, Regime of Filaret, SEER (1959–60) 38.334–43 (henceforth Keep). Michael: Orchard, 30–4. Michael character: Vernadsky 5.1.308–11. RGADA 135.111.1.2. 28–44, March 1613, Gramota arkhiepiskopa Feodorita i F. I. Sheremeteva k Zemskomu Soboru (Formal report of the Kostroma delegates to the Zemsky Sobor on Tsar Mikhail’s consent to be tsar).

  5

  Keep 334–43. Vernadsky 5.1.205–20. Dunning 50–9; serfdom 60–73. Ian Grey, Boris Godunov 13–14, 134–9, 159–62. Soloviev 16.44. Dunning 94–100.

  6

  Soloviev 15.27. Vernadsky 5.1.225–51. Dunning on uprising, 415–39. Michael in Kremlin: Soloviev 15.283. Filaret: Soloviev 15.160–231; Pozharsky and Minin 275–86. Kremlin charnel-house: Merridale 130–3. Hughes 8–12. Keep 334–43.

  7

  Soloviev 15.240–89, 16.1–15; Filaret’s reaction 16.44–5. Vernadsky 5.1.275–83. Dunning 415–48. Hughes 12–14, 31. Richard Wortman, Scenarios of Power (henceforth Wortman) 9–13. Susanin: Soloviev 16.243–50. Hughes 12–13.

  8

  Madariaga 1–22. Dunning 28–44. Merridale 13–100.

  9

  Coronation: L. E. Morozova: T. B. Knyazevskaia (ed.), Kultura slavyan i Rus, Morozova, L. E., Dve redaktsii China venchaniia na tsarstvo Alexeia Mikhailovicha, 457–72. Madariaga 49–52. Wortman 10–16. Lincoln 30–3. Hughes 12–13.

  10

  Olearius 62, 191, 262. Orchard 30–4. Soloviev 17.92. Clocks, Merridale 140, 146. Amusements: J. T. Fuhrman, Alexis: His Reign and his Russia (henceforth Fuhrman) 4–6. Paul Bushkovitch, Peter the Great (henceforth Bushkovitch) 14–16 and 28–9.

  11

  Soloviev 16:16–44, 96–114. Dunning 448–59. Vernadsky 5.1.283–93. Saltykovs: Martin 180.

  12

  Crummey 1–28, 56, 70–82, 143, 141–2; wealth lists of boyars 108. See also: Sergei Bogatyrev, The Sovereign and his Counsellers: Ritualised Consultations in Muscovite Political Culture, 1350s to 1570s. Soloviev 17.85–92. Bushkovitch 14–16, 28–9. Hughes 38–9. Lincoln 82–5. Processions: Wortman 15–18. Word and deed: C. A. Ruud and S. A. Stepanov, Fontanka 16 (henceforth Ruud) 5–7. Terem culture: Fuhrman 38, 75–6. Pharmacy: Soloviev 25.11.

  13

  Martin 9–11; 20–1; 57–94; 170–1;174, 180.

  14

  Martin 169–85. Madariaga 50–9. Soloviev 16.165–6, 313. Lincoln 34.

  15

  Soloviev 16.129–50, 174–200, 17.105.

  16

  Filaret: Pisma russkikh gosudarei (henceforth PRG) 1.10–14. Soloviev 16.156–65, 17.90–3. Filaret’s vanity: Vernadsky 5.1.308–11. Lykov and Filaret: Soloviev 16.222–4. Dunning 459–80. Filaret exiles boyars: Bushkovitch 49–51. Paul Bushkovitch, Shvedskie istochniki o Rossii 1624–26, Arkhiv russkoi istorii (2007) 8.359–81. Precedence: Soloviev 17.93–102; Crummey 136–40.

  17

  Streshneva: Soloviev 16.166. Fuhrman 1–10. Martin 186–9. Dolgorukys: Bushkovitch 32. Bushkovitch, Shvedskie istochniki o Rossii, 8.359–81.

  18

  Soloviev 16.211–25, 17.92–5. Vernadsky 5.1.345–61. Fuhrman 106–7. Bushkevich 50–1. Boyar commanders: Crummey 46–9; Fuhrman 106–7. Hughes 38–40. Philip Longworth, Alexis, Tsar of All the Russias (henceforth Longworth) 21.

  19

  Soloviev 17.83–4. Longworth 5–23. The Domostroi/Terem: Fuhrman 83. Bushkovitch 33. Giving birth: Lindsey Hughes, Sophia (henceforth, Sophia) 25.

  20

  Vernadsky 5.1.383–5. Fuhrman 7–11. Longworth 17–26. Waldemar/pretenders: Soloviev 17.55–75. Death of Michael: Soloviev 17.83–4. Fuhrman 1–4. Longworth 17–21.

  SCENE 2: THE YOUNG MONK

  1

  Accession/Zealots: Vernadsky 5.1.382–91. Fuhrman 9–15, 46–7. Young Alexei: Hughes, Sophia 5, 25. Longworth 5–11, 19–28; zealots 55–67; negro Saveli 186. Funerals: Wortman 38. Religion and ceremonies: Crummey 141. Matveev: Fuhrman 193. Coronation: Chin postavleniia na tsarstvo tsarya i velikogo knyazya Alexeia Mikhailovicha 38. Falconry 119; technological interests 120;

  2

  Kindness, tact: Longworth 69, 72, 88, 135–9; Ivan 69 and 259; fury 69–72; ducking 113–14. Hughes, Sophia 28. Religion: Fuhrman 32–3; Crummey 141. Pharmacy: Soloviev 25.11. Alexei’s order of foreign purchases: RGADA 27.118.119–20. Kind letter to Odoevsky: V. Lamansky, Zapiski otdeleniia Russkoi i Slavyanskoi Arkheologii (1861) 2.702–6. Letters to steward: ZORI 2.786–8.

  3

  Brideshow organized: Martin 190–2. Samuel Collins Present State of Russia 10–12, 111–13.

  4

  Marriage: Fuhrman 13–15, 208–10; Martin 192–6. Hughes 30–2. Sophia 20. Rich boyars: Crummey 113–14; on Morozov potash 130–3. Fuhrman 116–34. Longworth 22–38; father-substitute 45. Morozov: Fuhrman 16–18. Collins 10–12, 111–13.

  5

  1648 riots and Code: Olearius 203–17. Crummey 83–7. Fuhrman 16–29. Hughes, Sophia 34. Longworth 39–46. Law code, John P. LeDonne, Absolutism and Ruling Class (henceforth LeDonne) 4, 16, 212–15.

  6

  Fuhrman 46–7, 131–45, 155–76. Crummey 97–100. Sophia 35–7. Merridale 156–8.

  7

  Sergii Plokhy, The Gates of Europe: A History of Ukraine (henceforth Plokhy) 97–118. Vernadsky 5.1.463–79. Longworth 65.

  8

  Polish war: RGADA 27.85; notebooks RGADA 27.82; 27.86. PRG 5.10–12. Longworth 68–91, 161. Fuhrman 57–74, 105–16; Secret Office 104–5. Generals: Crummey 46–9.

  9

  Fuhrman 155–79; Crummey 102. Longworth 164–73. Sophia 35–7.

  10

  RGADA 27.337; RGADA 27.85. Bushkovitch 24–7, 225. Secret Office: Longworth 129–39 and 155. Fuhrman 81–105, 166. Crummey 28–32; 141; favourites 97; wealth 146, 113–14; generals 46–9; foreign policy leaders 56–9. Nashchokin: Fuhrman 189–92 and Crummey 97. New men: Bushkovitch 49–65. Longworth 71–2. Sex, boyars: Longworth 154. Pharmacy: Soloviev 125.11. Odoevsky/Khitrovo/Dolgoruky: Bushkovitch 21–3, 51. Miloslavsky/sex: Fuhrman 87–8. Longworth 161. Collins 110–17.

  11

  Copper Riot: Fuhrman 145–53. Longworth 138–53.

  12

  Sophia 38–45. Longworth 164–73, 187. Fuhrman 210–14. Crummey 97. Longworth 125–36. LeDonne 298 on tsar as sole vicar of Christ sanctifying social order. Bushkovitch 51–5.

  13

  Crummey 102. Fuhrman 188–95. Bushkovitch 61–78. Martin 196–202; Artaxerxes 204.

  14

  Ruud 7. Bushkovitch 49–65. Sophia 37–46 (description of Natalya, pleasures, palaces, dwarfs by Reutenfel). Fuhrman 195–9. Longworth 200–3. Palaces: Crummey 61. Theatres: Bushkovitch 43–8; Matveev 70–9. Fuhrman 195–6. Longworth 207– 8; Peter and Natalya 224. Pharmacy: 25.11–20

  15

  Soloviev 25.11–17; Bushkovitch 80–7. Fuhrman 176–81, 218–19. Longworth 214.

  SCENE 3: THE MUSKETEERS

  1

  Tokmakov (ed.), Istoricheskoe opisanie vsekh koronatsii rossi
iskikh tsarei, imperatorov i imperatrits (henceforth Tokmakov) 52–3. Soloviev 25.9–36; death 94–6. Bushkovitch 86–123. Sophia 45–8, 182. Fuhrman 219–23. Marriages: Martin 211–16; 216–19.

  2

  15–26 May 1682 – this account is based on the following: A. A. Matveev, Zapiski grafa Andreya Matveeva, in N. Sakharov (ed.), Zapiski russkikh lyudei. Sobytiia vremen Petra Velikogo 6–43. Count MacDonnell (ed.), Johann Georg Korb, Diary of an Austrian Secretary of Legation at the Court of Czar Peter the Great (henceforth Korb) 2.114–15, 250–4. Sophia 53–88. Bushkovitch 125–37.

  3

  Sophia 73–88; Windbag 101. Golitsyn 177. Bushkovitch 131–8.

  4

  Sophia 182–98. Bushkovitch 139. General Gordon: Dmitry Fedosov, Cock of the East: A Gordon Blade Abroad (henceforth Cock), in Mark Erickson and Ljubica Erickson (eds.), Russia: War, Peace and Diplomacy: Essays in Honour of John Erickson 3–11.

  5

  Sophia 221–33. Bushkovitch 142–59. Romodanovsky, Lefort, Gordon: L. Hughes, Russia in the Age of Peter the Great (henceforth Hughes, Russia) 378/9, 433. Le-Donne 122–3. Korb 1.196. Friedrich Christian Weber, The Present State of Russia (henceforth Weber) 1.5, 137. Sigizmund Librovich, Peter Velikiy i zhenshchiny, Smena (1993) 6.80–97 (henceforth Librovich). Dated diary entries quoted from Patrick Gordon diary: RGVIA 846.15.1–7, published as: Patrick Gordon, Passages from the Diary of General Patrick Gordon of Auchleuchries (‘Gordon’). Cock 3–11. Play regiments: Hughes, Russia 16–18; Peter’s looks and convulsions 357–8; marriage to Eudoxia 394; Lefort 422. Marriages: Martin 219–28. Streshnev: John LeDonne, ‘Ruling Families in the Russian Political Order, 1689–1825: I. The Petrine leadership, 1689–1725; II. The ruling families, 1725–1825’, Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique (henceforth LeDonne, Families) 28.236.

  6

  Sophia 198–215; Shaklovity 102, 223–41, 160–9. Martin 216–23.

  SCENE 4: THE ALL–DRUNKEN SYNOD

  1

  This is based on Peter the Great correspondence in Pisma i Bumagi Imperatora Petra Velikogo (henceforth PiB); Hughes, Russia, 248–297; Ernst Zitser, The Transfigured Kingdom (henceforth Zitser) 157–70. Menshikov punched by Peter: Korb 2.6. Mock Synods: Korb, 1.100, 252–3. PiB 4.184, 7.90–1, 6.301, 11.141,11.167. Peter to Zotov quoted in Hughes, Russia 252, 98–9. Zotov wedding Weber 1.89–90. Anna Mons: Librovich 83–7. Royal titles ‘which I hate’ Hughes, Russia 363. Time like death: PiB 1.444, 11.281. Death of mother: PiB 4.379, 22 September 1694. Cock 3–11. Streshnev/Musin–Pushkin: LeDonne 236–9.

  2

  Hughes, Russia 18–19. Gordon 18–25. Cock 3–11.

  3

  Hughes, Russia 23–6; necro–fascination 370. John Evelyn, The Diary of John Evelyn 3.334–5. Hughes, Peter the Great 101–17.

  4

  Beards: Korb 1.255–60. Beards decree: Polnoe sobranie zakonov (henceforth PSZ) 4.282. Cruelty streltsy: Korb 1.178, 187, 202, 243. Hughes, Russia 327. Later executions: F. W. Bergholz, Dnevnik (henceforth Bergholz), 10–12. Preobrazhenskoe Prikaz: LeDonne 122–3; Lopukhin opposition 159.

  5

  Hughes, Russia 26–32. Peter Englund, The Battle that Shook Europe (henceforth Englund).

  6

  Hughes, Russia 31, 210–12.

  7

  Menshikov letters to Daria Arsenieva: RA (1877) 2.239–45. Hughes, Russia 394–8. Peter to Catherine letters: N. I. Pavlenko, Catherine I (henceforth Pavlenko) 168–9. Librovich 83–90. Strength: Bergholz 1722 126–7. Prince from the Dirt: LeDonne, Families 241.

  8

  LeDonne 68–70. Mazeppa: Plokhy 119–130. Hughes, Russia 32–7; also ‘dumb beast’ 444. O. Subtelny, Mazeppa, Peter I and the Question of Treason, Harvard Ukrainian Studies (1978) 2.158–84.

  9

  Governors: LeDonne, Families 240–2. LeDonne 68–74. Soloviev 28.82–102. Pavlenko 172–3; resurrection of Russia 27 June 1719, 230. Factional politics: Bushkovitch 255–70. Account of battle based on Englund. Hughes, Russia 38–45. Celebration: PiB 8.446–7, 473–5. SIRIO 50.291.

  ACT II: THE APOGEE

  SCENE 1: THE EMPEROR

  1

  Weber 1.285–9. 9. Dwarfs: PSZ 1710 23. PiB 10.270–1. Alexei: Pavlenko 179–80. Senate: PSZ 5.2758/5.3–7/1.102. Hughes, Russia 102–5. Praskovia’s court: Hughes, Russia 192; drinking 419.

  2

  Soloviev 28.158–80. Bushkovitch 306. Hughes, Russia 45–50; Shafirov 429–30. Senate: LeDonne 68–74.

  3

  PiB 7.451 and 8.20, March/July 1708, Alexei to Peter, Peter to Alexei. Hughes, Russia 402–7.

  4

  PSZ 1712 1–6. Peter to Menshikov: PiB 11.230, 496. 12 May 1711, SIRIO 61.142–4. Charles Whitworth despatch, 20 February 1712, PiB 12.86, 361. Hughes, Russia 261. Promotion: Pavlenko 188–9; pen and sword, Peter to Catherine, 2 August 1712, 180. Hughes, Russia 50–6; Iaguzhinsky 426. V. V. Dolgoruky: Bushkovitch 292–335. Nubians/Hannibal: I. V. Zimin, Povsednevnaia zhizn rossiiskogo imperatorskogo dvora: Detskii mir imperatorskikh rezidentsii. Byt monarkhov i ikh okruzhenie (henceforth Zimin, Negroes) 410–18.

  5

  Alexei, Peter’s letters: Nikolay Ustryalov, Istoriia Tsarstvovaniia Petra Velikogo (henceforth Ustryalov) 6.345–9. Peter’s second European trip inc. letters with Catherine in Paris, Amsterdam, Spa: Pavlenko 197–216. Zotov wedding: Weber 1.89–90. Hughes, Russia 253; Zitser, ch. 4. Alexei crisis: Bushkovitch 339–82. Collegia/senators ‘fishwives’: LeDonne 75–80.

  6

  Ustryalov 6.224–6, 240, 307, 346–50, 388–444. J. Crokatt, The Tryal of the Czarewitz Alexis Petrowitz who was Condemn’d at Petersbourg on 25 June 1718 for a Design of Rebellion and Treason. Weber 1.229–30. Bushkovitch 383–424. Collegia: PSZ 5.3126, 11 December 1717. Zitser 160–3 Peter to I. F. Romodanovsky in Hughes, Russia 373; Zotov death/election 254; Rzhevskaya 252–4. Menacing hyperactivity – Lindsey Hughes’s phrase – Hughes, Russia 459. Secret police: LeDonne 160.

  7

  Hughes, Russia 378–9. Time like death: PiB 1.444, 11.281. Assemblies: PSZ 5.3241.597. Etiquette, Honourable Mirror of Youth: Hughes, Russia 265; Devier 430. Drinking: SIRIO 40.168–9, 49.344, 60.191, Campredon despatches. Bergholtz 1721 50–61. Petersburg. Defecation: PSZ 6.3937, quoted in Evgenii Anisimov, The Reforms of Peter the Great: Progress through Coercion in Russia 150. Hard labour, katorga/Military Code 1716: LeDonne 212–14.

  8

  Compulsion: PSZ 7.4348.152, 8 November 1723. Our people are like children: PSZ 7.4345.150, 5 November 1723. Savage ruler, Hughes, Russia 129–132; 384; the state/common good: 387. Executions: Bergholz 1724 9–11 and 75–6. Military Code: Le-Donne 212–14.

  9

  Evgenii Anisimov, Five Empresses (henceforth Anisimov) 35–9, inc. ‘best-looking man’. Mistresses: Librovich 87–97. Mistress Eudoxia Rjevskaya, S. Bonnet (ed.), Comte Fyodor Golovkine, La Cour et le règne de Paul Ier (henceforth Golovkin) 9. Matrena Balk/Princess Anastasia Golitsyna: howling in SIRIO 1.19. Hughes, Russia 253. Time to go home, old man: Bergholtz 1724, 67. Elizaveta: P. Bartenev (ed.), Duke of Liria, Pisma o Rossii v Ispaniiu, in Osmnadtsatyi vek (henceforth Liria, Pisma o Rossii).

  10

  Librovich 94–7. M. I. Semevsky, Kamer-Freilina Maria Davilovna Hamilton, Slovo i Delo (1884) 185–268. Execution: J. B. Scherer, Anecdotes Interresantes et Secrets de la Court de Russia, 2:272. Nyastad/Procurator: PSZ 6.3979, 27 April 1722. Law of succession including new title ‘Caesarevich’: PSZ 6.3893. Hughes, Russia 97, 104–5, 273, 410–11; Iaguzhinsky, 426. Serfs ownership: LeDonne 4–6. Osterman married to Streshneva by Peter the Great: LeDonne, Families 298.

  11

  Soloviev 32:57–98. Bushkovitch 428–31; 376. Peter’s ‘Heads will fly . . .’ Anisimov 60. Hughes, Russia 57–9; exposed body 153.

  12

  PRG 4.2–54. Praskovia, Anna, Catherine: Anisimov 68–70; Soloviev 32.13–17; Mina Curtiss, A Forgotten Empress: Anna Ivanovna and her Era (henceforth Curtiss) 37–45. Praskovia freaks: Bergholz 2.30. Peter and Mecklenburg: PRG 2.3562. Anisimov 131–3. Crams-Prick: Zitse
r, 167.

  13

  Koronatsionnye torzhestva. Albom svyashchennogo koronovaniia ikh imperatorskikh velichestv gosudarya imperatora Nikolaia Alexandrovicha i gosudaryni imperatritsy Alexandry Fedorovny (henceforth Koronatsionnye torzhestva) 6. Bergholz 1724 30–44. Soloviev 34.155. Wortman 34–9. Peter’s illness/urine problems: Peter to Catherine, 4 June 1724, Pavlenko 260. Bergholz (1724) 67.

  SCENE 2: THE EMPRESSES

  1

  Anisimov 35–9, Mons poem. Hughes Russia 130. Librovich 95–7. SIRIO 52.358–9 Campredon, 9 December 1724. Bering Soloviev 32.149. Succession, Anna, Holstein: Anisimov 39. Mons’s body: Bergholz 1724 9–11 and 75–6.

  2

  Bassewitz, H. F., Zapiski grafa Bassevicha, sluzhashchie k poiasneniiu nekotorykh sobytii iz vremi tsarstvovaniia Petra Velikogo, RA 3 (1865) 93–274 especially 173, 259. SIRIO 52.425–37 Campredon. VD: SIRIO 3.400, 454–91. Soloviev 34.155. PZh (1725) 3. Feofan Prokopovich, Kratkaia povest o smerti Petra Velikogo (henceforth Prokopovich) 3–4. Hughes, Russia 445–47; funeral 262–3. Anisimov 39–40.

  3

  Catherine elected: Anisimov 3–8. SIRIO 52.436/58.23. Ustryalov 4.135–40.