How to Be a Dictator
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Italian empire here
Jacoby, Annalee here
Jennrich, Paul here
Johnson, Lyndon B. here
Julius Caesar here, here
Juche Tower here
Kaganovich, Lazar here, here, here, here
Kalinin, Mikhail here
Kamenev, Lev here, here
Kang Sheng here
Kaplan, Fanny here
Kapp, Wolfgang here
Kébreau, Antonio here
Kennedy, John F. here
Kershaw, Ian here
Khmer Rouge here
Khrushchev, Nikita here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Kiev here
Monastery of Caves here
Kihiss, Peter here
Kim Il-sung here, here, here, here
attacks bourgeois culture here
badges here
biographies here, here, here
birthday celebrations here, here, here
and Ceauşescu here
Chollima Campaign here
crowned president here
death and mausoleum here
epithets here
faces criticism here
guerrilla fighter in Manchuria here
images and statues here, here, here, here, here, here
and Juche Thought here, here, here
land reform here
loyalty gifts here
loyalty oaths here
and Mao Zedong here, here, here
‘on-the-spot guidance’ here
opposition to de-Stalinisation here
public works here
purges here, here, here, here
his relatives here, here, here, here
slogan trees here
songs about here
and Stalin here, here, here, here
and Third World here, here
Kim Il-sungism here
Kim Jong-il here
Kim Jong-un here
Kipling, Rudyard here
Kirkpatrick, Ivone here
Kirov, Sergey here
Klemperer, Victor here, here, here, here
Knickerbocker, Hubert here
Khomeini, Ayatollah here
Knox, Colonel Frank here
Korean War here, here, here, here
kulaks here, here
Lamont, Thomas W. here
League of Nations here, here, here, here, here
Legion of Honour here
Lei Feng here
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich here, here, here, here, here, here, here
and Duvalier here
and Ethiopia here, here, here, here
and Mao Zedong here, here, here, here
his mausoleum here, here
and North Korea here, here
and overseas communists here, here
and Stalin’s succession here
and vozhd title here, here
Lenin’s Testament here, here, here
Leningrad, siege of here
Leninism here, here
see also Marxism-Leninism
Ley, Robert here, here, here
Libya here, here
Lin Biao here, here, here, here
Lincoln, Abraham here
Liu Shaoqi here, here, here, here, here
Lloyd George, David here, here
Locard, Henri here
Louis XIV, King here
Louis XVI, King here
Louverture, Toussaint here
Luce Institute here, here
Ludendorff, General Erich von here
Ludwig, Emil here, here, here
L’Unità here
Lussu, Emilio here
Lyons, Eugene here, here
MacArthur, General Douglas here
Magloire, Paul here
Malenkov, Georgy here
Maltoni, Rosa here
Manchuria here, here, here, here
Mandelstam, Nadezhda here, here
Mandelstam, Osip here
Manescu, Manea here
Mangyongdae here, here
Mansudae Hill here, here
Mao Zedong here, here, here, here
anti-corruption campaign here
badges here
and Ceauşescu here
Cultural Revolution here, here, here, here
death and mausoleum here
and democracy protests here
and Duvalier here
Great Leap Forward here, here, here
Hundred Flowers campaign here, here, here
images and statues here, here, here, here
intellectual aspirations here, here, here
and Kim Il-sung here, here, here
land reform here
leader of peasants here
Little Red Book here, here, here
Long March here, here
meeting with Nixon here
On New Democracy here, here
opposition to de-Stalinisation here
philosophical essays here
his poetry here
poses as democrat here, here, here
purges here, here, here, here
Rectification Campaign here
remoteness here
slogans here
Socialist Education Campaign here, here
and Stalin here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Three Loyalties and Four Boundless Loves here
and vozhd title here
Mao Zedong Thought here, here, here, here, here, here
Markixova, Gelia here
Marx, Karl here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
and Ethiopia here, here, here
and North Korea here, here, here
Marxism here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Sinification of here
Marxism-Leninism here, here, here, here
and Ethiopia here, here
and North Korea here, here
and Romania here, here, here
Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought here, here
Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism here
Massacre of the Sixty here
Matteotti, Giacomo here, here, here
Maurer, Gheorghe here, here
May Day celebrations here, here, here, here, here
May Seventh Cadre Schools here
Mekhlis, Lev here, here
Menelik II, Emperor here, here, here, here
Mengistu Haile Mariam here, here
biography here
and civil war here
and Ethiopian terror here, here
exile in Zimbabwe here
images and statues here, here
inauguration of Workers’ Party here
National Day celebrations here, here
personal qualities here
purges here
rise to power here
and ‘villagisation’ here
Michael the Brave here
Mikoyan, Anastas here
Mircea the Elder here
Mobutu Sese Seko here
Mollier, Madeleine here
Molotov, Vyacheslav here, here
Morrison, Herbert here, here
Mostra della Rivoluzione here
Mount Paektu here, here
Mount Paektu here
Mugabe, Robert here, here
Munich Agreement here, here, here
Mussolini, Arnaldo here, here
Mussolini, Benito here, here, here, here
and ancient Rome here, here
appearance and manner here, here, here
assassination attempts here
assumes personal rule here
biographies here, here, here
and Ceauşescu here, here
decline and fall here, here, here
and Duvalier here
founds Italian fascism here
heads Salò regime here
and Hitler here, here, here, here, here, here
images and statues here, here, here, here, here, her
e, here, here
international image here, here
invasion of Greece here
and Italian empire here
March on Rome here, here, here, here, here
preparations for war here, here
purges here, here, here
receives gifts here
remodelling of Rome here
and Stalin here, here, here
tours Italy here, here
Myohyangsan, International Friendship Exhibition here
Nanjing, rape of here
Napoleon Bonaparte here, here, here, here
Nazi Party (NSDAP) here, here, here, here, here
Negri, Ada here
Negussie Fanta here
New Economic Policy here, here
Nixon, Richard M. here, here, here
Nkrumah, Kwame here
NKVD here
North Korea
Ceauşescu and here, here
Mao Zedong and here
Mengistu and here
see also Kim Il-sung
Nuremberg rallies here, here, here, here
O’Connell, Cardinal William here
October Revolution here, here, here, here
Ogaden War here, here, here
one-party states here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Order of Lenin here
Ordzhonikidze, Sergo here, here, here, here
Orwell, George here
Ostrovsky, Nikolai here
Pacepa, Ion here
Pact of Steel here
Pak Hon-yong here, here
Papailler, Fr Hubert here
Park Chung-hee here
Patrascanu, Lucretiu here, here
Paul VI, Pope here
Pearl Harbor here, here
Peng Dehuai here, here
Petacci, Clara here
Peter the Great here
Piacentini, Marcello here
Pini, Giorgio here
Pirvalescu, Constantin here, here, here
Pius XII, Pope here
Plato here
Pochonbo here, here, here
Pol Pot here
Poland here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Polevoi, Boris here
Popolo d’ Italia here, here, here, here
Poskrebyshev, Alexander here
Pravda here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Predappio here, here
Price-Mars, Jean here
Pueblo crisis here
Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts here
Pyongyang revolutionary museum here, here
Pyongyang Times here
Rákosi, Mátyás here
Rastafarians here
Raubal, Geli here
Red Guards here
Red Star over China here
Reichstag fire here, here
Rhineland coup here
Riefenstahl, Leni here, here
Rizzi, Arturo here
Rockefeller, Nelson here
Röhm, Ernst here, here, here
Rome, ancient here, here, here
Roosevelt, Franklin D. here, here
Rosenberg, Alfred here, here
Rossi, Cesare here, here, here
Rumiantsev, Ivan here
Rust, Bernhard here, here
SA here, here, here, here, here
St Augustine here
Salisbury, Harrison here
Samedi, Baron here
Sarfatti, Margherita here
Sauter, Robert here
Schleicher, Kurt von here
Schuschnigg, Kurt here, here
Scinteia here, here
Scornicesti here
Secondé, Sir Reggie here
Securitate here, here, here, here
Selassie, Haile here, here, here, here
Service, Robert here
Shanghai, Battle of here
Shaw, George Bernard here
Shirach, Baldur von here, here
Shirer, William here, here
Siegert, Heinz here
Sino-Soviet treaties here, here
Slocombe, George here, here
Smith, Al here
Snow, Edgar here
Socialist High Tide here
socialist realism here, here, here
Solidarity trade union here
Somalia here, here, here
Somaliland here
Song of Stalin here
songbun here
South Korea here, here
Soviet Union
and China here, here, here, here, here, here
and Ethiopia here, here, here, here
Hitler and here, here, here
Mussolini and here
and North Korea here, here, here, here, here, here
and Romania here, here, here, here
and ‘socialism in one country’ here
see also Stalin, Josef
Speer, Albert here, here, here, here
Stalin, Josef here, here, here
biographies here, here, here
birthday celebrations here, here
and Ceauşescu here
commissions Short Course here
death and mausoleum here
economic policy here, here
and foreign celebrities here
Foundations of Leninism here
and Hitler here, here, here, here, here, here, here
human side of here
images and statues here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Khrushchev’s secret speech here, here, here, here, here
and Kim Il-sung here, here, here, here
and Mao Zedong here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
and Mussolini here, here, here
and post-war world here
purges here, here, here
and renaming of cities here
succession to Lenin here
and terror here, here, here, here, here
and Trotsky’s downfall here
and vozhd title here, here
and war here
and world leaders here
Stalin Canal here
Stalin Peak here
Stalin Prize here, here
Stalin’s Constitution here
Stalingrad, Battle of here, here
Stalinism here, here, here
Starace, Achille here, here, here, here, here
statues here, here
Ceauşescu refuses here
Duvalier refuses here, here
Hitler refuses here, here, here
Kim Il-sung and here, here, here
Mao and here
Mengistu and here, here
Mussolini and here, here, here
Stalin and here, here
Stephen the Great here
Steriade, Mihai here
Stiehler, Annemarie here
Stresemann, Gustav here
Sudetenland here, here
Sukarno here
surong here
surveillance here, here, here, here, here, here
swastikas here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Sweeney, John here
Syngman Rhee here
Taiwan here, here
Teferi Banti, General here, here, here
Thackeray, William Makepeace here
Third World here, here
Thompson, Dorothy here
Thule Society here
Tiananmen Square here, here, here, here
Tiglachin Monument here
Tikhonov, Nicolai here
Timisoara here
Tito, Josip Broz here
tonton macoutes here, here
Tower, Henrietta here
Treaty of Versailles here, here
Troost, Gerdy here
Trotsky, Leon here, here, here, here, here
Turati, Augusto here, here, here
Ulbricht, Walter here
United Nations here, here, here
UN Economic Commission for Africa here
Via Triumphalis (Berlin) here
Victor Emmanuel III, King here, here, here
Villa Torlonia here, here, here
Volga–Don Canal here
Völkischer Beobachter here, here
Voodoo here, here, here, here
vozhd here, here, here
Wall Street crash here
Wang Jiaxiang here
Weimar Republic here, here, here, here
Werth, Alexander here
White, Theodore here
Windsor, Duke and Duchess of here
Winner, Percy here
World Committee Against War and Fascism here
World Congress of Writers here
Xi Jinping here
Yalta conference here, here
Yan’an here, here, here
Yezhov, Nikolai here
Yi Sang-jo here
Yugoslavia here, here
Zhdanov, Andrei here
Zhou Enlai here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Zhukov, Georgy here, here
Zimbabwe here
Zinoviev, Grigory here, here
Note on the Author
Frank Dikötter is Chair Professor of Humanities at the University of Hong Kong and Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution. His books have changed the way historians view China, from the classic The Discourse of Race in Modern China to his award-winning People’s Trilogy documenting the lives of ordinary people under Mao. He is married and lives in Hong Kong.
Plates Section
A postcard of Mussolini based on a photograph by Gianni Caminada, 1921.
Mussolini on horseback at his Villa Torlonia, September 1930.
Mussolini on the balcony of the Palazzo Venezia in Rome after his declaration of war on Ethiopia on 2 October 1935. The photo was widely reproduced, but is a montage of a picture of a crowd with a photograph of Mussolini taken between 1931 and 1933.
A huge portrait of the Duce at the Duomo in Milan, November 1933.
Mussolini declares war on Ethiopia over the radio, 2 October 1935.
Effigy of Mussolini carved by soldiers in Adwa Valley, Ethiopia, February 1936.
Hitler rehearsing in 1925 while listening to a recording of his own speeches. After seeing the photographs, Hitler ordered Heinrich Hoffmann to destroy the negatives, but he disobeyed.
Hitler election poster, 1932.
Hitler surrounded by admiring young militants in Berlin, photograph by Heinrich Hoffmann, 1933.
Hitler welcomed by supporters at Nuremberg in 1933.
Heinrich Hoffmann Photography shop, Düsseldorf, July 1939.
Hitler and Uschi Schneider, the daughter of Herta Schneider, a close childhood friend of Eva Braun, at the Berghof, Berchtesgaden, 1942.
Joseph Stalin at his desk in the Kremlin, 1935.
Stalin with Gelia Markizova, June 1936.