with Bush-Gorbachev summit, 4, 9–10, 13–15, 17–18, 20–23
Chechnia and, 246–248
Cherniaev on, 39–40, 41, 128, 129, 210–211, 221, 243, 247, 248, 250, 268, 269, 327, 342, 372, 373, 374–375, 376, 377–378, 384, 385
Chernobyl and, 55
CIS and, 319–322, 342–343, 357–358
coup d’état and, 40, 80–86, 88–92, 96, 97–99, 100, 101, 104, 105, 106, 113, 114, 124–130, 133–134, 138, 143, 147, 155, 159, 235, 236, 396
critics of, 146–147
with electoral democracy, xviii, 394
ideology revolution and, 204, 210
KGB and, 84, 135, 138
memoirs, 138–139, 315, 384
at Middle East Peace Conference, 231–233, 235–241
military leadership, public opinion and, 117–118
Mitterand and, 240–241
with new union treaty, 41, 48, 49, 134, 136–137, 144, 163, 184, 219, 220–223, 248–251, 255–258, 272–273, 281, 397
nuclear briefcase of, 81, 340, 368, 371, 376, 377
nuclear disarmament and, 209–211, 236
under political attack, 13–14
political comeback, 183–185, 186–188, 247
political standing, 13–15, 135–139, 142–147, 163–164, 172–173, 182, 183, 212, 217, 220, 221–222, 224, 233–235, 238, 241–242, 247, 251, 267–268, 305, 314–315, 325, 327, 335–336, 342–343, 358, 370, 372, 377–378, 379, 382, 384–387, 396, 398
post-Soviet space and treatment of, 372, 377–378, 379, 382, 384–387
Reagan, Ronald, and, 12–13
reform and, 12, 13, 29–30, 33, 56, 59, 63, 111, 122, 139, 147, 215, 300, 349–350, 395
resignation of, xiii–xiv, xviii–xix, 40, 74, 148, 149–150, 327–328, 367–386
retirement package for, 366–371
secret documents and, 369
with sovereignty of Soviet republics, 34–41, 50
Soviet Union’s collapse and prevention by, 177, 183–187, 216, 255–258, 272–273, 279–281, 322, 324
state funds and, 259, 270–271
Ukrainian sovereignty and, 48–49, 259–260, 266–270, 272–274, 293–294
union-to-commonwealth transfer and, 344, 365–387
U.S. support for, xiv–xv, xx, xxi, 10, 200
Yeltsin, Boris, and, 25–26, 27–31, 35–38, 40–41, 44–45, 83–84, 88–89, 92, 106, 113, 134–138, 140, 141–145, 147, 176, 183–184, 186–188, 202–204, 207, 211, 214, 219–220, 222, 225–226, 228–229, 233–234, 241–243, 246, 247–250, 257–258, 270–273, 294, 296–297, 303, 304–305, 308, 309–311, 313–315, 319, 321–322, 323–326, 334–336, 339, 341, 342, 344, 365–387, 395, 396–397, 399–400
Gorbachev Foundation, xxi
Gorbacheva, Raisa, 11, 24, 80
Bush, Barbara, and, 19–20, 26, 234
coup d’état and, 82, 92, 126–127, 129, 133, 234
with Gorbachev’s resignation, 384–386
at Middle East Peace Conference, 240, 241
Reagan, Nancy, and, 19
Gorton, Slade, 197
Gosplan, 226
Gotti, John, 55
Grachev, Andrei, 242, 312, 320, 374–375, 377–378
Grachev, Pavel, 102, 117–118, 312
Graham, Billy, 389
Great Britain, 233
Great October Socialist Revolution, 28
Great Terror, 56
Great Ukrainian Famine of 1932–33, 401
Group of Seven (G-7), 11, 16, 79
Guardian (weekly), 119, 284
Gulag, 60, 68, 159, 165, 293, 298
The Gulag Archipelago (Solzhenitsyn), 298
Gulf War, 232, 408
Hadley, Stephen, 262
Haig, Alexander M., 235
Hanukkah, 372
Heinz, John, 260
Helsinki Accords of 1975, 201–202, 265
Hersh, Seymour M., 123
Hetzer, Michael, 118–119
Hewett, Ed, 48, 68, 266
Bush, George H. W., and, 165–166
Gorbachev’s resignation and, 378–379, 380, 381–382
Hijackings, 245
Hiss, Alger, xiv
Hitler, Adolf, 3, 192, 193, 400
Holocaust, 55, 66–67, 285, 301
Holubets, Mykhailo, 299–300, 308
Hoxie, Ralph Gordon, 265
Hryniov, Volodymyr, 160, 166–167, 277–278, 279
Human rights, 21, 201–202
Humanitarian aid, U.S., 329, 341, 347, 371
center-republic relations with, 206, 207
food and, 237, 331, 340
Hungary, 193, 283
Hunger strikes, 282
Hurenko, Stanislav, 154–155, 156, 165, 167
Hussein, Saddam, 74, 232, 389, 408
Hydrogen bombs, 5, 13
I Hope (Gorbacheva), 19, 234, 386
ICBMs. See Intercontinental ballistic missiles
Iceland, 197
Identity, 289
Ideology
Bolshevik, 228, 398
revolution, 204, 210
The Ides of March (Wilder), 210
IMF. See International Monetary Fund
Imperial rule, electoral democracy and, xviii, 13–14, 33, 394
Independence. See Sovereignty
Independent Newspaper. See Nezavisimaia gazeta
India, 22
Ingushetia, 243
Intelligentsia
coup d’état of August 1991 and, 103–104
hard-currency dues collected from, 32–33
split from Communist Party, 31–33
Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), 209
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 17, 18
Investment, 208
Iraq, 232, 389, 408
Iraq War, xvi, 408
Islam, 295, 346, 348–349, 355
Israel, 21, 204, 231–232, 233
Ivashko, Volodymyr, 56
Izvestiia, 172, 268, 356, 364
James A. Baker Papers, xxi
Japan, 22, 210
Jennings, Peter, 14
Jews
anti-Semitism and, 68
Babyn Yar and massacre of, 66–67, 266, 285
Hanukkah and, 372
Holocaust and, 55, 66–67, 285, 301
in Ukraine, 285–286
See also Israel
Johnson, Tom, 372, 374
Joint Baltic American National Committee, 192–193
Juan Carlos (King), 239–240, 259
Kádar, Janos, 301
Kaplan, Rick, 372
Karimov, Islam, 230, 396
CIS and, 345, 353, 355–356
legacy, 366
“Uzbek Case” and, 355
See also Uzbekistan
Katyn Forest massacre, 369
Kazakhstan, 298
Almaty summit and, 363, 364
borders, 176, 177
Chechens resettled to, 243
CIS and, 344–353, 356
demonstrations in, 349–350
ethnic clashes in, 349–352
famine in, 351
Nazarbayev and, 14, 25, 41, 44, 83, 88, 114, 163, 179, 181, 182, 184–186, 213, 215, 219, 222, 249, 310–311, 320, 321, 345, 346–353, 356, 363, 364, 402, 405
new union treaty and, 163
nuclear disarmament and, 363, 371
as nuclear republic, xix, 310, 346, 348–349
population, 311, 351, 352
sovereignty and, 178, 179, 181, 182, 249, 347, 351
U.S. and, 346–349, 351, 382
Kebich, Viacheslaŭ, 311, 312
Belavezha Agreement and, 305, 309, 310
biography, 302–303
See also Belarus
Kennan, George F., 328, 392–393
Kennedy, John F., 3, 5, 6, 369
Kerr, Richard, 105, 106
KGB (Committee for State Security), 38, 48, 54
coup d’état and, 77, 81, 82, 84, 86, 88–89, 91, 100, 108, 110–111, 120–121, 148, 160
demonstrat
ions, 140–141
Gorbachev and, 84, 135, 138
Kennedy assassination and, 369
Khans, of Golden Horde, 257
Khasbulatov, Ruslan, 94, 244, 246, 247–248, 383
Khmara, Stepan, 293
Khrushchev, Nikita, 12, 15, 54, 56, 281, 333, 401
Belavezha Forest and, 301
coup d’état and, 81, 82, 98
in Kazakhstan, 351
Kennedy and, 3, 5, 6
Kipling, Rudyard, 305
Kissinger, Henry, 117, 248, 249, 290
Kohan, John, 333
Kohl, Helmut, 58, 77, 79, 209, 367, 378
Kolbin, Gennadii, 349–350, 395
Komisarenko, Serhii, 157
Kommunist (journal), 215
Komplektov, Viktor, 68, 104–105
Komsomol’skaia pravda (Komsomol Truth), 298
Koppel, Ted, 372, 373
Korea, 210
Korean Airlines, flight 007, 6
Korzhakov, Aleksandr, 109, 121–122, 136, 182–183, 187, 213, 217
on Gorbachev’s retirement package, 367, 369
on secret documents, 369
on Yeltsin, 302, 311, 319, 369, 386–387
Kosygin, Aleksei, 54
Kotkin, Stephen, xix
Kozyrev, Andrei, 27, 104, 200, 264
Belavezha Agreement and, 297, 305, 306, 314, 337–339, 341
coup d’état of August 1991 and, 110–114
on Gorbachev, 146–147
reform and, 215, 229, 238–239
Kravchenka, Petr, 303, 304–305, 306, 311, 325
Kravchuk, Antonina, 315
Kravchuk, Leonid, xxi, xxii, 59, 65, 224, 250
Almaty summit and, 358–359, 362–364
Belavezha Agreement and, 298, 299, 301, 303–310, 314, 315, 320, 324
biography, 55–57, 67
Bush, George H. W., and, 61–62, 67, 68, 207–209, 294
on center-republic relations, 207, 208–209, 219
CIS and, 358–359
coup d’état of August 1991 and, 114, 124, 155–158, 160, 161–162, 164
legacy, 366, 400, 405
new union treaty and, 222–223
Ukrainian referendum and, 275–277, 279–282, 284–287, 291–294, 303–304, 399
Ukrainian sovereignty and, 153–155, 163–165, 167–170, 178, 180–181, 182, 184, 206–207, 258, 260, 273, 279–282, 292, 363–364
Kremlin, xiii, xiv
Kriuchkov, Vladimir, 10, 24, 38, 74, 117, 202
biography, 86–87
coup d’état and, 82, 83–84, 86, 88, 89–91, 95–96, 97, 99, 100, 111, 116, 120, 121, 123, 125–127, 130, 145, 160
Kruchina, Nikolai, 142, 150–151
Kryzhanivsky, Volodymyr, 299–300
Kseniia (Gorbachev’s granddaughter), 133
Kuropas, Myron, B., 261
Kuwait, 232
Kuznetsov, Anatolii, 66
Kyiv. See Ukraine
Kyrgyzstan
Akayev and, 224, 345–346
CIS and, 322, 345–346
military forces, 346
nuclear weapons and, 346
sovereignty and, 173
U.S. and, 345–346, 382
Landsbergis, Vytautas, 197–198
Language, of Ukraine’s military, 289, 290
Lapychak, Chrystyna, 292
Latvia, 45, 191
annexation of, 192
sovereignty and, 174, 175, 197
Lebed, Aleksandr, 108, 118
Lenin, Vladimir, xiii, 328, 395, 398
Lezginka (dance), 288
Ligachev, Yegor, 28–29
Likhachev, Dmitrii, 175–176
Limited Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty, 6
Lincoln, Abraham, 67, 101
Lithuania, 45, 191, 197
demonstrations in, 50–51, 117–118
sovereignty and, 34, 37, 38, 50, 174, 198
Lobov, Vladimir, 209–210
Loyalty, 289
Lubianka Square, 139–140
Lukashenka, Aliaksandr, 324–325
Lukianenko, Levko, 60, 165–169, 278, 279
Lukianov, Anatolii, 125
Luzhkov, Yurii, 94, 122
MAD. See Mutual assured destruction
Madrid peace conference. See Middle East Peace Conference
Major, John, 75, 113, 209, 378
Make Way for Ducklings (McCloskey), 20
Makhamov, Kakhahr, 163
The Malachite Casket (Bazhov), 228
Malkina, Tatiana, 98
Maria (Yeltsin’s granddaughter), 100
Marshall, George, 329
Marshall Plan, for Soviet Union, 205–206, 329–331, 341
Massacres
Babyn Yar, 66–67, 266, 285
Katyn Forest, 369
Tiananmen Square, 77
Matlock, Jack, 26, 48, 65, 69, 76, 193, 206
Bush, George H. W., and, 52–53, 58, 194
on Cold War and Soviet Union’s collapse, 392
McCarthy, Joseph, xiv
McCloskey, Robert, 20
McDougall Barbara, 112
Media. See News media
Medvedev, Vadim, 36, 81–82, 128, 135, 149, 216, 228
on Belavezha Agreement, 326
Gorbachev and, 183, 319–320
on sovereignty of Soviet republics, 175, 185
on state funds, 270
on Yeltsin, Boris, and countercoup, 137
Medvedev, Vladimir, 82
Meshkov, Yuri, 282
Middle East, 21, 22
peace in, 231–232
U.S. interest in, 232–233
Middle East Peace Conference (Madrid peace conference), 234
Bush, George H. W., at, 231–233, 236–238
Gorbachev at, 231–233, 235–241
Mitterand at, 240–241
Military
Bush, George H. W., in U.S., 191–192
Kyrgyzstan, 346
Ukraine, 289–291, 362
Military, Soviet
central control over, 236, 242, 270, 287, 291, 357, 362
CIS and, 324
coup d’état of August 1991 and, 77, 81–91, 95–100, 102–103, 105, 108, 111–112, 114, 116–121, 123, 124–128, 130, 134, 135, 145–146, 148–149, 159, 160, 202
in North Caucasus, 362
public opinion of, 117–118
with restrictions for ethnic minorities, 288
in Ukraine, 286–287
Milk, 300
Milošević, Slobodan, 405
Mineral resources, 399
Minsk agreement, 326
MIRVs. See Multiple independently targeted reentry vehicles
Missiles
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, 51
Cuban Missile Crisis, 6
ICBMs, 209
MIRVs, 209, 211
tests, 15–17
Mitterand, François, 75, 112, 209, 235, 240–241
Mlynář, Zdenĕk, 12
Moiseev, Mikhail, 81, 127, 135, 136, 137–138
Moldova (Moldavia), 50, 65, 193
CIS and, 360, 361
local nationalism in, 34
sovereignty and, 173, 178
Transnistria, 177, 360, 361, 362
U.S. and, 382
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact of 1939, xviii, 34, 193, 301, 369, 400
Morozov, Kostiantyn, 287–291, 324
Moscow, xix
coup d’état of August 1991 and, 102–104, 107–109, 118–120, 134, 139–141, 142–143
food shortage in, 205
Moscow Echo (radio station), 103, 108, 115
Moscow Summer Olympics, 6
Most-favored-nation trade status
Soviet Union and, 21
Ukraine and, 62
Mulroney, Brian, 75, 79
Multiple independently targeted reentry vehicles (MIRVs), 209, 211
“Muslim Charter,” 355
Mutalibov, Ayaz, 224, 357, 361
See also Azerbaijan
Mutual assured destruction (MAD)
, 6
Nagornyi Karabakh, 360, 362
cease fire in, 213
ethnic clashes in, 33–34, 213, 357, 361
Nairobi, 32
Najibullah, Mohammad, 203
Narodna Rada (People’s Council), 165
National Security Council, xxi
Nationality
with mixed ethnicity, 288–289
Ukraine military and passport, 289
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 7, 25, 339, 406
Natural gas, 226, 270, 297, 301, 353
Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 14, 25, 44, 83, 88, 215, 219, 310–311, 402
Almaty summit and, 363, 364
Belavezha Agreement and, 320, 321, 348
biography, 350
CIS and, 345, 346–353, 356
coup d’état of August 1991 and, 114
economic reform and, 222
legacy, 185–186, 213, 405
with new union treaty, 41, 163, 185
nuclear arms and, 346, 348–349
political standing, 352
sovereignty of Kazakhstan and, 179, 181, 182, 249, 351
“10 + 1” and, 184–185, 186
See also Kazakhstan
Nazis, 66, 67, 192, 281, 329
Neto, Agostinho, 8
New York, 32
New Zealand, 210
News media, 215, 235, 261, 266, 272, 279, 292, 298, 344, 347, 356, 364
censorship of, 98, 116, 137
coup d’état of August and, 98–99, 103, 108, 113, 115–116, 118–119, 138, 158, 161
foreign press, 98, 115–116, 118, 161, 372, 373–374, 377
radio stations, 103, 108, 115, 118
Ukrainian sovereignty and, 263
See also specific news outlets
Nezavisimaia gazeta (Independent Newspaper), 98, 171, 230
Nicholas I (Tsar), 20
Nicholas II (Tsar), 28, 323, 338
Niiazov, Saparmurat, 249
Nikolaevich, Boris, 218
Niles, Thomas, 299, 379
9/11, xvi
Nixon, Richard, 8, 63, 65, 117, 290
Brezhnev and, 3, 6, 51, 53
Niyazov, Saparmurat, 224, 352–353
See also Turkmenistan
North Atlantic Treaty Organization. See NATO
Nuclear accidents. See Chernobyl nuclear catastrophe
Nuclear arsenals, xix, 5, 208, 290
Almaty summit and, 363, 364, 371
disarmament, 209–211, 236, 330, 363, 371
reductions, 12–13, 15, 20–23, 201
Nuclear briefcases
coup d’état of August 1991 and, 81
Gorbachev’s, 81, 340, 368, 371, 376, 377
nuclear button and, 371
Shaposhnikov and, 340, 371, 376
Yeltsin and, 340, 368, 376, 377
Nuclear fallout, 16, 47, 300–301
Nuclear republics
disarmament in, 371
treaties, 348
See also Belarus; Kazakhstan; Russia; Ukraine
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