by Ron Chernow
98. Ibid., p. 37.
99. Kaminski, George Clinton, p. 151.
100. Ibid.
101. The William and Mary Quarterly, July 1967. 102. PAH, vol. 5, p. 68, speech of June 24, 1788. 103. Ibid., p. 67.
104. Ibid., p. 91, letter to James Madison, June 27, 1788. 105. The Daily Advertiser, July 4, 1788.
106. NYPL-AYP.
Fourteen: Putting the Machine in Motion 1. PAH, vol. 5, p. 202, letter to George Washington, August 13, 1788.
2. Ibid., p. 207, letter from George Washington, August 28, 1788.
3. Ibid., p. 221, letter to George Washington, September 1788.
4. Ibid., p. 223, letter from George Washington, October 3, 1788.
5. Ibid., p. 234, letter to George Washington, November 18, 1788.
6. Ferling, John Adams, p. 298.
7. PAH, vol. 5, p. 248, letter to James Wilson, January 25, 1789.
8. Ibid., p. 225, letter to Theodore Sedgwick, October 9, 1788.
9. Ibid., p. 231, letter to Theodore Sedgwick, November 9, 1788.
10. Ferling, John Adams, p. 299.
11. McCullough, John Adams, p. 409.
12. PAH, vol. 25, p. 191, Letter from Alexander Hamilton, October 24, 1800.
13. Kaminski, George Clinton, p. 178.
14. PAH, vol. 26, p. 479, letter to Isaac Ledyard, February 18, 1789.
15. Ibid., vol. 5, p. 263, “H. G. Letter I,” The Daily Advertiser, February 20, 1789.
16. Ibid., p. 265, “H. G. Letter II,” The Daily Advertiser, February 21, 1789.
17. Ibid., p. 269, “H. G. Letter IV,” The Daily Advertiser, February 24, 1789.
18. Ibid., p. 292, “H. G. Letter XI,” The Daily Advertiser, March 7, 1789.
19. Ibid., p. 298, “H. G. Letter XIII,” The Daily Advertiser, March 9, 1789.
20. Kaminski, George Clinton, p. 182.
21. Ibid., p. 187.
22. Ibid., p. 182.
23. Ibid., p. 186.
24. Ibid., p. 187.
25. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 560.
26. PAH, vol. 5, pp. 321–22, letter of April 7, 1789, to the New York State Electors.
27. Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, p. 297.
28. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 283.
29. Baxter, Godchild of Washington, p. 224.
30. Ibid.
31. Sullivan, Public Men of the Revolution, p. 117.
32. Van Doren, Benjamin Franklin, p. 772.
33. Ferling, John Adams, p. 302.
34. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 48.
35. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 315.
36. Smith, Patriarch, p. 291.
37. McCullough, John Adams, p. 413.
38. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 208.
39. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 40.
40. LC-AHP, reel 30, letter from James Kent to Elizabeth Hamilton, December 20, 1832.
41. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 9.
42. PAH, vol. 4, p. 375, letter to Angelica Church, December 6, 1787.
43. Ibid., p. 279, letter from Angelica Church, October 2, 1787.
44. Humphreys, Catherine Schuyler, p. 201.
45. Foreman, Georgiana, p. 45.
46. CU-HPPP, box 264, letter from Angelica Church to Elizabeth Hamilton, January 23, 1792.
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid., June 3, 1792.
49. Emery, Alexander Hamilton, p. 126.
50. PAH, vol. 5, p. 501, letter to Angelica Church, November 8, 1789.
51. Ibid.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid., p. 502, letter from Elizabeth Hamilton to Angelica Church, November 8, 1789.
54. Flexner, Washington, p. 219.
55. PAH, vol. 6, p. 334, Greenleaf ’s New York Journal and Patriotic Register, April 15, 1790.
56. MHi-TPP, reel 51, p. 153.
57. PAH, vol. 5, p. 348, “Eulogy on Nathanael Greene,” July 4, 1789.
58. Ibid., p. 350.
59. Meleny, Public Life of Aedanus Burke, p. 193.
60. PAH, vol. 5, p. 351, “Eulogy on Nathanael Greene,” July 4, 1789.
61. Lomask, Aaron Burr: The Years from Princeton to Vice President, p. 138.
62. Ibid., p. 139.
63. PAH, vol. 5, p. 360, letter from Robert Troup, July 12, 1789.
64. Custis, Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington, pp. 349–50.
65. McDonald, Alexander Hamilton, p. 128.
66. Custis, Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington, p. 351.
67. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 22. 68. LC-AHP, reel 31, “Additional Facts Relative to the Life and Character of General Hamilton,” January 1, 1821.
69. PAH, vol. 21, p. 78, letter to William Hamilton, May 2, 1797.
70. Madison, Papers of James Madison, vol. 12, p. 185.
71. NYHS-MM, reel 4, letter from Abraham Bancker to Evert Bancker, July 16, 1789.
72. PAH, vol. 2, p. 417, letter to James Duane, September 3, 1780.
73. Cooke, Alexander Hamilton, p. 27.
74. PAH, vol. 9, p. 30, “Conversations with George Beckwith,” August 12, 1791.
75. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 124.
76. PAH, vol. 25, p. 214, Letter from Alexander Hamilton, October 24, 1800.
77. Custis, Recollections and Private Memoirs of George Washington, p. 214.
Fifteen: Villainous Business
1. Callahan, Henry Knox, pp. 235–36.
2. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 46.
3. PAH, vol. 5, p. 579, letter to Elizabeth Hamilton, November 1789.
4. Ibid., p. 422, letter to Jeremiah Wadsworth, October 3, 1789.
5. Ibid., vol. 18, p. 292, letter to Joseph Anthony, March 11, 1795.
6. Ibid., vol. 5, p. 369, letter to Samuel Meredith, September 13, 1789.
7. “William Duer and the Business of Government in the Era of the American Revolution,” The William and Mary Quarterly, July 1975.
8. Ibid.
9. PAH, vol. 13, p. 526, “On James Blanchard,” January 1793.
10. Ibid., vol. 5, p. 486, “Conversation with George Beckwith,” October 1789.
11. Ibid., p. 482.
12. Ibid., p. 488.
13. Ibid., p. 482.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid., p. 487.
16. Ibid., vol. 6, p. 53.
17. Ibid., p. 54.
18. Ibid., vol. 5, p. 464, letter from John Witherspoon, October 26, 1789.
19. Ibid., p. 439, letter to James Madison, October 12, 1789.
20. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 114. 21. PAH, vol. 5, p. 526, letter from James Madison, November 19, 1789.
22. Ibid., vol. 6, p. 69, Report on Public Credit, January 1790.
63. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 30.
64. Ibid., p. 29.
65. Ibid., p. 30.
66. Ames, Sketch of the Character of Alexander Hamilton, p. 8.
67. Meleny, Public Life of Aedanus Burke, p. 194. 68. Ibid., p. 196.
69. PAH, vol. 6, pp. 333–34, letter to Aedanus Burke, April 1, 1790.
70. Ibid., p. 336, letter from Aedanus Burke, April 1, 1790.
71. Maclay, Journal of William Maclay, p. 227.
23. Ibid., p. 67.
24. Ibid., p. 96.
25. Ibid., p. 73.
26. Ibid., p. 78.
27. Knott, Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth, p. 95.
28. PAH, vol. 6, p. 98, Report on Public Credit, January 1790.
29. Ibid., p. 100.
30. Ibid., p. 106.
31. Ibid., vol. 12, p. 570, “Fact No. II,” National Gazette, Philadelphia, October 16, 1792.
32. Ibid., vol. 18, p. 102, “Report on a Plan for the Further Support of the Public Credit,” January 16, 1795.
33. Ibid.
34. PAH, vol. 6, p. 1, letter to Henry Lee, December 1, 1789.
35. Ibid., p. 50, letter to Angelica Church, January 7, 1790.<
br />
36. Gordon, Hamilton’s Blessing, pp. 40–41.
37. PAH, vol. 18, p. 116, “Report on a Plan for the Further Support of the Public Credit,” January 16, 1795.
38. Maclay, Journal of William Maclay, p. 177.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid., p. 188.
41. PAH, vol. 12, p. 249, letter to George Washington, August 18, 1792.
42. Maclay, Journal of William Maclay, p. 332.
43. Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, p. 304.
44. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 141.
45. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 45.
46. Madison, Papers of James Madison, vol. 13, p. 98.
47. Gordon, Hamilton’s Blessing, p. 28.
48. PAH, vol. 6, p. 436, letter to George Washington, May 28, 1790.
49. Maclay, Journal of William Maclay, p. 189.
50. Ibid., p. 194.
51. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 279.
52. Adams, New Letters of Abigail Adams, p. 37.
53. Maclay, Journal of William Maclay, p. 201.
54. Madison, Papers of James Madison, vol. 13, p. 147.
55. Ibid.
56. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 310.
57. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 84.
58. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 4, p. 99.
59. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 114.
60. New York Historical Society Quarterly, October 1948.
61. The New Yorker, March 10, 2003.
62. Greenleaf ’s New York Journal and Patriotic Register, April 15, 1790.
Sixteen: Dr. Pangloss
1. Wilson and Stanton, Jefferson Abroad, p. 205.
2. Ibid., p. 210.
3. Ibid., p. 279.
4. Maclay, Journal of William Maclay, p. 272.
5. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 1, p. 69.
6. Ibid., p. 55.
7. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 77.
8. Bailyn, Ideological Origins of the American Revolution, p. 236.
9. Bobrick, Angel in the Whirlwind, p. 359. 10. McCullough, John Adams, p. 633.
11. Hamilton, Life of Alexander Hamilton, vol. 2, p. 168.
12. “Phocion No. IX,” Gazette of the United States, October 21, 1796.
13. Wilson and Stanton, Jefferson Abroad, p. 11. 14. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 1, p. 201. 15. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 204.
16. Wilson and Stanton, Jefferson Abroad, p. 42. 17. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 2, p. 171. 18. Ibid., p. 46.
19. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 216.
20. Ibid., p. 227.
21. Jefferson, Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 14, p. 554.
22. Ibid., p. 261.
23. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 2, p. 142. 24. PAH, vol. 4, p. 294.
25. Brodie, Thomas Jefferson, p. 228.
26. Wilson and Stanton, Jefferson Abroad, p. 268. 27. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 314.
28. Wilson and Stanton, Jefferson Abroad, p. 283. 29. Schama, Citizens, p. 326.
30. Ibid., p. 436.
31. Wilson and Stanton, Jefferson Abroad, p. 292. 32. Ibid., pp. 290–91.
33. PAH, vol. 5, p. 425, letter to the marquis de Lafayette, October 6, 1789.
34. Ibid., vol. 11, p. 439, letter to Edward Carrington, May 26, 1792.
35. Wilson and Stanton, Jefferson Abroad, p. 215.
36. Ibid., p. 73.
37. Ibid., p. 270.
38. Ferling, John Adams, p. 306.
39. Jefferson, Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 16, p. 549.
40. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 2, p. 170.
41. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton, p. 49.
42. Jefferson, Anas of Thomas Jefferson, p. 30.
43. Ibid., p. 91.
44. Ibid.
45. The William and Mary Quarterly, January 1992.
46. Ellis, Passionate Sage, p. 64.
47. Ibid., p. 115.
48. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 53.
49. Jefferson, Complete Anas of Thomas Jefferson, p. 32.
50. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 57.
51. PAH, vol. 11, p. 428, letter to Edward Carrington, May 26, 1792.
52. Madison, Papers of James Madison, vol. 16, p. 248.
53. PAH, vol. 11, p. 440, letter to Edward Carrington, May 26, 1792.
54. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 473.
55. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 149.
56. Ketcham, James Madison, p. 360.
57. PAH, vol. 12, p. 238, letter to George Washington, August 18, 1792.
58. Ibid., vol. 19, p. 39, “The Defence of the Funding System,” July 1795.
59. Ibid., vol. 12, p. 256, letter to George Washington, August 18, 1792.
60. Flexner, Washington, p. 232.
61. Cooke, Alexander Hamilton, pp. 225–26.
62. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, pp. 27, 234;
McCullough, John Adams, p. 407.
63. McCullough, John Adams, p. 407.
64. Madison, Papers of James Madison, vol. 13, p. 146.
65. Maclay, Journal of William Maclay, p. 234.
66. Bowen, Miracle at Philadelphia, p. 210.
67. PAH, vol. 5, p. 209, letter to William Livingston, August 29, 1788.
68. Ibid., pp. 276–77.
69. Maclay, Journal of William Maclay, p. 178.
70. Madison, Papers of James Madison, vol. 13, p. 145.
71. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 170.
72. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 58.
73. Jefferson, Anas of Thomas Jefferson, p. 32.
74. NYPL-PSP, reel 17, letter from Philip Schuyler to Stephen Van Rensselaer, May 16, 1790.
75. Maclay, Journal of William Maclay, p. 273.
76. Ibid., p. 292.
77. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 51.
78. Maclay, Journal of William Maclay, p. 299.
79. Elkins and McKitrick, Age of Federalism, p. 155.
80. Jefferson, Anas of Thomas Jefferson, p. 32.
81. Ibid.
82. Ellis, Founding Brothers, p. 49.
83. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 49.
84. Malone, Jefferson and His Time, vol. 2, p. 303.
85. Maclay, Journal of William Maclay, p. 304.
86. Ibid., p. 310.
87. Ibid., p. 331.
88. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 32.
89. CU-HPPP, box 262.
90. Mitchell, Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, p. 83.
91. Ibid.
92. Jefferson, Anas of Thomas Jefferson, p. 35.
93. Gazette of the United States, September 1, 1790.
Seventeen: The First Town in America 1. PAH, vol. 7, p. 608, letter to Angelica Church, January 31, 1791.
2. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton,
pp. 42–43.
3. PAH, vol. 9, p. 404, letter from Henry Lee,
October 18, 1791.
4. CU-HPPP, letter from Tench Coxe to William
Duer, September 6, 1791.
5. LC-AHP, reel 29, letter from Angelica Church to
Elizabeth Hamilton, April 25, 1792.
6. “Life Portraits of Alexander Hamilton,” The
William and Mary Quarterly, April 1955. 7. Ibid.
8. Sullivan, Public Men of the Revolution,
pp. 261–62.
9. PAH, vol. 12, p. 571, “Fact No. II,” National
Gazette, October 16, 1792.
10. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 106.
11. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton,
p. 241.
12. PAH, vol. 24, p. 64, letter from James Wilkinson,
November 21, 1799.
13. Ibid., vol. 6, p. 511, letter from Morgan Lewis,
July 26, 1790.
14. Ibid., vol. 13, p. 480, letter from James Tillary,
January 14, 1793.
15. Ibid., vol. 7, p. 132, letter to Tobias Lear, October
29, 179
0.
16. Baxter, Godchild of Washington, p. 224. 17. Steiner, Life and Correspondence of James
McHenry, p. 129.
18. NYHS-NPP, letter from Elizabeth Hamilton to
George Cabot, September 20, 1804.
19. Hamilton, Intimate Life of Alexander Hamilton,
p. 227.
20. Ibid., p. 216.
21. PAH, vol. 15, p. 432, letter to Angelica Hamilton, November 1793.
22. Menz, Historic Furnishing Report, p. 13. 23. PAH, vol. 3, p. 468, letter to George Clinton, October 3, 1783.
24. Ibid., vol. 19, p. 460, “Draft of George Washington’s Seventh Annual Address to Congress,” November 28–December 7, 1795.
25. Ibid., pp. 146–47, “Hamilton-Oneida Academy Mortgage,” August 15, 1795.
26. Burrows and Wallace, Gotham, p. 305. 27. Furnas, Americans, p. 197.
28. St. Méry, Moreau de St. Méry’s American Journey, p. 135.
29. PAH, vol. 6, p. 545, letter to Walter Stewart, August 5, 1790.
30. Ibid., p. 297, letter to Benjamin Lincoln, March 10, 1790.
31. Ibid., p. 469, letter to George Washington, June 21, 1790.
32. Ibid., vol. 7, p. 31, letter to George Washington, September 10, 1790.
33. Ibid., vol. 6, p. 408, “Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs,” June 1, 1791.
34. Ibid., vol. 8, p. 432, “Treasury Department Circular to the Captains of the Revenue Cutters,” June 4, 1791.
35. Freeman, Affairs of Honor, p. 88.
36. PAH, vol. 9, p. 370, letter to Otho Williams, October 11, 1791.
37. Madison, Papers of James Madison, vol. 13, p. 143.
38. PAH, vol. 7, p. 197, letter from Benjamin Lincoln, December 4, 1790.
39. Madison, Papers of James Madison, vol. 13, p. 344.
40. Ibid., p. 366.
41. Maclay, Journal of William Maclay, p. 385. 42. Ibid., p. 387.
43. PAH, vol. 8, p. 375, “Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs,” May 26, 1791.
44. Ibid., vol. 11, p. 77, “Report on the Difficulties in the Execution of the Act Laying Duties on Distilled Spirits,” March 5, 1792.
45. Ibid., vol. 19, p. 41, “The Defence of the Funding System,” July 1795.
5. Ibid., p. 61.
6. Marsh, Monroe’s Defense of Jefferson and Freneau
Against Hamilton, p. 31.
7. Ellis, Passionate Sage, p. 161.
8. The William and Mary Quarterly, April 1955. 9. Ellis, Passionate Sage, p. 136.
10. PAH, vol. 14, p. 112, “Report on the State of
the Treasury at the Commencement of Each
Quarter During the Years 1791 and 1792,”
February 19, 1793.
11. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 414, letter to James Duane,
September 3, 1780.