CIS and, 358
economic reform and, 215, 216, 217–220, 227–228
“Russia’s Strategy for the Transition Period” and, 217–218, 228
union-to-commonwealth transition and, 383
“Burbulis Memorandum.” See “Russia’s Strategy for the Transition Period”
Burns, Nicholas, 50, 64, 192–193, 212
CIS and, 323
Gorbachev’s resignation and, 378–379, 380, 381–382
Bush, Barbara, 8, 9, 24, 128, 373, 388–389
Gorbacheva and, 19–20, 26, 234
in Kyiv, 55, 57, 67
reelection campaign and, 18
Bush, George H. W.
approval rating, 14, 391
audio diary of, 73, 78–79, 92, 191, 196, 197, 233, 323
biography, 7–8, 191–192
with Bush-Gorbachev summit, 4, 9–10, 13–15, 17–18, 20–23
CIA and, 8
coup d’état of August 1991 and, 104–105, 106–108, 112, 113–115, 123–124, 128–129, 235, 236
covert operations and, 123–124
critics of, 60–61, 64–65, 260–261
with efforts to prevent Soviet Union’s collapse, xiv–xv, xx, xxi, 10, 73, 206–209, 381, 404
George Bush Presidential Library and Museum, xv, xxi, 52
Gorbachev and, 9–10, 14, 17–18, 20–27, 47–50, 63–65, 67, 73–76, 78–79, 92, 106, 128–129, 194–199, 209–211, 231–233, 236–238, 267–271, 323, 334, 335, 336, 342, 372–374, 378–383, 390–391, 404
Kravchuk, Leonid, and, 61–62, 67, 68, 207–209, 294
in Kyiv, 47–53, 55, 57–59, 60–69, 165–166
legacy, 407–408
memoirs, 207, 391
at Middle East Peace Conference, 231–233, 236–238
military service, 191–192
nuclear disarmament and, 209–211, 236, 371
with party line on Soviet Union’s collapse, xiii–xiv, 76–77, 328–329, 379, 380–381, 389–390
reelection campaign and, 18
Scowcroft and, 65, 74–75, 76, 145, 199, 236, 391
with State of the Union Address, 388–390, 407
Ukrainian referendum and, 275
Ukrainian sovereignty and, 259–262, 263–270, 292
Yeltsin, Boris, and, 10, 14, 26–27, 42–46, 104, 106–108, 113–114, 123–124, 125, 145–146, 198–199, 212–213, 225–226, 229, 295–296, 313–314, 323, 335–336, 370–371, 378, 382, 404
Bush, George W., 8
Bush, Jonathan, 266, 285
Butter, 300
Button, nuclear, 371
See also Nuclear briefcases
Byelorussia, 295, 340
Canada, 296, 393
citizens of Ukrainian descent in, 52, 292
Kravchuk, Leonid, and, 258
Carter, Jimmy, 6, 8, 289
Carville, James, 260
Castro, Fidel, 6, 21, 203
Caucasus
demonstrations in, 34, 39
Russo-Chechen conflict in, 242–243
Soviet military in North, 362
Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 84
Censorship, of news media, 98, 116, 137
Center-republic relations
Burbulis and, 249, 397–398
disintegrating, 205–209, 213–215, 238–239, 245, 247, 271, 308–309, 349–350
with economic reform, 206, 207, 215–230, 238–239
Gorbachev, Yeltsin and, 202–204, 207, 211, 233–234, 241–243, 246, 247–250, 368
with humanitarian aid, 206, 207
Kravchuk, Leonid, and, 207, 208–209, 219
new union treaty and, 219, 220–221, 248–250, 281
Russia and, 215, 219, 220, 226, 229–230, 397–398, 400
Shakhrai and, 249
Shaposhnikov and, 205, 368
with state funds, 270–271
Union of Sovereign States and, 251
U.S. pleas for and against, 211
Central Asia, 177, 182, 224, 281
Central Asian republics, xv, xxi, 182, 295, 296, 299, 310, 394, 402–403
Almaty summit and, 362–363, 364
CIS and, 322, 344–365
confederation of, 352–353
See also Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Tajikstan; Turkmenistan; Uzbekistan
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), xvi, 92, 101
Bush, George H. W., and, 8
on coup d’état of August 1991, 105, 106
under Gates, 265–266
on Soviet Union and possible scenarios, 50, 75
Chamberlain, Neville, 3
Charles V (King), 231
Chechevatov, Viktor, 291
Chechnia
with airline hijacking, 245
coup d’état in, 244
Gorbachev and, 246–248
population, 244
sovereignty and, 242–243, 245
Yeltsin, Boris, and, 242–248
Cheese, 300
Chekhov, Anton, 5
Cheney, Richard “Dick,” 199, 200–201, 209, 407
against center support, 211
Ukrainian sovereignty and, 262, 263, 267
Chernenko, Konstantin, 9, 92
Cherniaev, Anatolii, 23, 58, 85–86, 127, 234
Almaty summit and, 364–365
on Baker, 270
Belavezha Agreement and, 323, 327
on Chechnia, 247, 248
CIS and, 358
with dissolution of Soviet Union, 315, 320
economic reform and, 223–224, 241
on Gorbachev, 39–40, 41, 128, 129, 210–211, 221, 243, 247, 248, 250, 268, 269, 327, 342, 372, 373, 374–375, 376, 377–378, 384, 385
at Middle East Peace Conference, 238, 240–241
on new union treaty, 250, 272, 397
on nuclear disarmament, 210
on Soviet Union’s collapse, 393
on state funds, 271
Ukrainian sovereignty and, 268, 269–270, 274, 294
on Yeltsin, 213, 225, 241, 243, 247, 248, 258, 384, 385
Chernobyl nuclear catastrophe, 54–55, 62, 300–301
Chervona Ruta (Red Rue) song festival, 159
China, 22
Chornovil, Viacheslav, 60, 159–160, 170
campaign promises, 282
Ukrainian referendum and, 276, 278–279, 280, 282, 293
Churchill, Winston, 3, 80, 101, 233, 391
CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency
CIS. See Commonwealth of Independent States
Clemens, Roger, 74
Clinton, Bill, 260–261, 333
CNN, 372, 374, 377
Coal, 398
Coat of arms, Russia, 358
Cold War, 192, 232, 381, 389–390, 391–392, 408
Collapse. See Soviet Union, collapse of
Collectivization, 351
Collins, Jim, 76, 104, 122, 123, 125
Commerce, 208
Committee for State Security. See KGB
Commonwealth Defense Council, 312
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
Almaty summit and, 83, 344, 356–357, 359–365, 371
Baker and, 322, 327–333, 335, 336–343, 345–349, 351, 359, 364
Belavezha Agreement and, xx–xxi, 297–310, 312–316, 319–343, 348, 359, 397, 400
Central Asian republics and, 322, 344–365
Gorbachev and, 319–322, 342–343, 357–358
Gorbachev’s resignation and, xiii–xiv, xviii–xix, 40, 74, 148, 149–150, 327–328, 367–386
Kazakhstan and, 344–353, 356
Kyrgyzstan and, 322, 345–346
Moldova and, 360, 361
opposition to, 319–322, 324–326
public response to, 344
territorial violence and, 360, 361
Turkmenistan, 322, 352–353
Ukraine and, 358–359
Ukrainian referendum and, 275–294, 303–304, 399, 402
with union-to-commonwealth transfer of power, xiii–xiv, xviii–xix, 40, 74, 148, 149–150, 327–328, 344, 365�
�387
U.S. reaction to, 322, 323–324, 327–333, 335–343, 348
Uzbekistan, 322, 345, 353–356
Yeltsin and, 358
Communist Party
decline, 141–145, 148, 152–153, 167, 259, 396
finances of, 150–151
hard-currency dues collected by, 32–33
with membership exodus, 31–33, 34
reform of, 139
sovereignty and, 34–40
Yeltsin, Boris, and split from, 30–31, 32
Conspiracy theories, Soviet collapse and, xvi
Corruption
bribes and, 353–354
reform and, 349–350
in Uzbekistan, 353–355
Cotton, 353, 354–355, 356
“Cotton Case.” See “Uzbek Case”
Council for Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), 201
Coup d’état, of August 1991, xviii–xix, 44
aftermath, 133–143
Baker and, 116, 125, 200
Boldin and, 81, 83–84, 85, 86, 89–90
Bush, George H. W., and, 104–105, 106–108, 112, 113–115, 123–124, 128–129, 235, 236
CIA and, 105, 106
defectors, 120–121
demonstrations, 161
foreign press and, 98, 115–116, 118, 161
Gates and, 104, 105–106, 124
González, Felipe, and, 235
Gorbachev and, 40, 80–86, 88–92, 96, 97–99, 100, 101, 104, 105, 106, 113, 114, 124–130, 133–134, 138, 143, 147, 155, 159, 235, 236, 396
Gorbacheva and, 82, 92, 126–127, 129, 133, 234
intelligentsia and, 103–104
KGB and, 77, 81, 82, 84, 86, 88–89, 91, 100, 108, 110–111, 120–121, 148, 160
Kozyrev and, 110–114
Kravchuk, Leonid, and, 114, 124, 155–158, 160, 161–162, 164
Kriuchkov and, 82, 83–84, 86, 88, 89–91, 95–96, 97, 99, 100, 111, 116, 120, 121, 123, 125–127, 130, 145, 160
Muscovites’ response to, 102–104, 107–109, 118–120, 134, 139–141, 142–143
Nazarbayev and, 114
news media and, 98–99, 103, 108, 113, 115–116, 118–119, 138, 158, 161
nuclear briefcases and, 81
Operation Thunder and, 116–117, 119–121, 123
opposition to, 99, 101–117, 119–124, 127–130, 155–158, 160–162, 164
Pavlov and, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 95, 97, 99, 114, 145, 202
press conference, 98–99, 126
public response to, 102–104, 107–109, 118–120, 134, 139–141, 142–143, 161
Pugo, Boris, and, 86, 88, 97, 99, 100
Putin and, 120–121
resolution, 127–130, 133–134, 135, 140, 146, 148–149
Rukh on, 160–161
Rutskoi and, 125, 129–130, 134
Scowcroft and, 104, 105, 106, 128
Soviet military and, 77, 81–91, 95–100, 102–103, 105, 108, 111–112, 114, 116–121, 123, 124–128, 130, 134, 135, 145–146, 148–149, 159, 160, 202
Ukraine and, 155–162, 169
U.S. reaction to, 74–77, 81, 105–108, 114–115, 200
Yanaev and, 83, 85, 86, 88, 90–91, 97–100, 105, 112, 116–117, 120, 149
Yazov and, 81, 83, 86, 88, 89–90, 97, 99–100, 102–103, 114, 116–117, 120, 121, 124, 125–126, 130, 145, 160
Yeltsin, Boris, and, 93–104, 106–119, 121–125, 128, 134, 147, 161, 398
Yeltsin, Boris, countercoup and, 137–138, 143–144
Coup d’états
of 1917 and Bolsheviks, 11, 98, 243, 329, 365, 394
of 1964 with Khrushchev, 81, 82, 98
in Chechnia, 244
Covert operations
Kennedy assassination, 369
Operation Thunder, 116–117, 119–121, 123
U.S.-led, 123–124, 369
See also Central Intelligence Agency; KGB
Cowell, Alan, 235
Crimea, 259, 280
borders, 176, 177
population, 281
Russia-to-Ukraine transfer of, 176–177, 280–281
sovereignty and, 171, 281–282
Ukrainian referendum and, 293
Crimean Tatars, 177, 281
Croatia, 272
CSCE. See Council for Security and Cooperation in Europe
Cuba, 6, 21, 202–203, 204, 404
Cuban Missile Crisis, 6
Currency, 226
Czechoslovakia, 12, 193, 282, 283
Dairy farming, 300
Dance. See Lezginka
The Day After (film), 7
de Gaulle, Charles, 327
Declaration on the Rights of Nationalities of Ukraine, 285
DeConcini, Dennis, 261
Defectors
of coup d’état of August 1991, 120–121
in Soviet Foreign Service, 33
See also Intelligentsia
Democracy. See Electoral democracy
Demonstrations
in Baltics and Caucasus, 34, 39
Chernobyl, 55
against coup d’état of August 1991, 161
for democratic revolution, 139–143, 202
hunger strikes, 282
in Kazakhstan, 349–350
KGB, 140–141
in Lithuania, 50–51, 117–118
sovereignty, 38–39, 64–65, 117–118, 152–153, 164, 179–180, 206, 245, 282
Deutsche Bank, 284
Diplomatic service. See Foreign Service, Soviet
Dissidents. See Antisovetchik; Intelligentsia
Dnipropetrovsk clan, 53–54, 56
See also Brezhnev, Leonid; Shcherbytsky, Volodymyr
Doctor Zhivago (Pasternak), 111
Documents
declassified, xv, xxi
secret, 369
Donas. See Donets Basin
Donbas, 259, 269, 282, 293, 304, 401
Donets Basin (Donas), 177
Donetsk region, 176, 293
Drach, Ivan, 60–61, 63, 67
Dudaev, Dzhokhar, 243–245, 247, 287, 288
Dyczok, Marta, 284
Dzerzhinsky, Felix “Iron Felix,” 139–140, 172
Eastern Europe, 204
Economic aid
Germany, 331
U.S., 202–203, 237, 329, 331–332
Economic management, reform of, 30
Economic reform
center-republic relations and, 206, 207, 215–230, 238–239
difficulties with, 13–14, 216, 219–220, 223, 238–239, 341
Yeltsin and, 218–220, 225–226, 227–230, 238–239, 241, 284
Economy
food shortage and dire, 205, 208, 214, 220–221, 237, 242, 340, 351
with state funds emptied, 259, 270–271
U.S., 331
Egypt, 231
Electoral democracy
demonstrations for, 139–143, 202
imperial rule incompatible with, xviii, 13–14, 33, 394
in Russia, xviii, 112
Electoral system, reform of, 29, 33, 35, 56
Elena (Yeltsin’s elder daughter), 100
Elliott, Iain, 118
Empires
Soviet Union as last, xvii–xviii, xx–xxii, 34, 40, 178, 182, 185–186, 393
world, xviii, xix, 6, 33, 393, 402
The End of History and the Last Man (Fukuyama), 405
Estonia, 45, 191
annexation of, 192
population, 244
sovereignty and, 174, 175, 195, 197
Ethnic clashes
between Azeris and Armenians, 33–34, 213, 357, 361
in Kazakhstan, 349–352
See also specific ethnic groups
Ethnicity
minorities in Ukraine, 283–286
nationality and mixed, 288–289
EU. See European Union
Europe
Eastern, 204
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, 232
See also specific countries
Europ
ean Union (EU), 22, 331
Exchange rate, black-market, 370
Fallout, nuclear, 16, 47, 300–301
Famine, 351, 401
Farming, dairy, 300
Finances. See Funds
Fitzwater, Marlin, 379–380
FOIA. See Freedom of Information Act
Fokin, Vitold, 163, 206, 299, 305, 307, 308
Food
dairy farming and, 300
famine, 351, 401
nuclear fallout and, 300–301
shortage, 205, 208, 214, 220–221, 242, 340, 351
U.S. aid and, 237, 331, 340
Ford, Gerald R., 261
Foreign press
coup d’état of August 1991 and, 98, 115–116, 118, 161
Gorbachev’s resignation and, 372, 373–374, 377
Foreign Service, Soviet, 32–33, 270
France, 240
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), xxi
French Revolution, Bolsheviks and, 395
Fukuyama, Francis, 405
Funds
of Communist Party, 150–151
economy and emptied state, 259, 270–271
G-7. See Group of Seven
Gaddafi, Muammar, 128, 204
Gaidar, Arkadii, 215, 227, 228
Gaidar, Timur, 215, 227
Gaidar, Yegor, 297
Belavezha Agreement and, 306, 307, 338–339
biography, 215–216
economic reform and, 215–217, 218, 226–228, 341
Galicia, 280, 293
Gas, natural
in Russia, 226, 270, 297, 301
in Turkmenistan, 353
Gates, Robert M., 42, 43, 74, 78
on Baltic sovereignty, 196
on Bush, George H. W., 392
on center-republic relations, 211
CIA under, 265–266
coup d’état of August 1991 and, 104, 105–106, 124
on Kriuchkov, 87–88
on Ukrainian sovereignty, 267
Generalov, Viacheslav, 84
Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 378
George Bush Presidential Library and Museum, xv, xxi, 52
Georgia
borders, 176, 177
CIS and, 360
electoral democracy in, xviii
NATO and, 406
Rose Revolution of 2003 and, 406–407
sovereignty and, 173, 175, 265
U.S. and, 382
Germany, 331
Gibbons, Gene, 13
Gingrich, Newt, 55, 263
Glasnost (openness), 12, 13, 56, 63, 111
Golden Horde, 257
González, Carmen Romero, 234
González, Felipe, 234–235, 239–240
Goodman, Walter, 18
Gorbachev, Mikhail
Almaty summit and, 344, 356–357
approval rating, 14, 58, 134–135, 138
Baker’s letter to, 382–383
Baltic sovereignty and, 196–198
Belavezha Agreement and, 298–299, 303, 313–315, 322–323, 325–327, 333–336, 342–343
biography, 11–13, 27
Bush, George H. W., and, 9–10, 14, 17–18, 20–27, 47–50, 63–65, 67, 73–76, 78–79, 92, 106, 128–129, 194–199, 209–211, 231–233, 236–238, 267–271, 323, 334, 335, 336, 342, 372–374, 378–383, 390–391, 404
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