Systems and Debates
Page 50
[←136 ]
TN: Red Humanity.
[←137 ]
TN: Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn (11th December, 1918–3rd August, 2008) was a Russian novelist, historian, and short story writer. He openly criticised the Soviet Union and Communism and helped raise global awareness of its Gulag forced labour camp system.
[←138 ]
TN: Lin Biao (5th December, 1907–13th September 1971) was a Marshal of the People’s Republic of China and played a decisive role in the communist victory in the Chinese Civil War, especially in Northeast China.
[←139 ]
TN: A French author with a pronounced focus on both geopolitics and geostrategy.
[←140 ]
TN: Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, Seigneur de Vauban and later Marquis de Vauban (1st or 4th May, 1633–30th March, 1707), commonly known as Vauban, was a French military engineer who rose in his service to the king and was commissioned as a Marshal of France.
[←141 ]
TN: Geopolitics and Geostrategy.
[←142 ]
TN: Paul Vidal de La Blache was a French geographer. He is considered to be the father of modern French geography and the founder of the French School of Geopolitics.
[←143 ]
TN: Arthur Schopenhauer (22nd February, 1788–21st September, 1860) was a German philosopher renowned for his 1818 work entitled The World as Will and Representation (expanded in 1844), in which he describes the phenomenal world as the product of a blind and insatiable metaphysical will.
[←144 ]
TN: Nazism, A Secret Society.
[←145 ]
TN: Adam Alfred Rudolf Glauer (9th November, 1875–8th May, 1945), otherwise known under his pseudo-aristocratic alias Rudolf Freiherr von Sebottendorff (or von Sebottendorf) was a German occultist, author, intelligence agent and political activist. He was an important member of the Thule Society, a post-World War I German occultist organisation that influenced numerous members of the Nazi Party.
[←146 ]
TN: Indo-European Traditions.
[←147 ]
TN: The Brahmanic Olympus.
[←148 ]
TN: Konrad Heiden (7th August, 1901–18th June, 1966) was a German-American journalist and historian of the Weimar Republic and Nazi eras, famous for the first influential biographies of Adolf Hitler.
[←149 ]
TN: Eric Muraise is the pseudonym (or rather anagram) used by part-time author Colonel Maurice Suire.
[←150 ]
TN: The Relations between Polemology, Geopolitics and Geostrategy.
[←151 ]
TN: Born on 31st July, 1942, James Alexander Douglas-Hamilton, Baron Selkirk of Douglas, is a Scottish Conservative politician who served as Member of Parliament for Edinburgh West and then as Member of the Scottish Parliament for the Lothians. Since 1997, he has been a member of the House of Lords as a life peer.
[←152 ]
TN: Johann Peter Eckermann (21st September, 1792–3rd December, 1854) was a German poet and author. His most famous work bears the title Conversations with Goethe, the fruit of his association with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe prior to the latter’s passing.
[←153 ]
TN: Leonidas I was a warrior king of the Greek city-state of Sparta. He participated in the Second Persian War, where he led the allied Greek forces to a last stand at the Battle of Thermopylae (480 BC) while attempting to defend the pass against the invading Persian army.
[←154 ]
TN: Alexander III of Macedon (20th/21st July, 356 BC–10th/11th June, 323 BC), known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. In his quest to ‘reach the ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea’, he conquered a major part of the known world.
[←155 ]
TN: Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro Altamirano (1485–2nd December, 1547) was a Spanish Conquistador who led the expedition that resulted in the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large areas of what is now mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile.
[←156 ]
TN: Yermak Timofeyevich (1532 to 1542–5th or 6th August, 1585) was a Cossack ataman who started the Russian conquest of Siberia during the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible.
[←157 ]
TN: Friedrich Ratzel (30th August, 1844–9th August, 1904) was a German geographer and ethnographer; he is renowned for having been the first to use the term Lebensraum (‘living space’) in the sense that the National Socialists later would.
[←158 ]
TN: Sir Halford John Mackinder PC (15th February, 1861–6th March, 1947) was an English geographer, academic, and politician. He is also regarded as one of the founders of both geopolitics and geostrategy.
[←159 ]
TN: Henry Cord Meyer (1912–2001) was an American historian specializing in modern European and Central European history.
[←160 ]
TN: de Benoist uses the equivalent of ‘Middle Europe’ in his translation of Mackinder’s words and in all references to his theories.
[←161 ]
TN: Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck, Duke of Lauenburg (1st April, 1815–30th July, 1898), also known as Otto von Bismarck, was a conservative Prussian statesman who dominated German and European affairs from the 1860s until 1890. He was, additionally, the first Chancellor of the German Empire between 1871 and 1890.
[←162 ]
TN: Georg Wegener (31st May, 1863–8th July, 1939) was a German geographer and explorer.
[←163 ]
TN: Louis XIV (5th September, 1638–1st September, 1715), known as Louis the Great (Louis le Grand) or the Sun King (Le Roi Soleil), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who reigned as King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.
[←164 ]
TN: Japan and the Japanese.
[←165 ]
TN: Hans Grimm (22nd March, 1875–29th September, 1959) was a German writer. The title of his 1926 novel Volk ohne Raum was adopted by the Nazis as a political slogan for the expansionist Nazi Lebensraum concept.
[←166 ]
TN: Ewald Banse (23rd May, 1883–31st October, 1953) was a German geographer.
[←167 ]
TN: Arthur Neville Chamberlain (18th March, 1869–9th November, 1940) was a British statesman of the Conservative Party who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from May 1937 to May 1940. Chamberlain is best known for his foreign policy of appeasement and particularly for signing the infamous Munich Agreement in 1938, conceding the German-speaking Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia to Germany.
[←168 ]
TN: Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (30th November, 1874–24th January, 1965) was a British politician, army officer, and author who was also Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during the crucial period of 1940 to 1945.
[←169 ]
TN: Martin Bormann (17th June, 1900–2nd May, 1945) was a prominent official in Nazi Germany as head of the Nazi Party Chancellery. He acquired enormous power by using his position as Adolf Hitler’s private secretary to control the flow of information and access to Hitler.
[←170 ]
TN: Nicholas John Spykman (13th October, 1893–26th June, 1943) was an American political scientist and one of the founders of the classical realist school in American foreign policy. The latter allowed for the transmission of Eastern European political thought into the United States.
[←171 ]
TN: The Relations between Polemology, Geopolitics and Geostrategy.
[←172 ]
TN: Raoul Victor Patrice Castex (27th October, 1878–10th January, 1968) was a French Navy admiral and a military theorist.
[←173 ]
TN: A Global and Strategic Military Problematic.
[←174 ]
TN: Polemological Studies.
[←175 ]
TN: Interception is impossible once the multiple nuclear warheads have separated.
[←176 ]
TN: Karl Haushofer �
�� Life and Works.
[←177 ]
TN: Napoléon Bonaparte (15th August, 1769–5th May, 1821) was a French statesman and military leader who claimed a prominent status during the French Revolution and led numerous successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars. As Napoleon, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 and, for a brief amount of time, in 1815 (during the so-called Hundred Days).
[←178 ]
TN: The Free City of Danzig.
[←179 ]
TN: The National Defence Magazine.
[←180 ]
TN: The National Centre of Scientific Research.
[←181 ]
TN: War Discourse.
[←182 ]
TN: Thomas Crombie Schelling (14th April, 1921–13th December, 2016) was an American economist and professor of foreign policy, national security, nuclear strategy, and arms control at the School of Public Policy at the University of Maryland, College Park.
[←183 ]
TN: Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, Fürst von Wahlstatt (16th December, 1742–12th September, 1819) was a Prussian Generalfeldmarschall (field marshal) who achieved great fame and glory after leading his army against Napoleon I during the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig in 1813 and the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.
[←184 ]
TN: August Wilhelm Antonius Graf Neidhardt von Gneisenau (27th October, 1760–23rd August, 1831) was a Prussian field marshal and a crucial figure in both the reform of the Prussian military and the War of Liberation.
[←185 ]
TN: Charles-Marie-Photius Maurras (20th April, 1868–16th November, 1952) was a French writer, politician, poet, and critic. He played an important part in Action Française, a political movement that was monarchist, anti-Semitic, anti-parliamentarist, and counter-revolutionary.
[←186 ]
TN: Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (22nd November, 1890–9th November, 1970) was a French general and statesman who led the French Resistance against the Nazis in World War II and chaired the Provisional Government of the French Republic from 1944 to 1946 so as to re-establish democracy in France. He was also the founder of the Fifth Republic.
[←187 ]
TN: Julius Evola, or Baron Giulio Cesare Andrea Evola (19th May, 1898–11th June, 1974), was a highly influential Italian philosopher, esotericist and painter. His consistently anti-democratic, anti-liberal and anti-egalitarian thought system is often considered one of the most radical.
[←188 ]
TN: Total War.
[←189 ]
TN: Jean Guitton (18th August, 1901–21st March, 1999) was a French Catholic philosopher and theologian.
[←190 ]
TN: Thought and War.
[←191 ]
TN: The War in the Vendée (1793) was an uprising in the Vendée region of France during the French Revolution.
[←192 ]
TN: Jean Jaurès (3rd September, 1859–31st July, 1914) was a French socialist leader who also worked as a professor and journalist.
[←193 ]
TN: The War in Question.
[←194 ]
TN: Jules Monnerot (1909–1995) was a French essayist, sociologist and journalist.
[←195 ]
TN: Sun Tzu, The 13-Point Plan of the Art of War.
[←196 ]
TN: Thinking in Terms of War — Clausewitz.
[←197 ]
TN: On Democracy in America.
[←198 ]
TN: Sir Basil Henry Blackwell (29th May, 1889–9th April, 1984) was born in Oxford, England. He was the son of Benjamin Henry Blackwell (1849–1924), the man who established Blackwell’s bookshop in Oxford, which went on to become the Blackwell’s family publishing and bookshop empire.
[←199 ]
TN: Eighteen Lessons on the Industrial Society.
[←200 ]
TN: Arthur de Gobineau will be focused on in a further section of the book.
[←201 ]
TN: The Academy’s Work Magazine.
[←202 ]
TN: The Old Regime and the Revolution.
[←203 ]
TN: He was actually born in Paris, as stated elsewhere.
[←204 ]
TN: Comte Gustave Auguste Bonnin de la Bonninière de Beaumont (1802–1866) was a French magistrate, prison reformer, and travel companion to the famed philosopher and politician Alexis de Tocqueville.
[←205 ]
TN: The Origins of Contemporary France.
[←206 ]
TN: The Ancient City.
[←207 ]
TN: John Maynard Keynes (5th June, 1883–21st April, 1946) was a British economist whose ideas fundamentally changed the theory and practice of macroeconomics as well as the economic policies of governments.
[←208 ]
TN: Harold Joseph Laski (30th June, 1893–24th March, 1950) was a British political theorist, economist, writer, and lecturer.
[←209 ]
TN: As Mr de Tocqueville Used to Say.
[←210 ]
TN: Alphonse Marie Louis de Prat de Lamartine (21st October, 1790–28th February, 1869) was a French author, poet and politician who played a pivotal role in the establishment of the Second Republic and the continuation of the Tricolore as the flag of France.
[←211 ]
TN: Jules Michelet (21st August, 1798–9th February, 1874) was a French historian.
[←212 ]
TN: Victor Marie Hugo (26th February, 1802–22nd May, 1885) was a French poet, novelist, and dramatist of the Romantic movement. He is regarded as one of the greatest writers in the history of French literature.
[←213 ]
TN: What Happened to France in 1870.
[←214 ]
TN: Louis-Charles-Élie-Amanien Decazes de Glücksbierg, 2nd Duke Decazes and 2nd Duke of Glücksbierg (29th May, 1819–16th September, 1886), was a French diplomat and statesman.
[←215 ]
TN: Wilhelm Richard Wagner was a German composer, theatre director, polemicist and conductor. He is particularly famous for his operas.
[←216 ]
TN: Gobineau is ours.
[←217 ]
TN: The Life and Prophesies of Count de Gobineau.
[←218 ]
TN: Anton von Prokesch-Osten (10th December, 1795–26th October, 1876) was an Austrian diplomat, statesman and general.
[←219 ]
TN: Marie-Henri Beyle (23rd January, 1783–23rd March, 1842), otherwise known by his pen name Stendhal, was a 19th-century French writer. His most acclaimed novels are Le Rouge et le Noir (The Red and the Black, 1830) and La Chartreuse de Parme (The Charterhouse of Parma, 1839).
[←220 ]
TN: Gobineau the Polemist.
[←221 ]
TN: Often referred to as Henri de Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, the count of Saint-Simon, was a French political and economic theorist who exerted major influence upon the fields of politics, economics, sociology, and the philosophy of science.
[←222 ]
TN: Political Science Based on Human Science, or the Study of Human Races in Relation to our Philosophical, Historical and Social Understanding.
[←223 ]
TN: Henri de Boulainvilliers (21st October, 1658–23rd January, 1722) was a French nobleman, writer and historian.
[←224 ]
TN: Refined Blood.
[←225 ]
TN: Gobinian Studies.
[←226 ]
TN: Victor Courtet, the First Theoretician of Racial Hierarchy — His Contribution to the History of the Political Philosophy of Romanticism.
[←227 ]
TN: National Library.