20. Kipling, pp. 73-127.
21. Excerpta Historica, pp. 171-212; Scofield, i, pp. 414-20.
22. Hall, pp. 267-8.
23. Ross, p. 111.
24. PRO, French Rolls, C/76/151, C/76/152, C/81/1499/no.7.
25. Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 375, 379.
26. Croyland, p. 551; Basin, i, pp. 294-5; Hicks, pp. 41-2.
27. Stevenson, Letters and Papers, ii, p. 788.
28. For marriage treaties: PRO, C/81/1380/no. 11, C/81/1499/No.7; AGR, Chartes de Brabant et Mss Divers no. 43/11, cart. xliv f.51, cart. xlviii f.164v., Chartes de Brabant et Chambre des Comptes no. 134; ADN, B/330/16.128 for the Treaty of Brussels signed and sealed by Edward IV and with his earlier authority to his officers to negotiate the treaty.
29. PRO, Signed Bills 1499 no.4227, Issue Roll, Easter VIII Edward IV, 1 June; C/81/1499/no.28.
30. AND B/429/16.141; for comments on dispensation see CSPM, i, p. 120; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 48.
31. RP, v, pp. 622-3.
32. See genealogy Tables 1 and 2.
33. Paston/Davis, ii, p. 386, 18 April 1468.
34. PRO, Exchequer, Tellers Bills C/81/1499/no.28; CSPV, i, p.121; Scofield, i, pp. 446-453; for rumours that Warwick would not guarantee the loan: Calmette, Le mariage, p. 202.
35. M. A. Hicks, ‘The Case of Sir Thomas Cook, 1468’, EHR, p. 93, 1978, 82-96; New Chronicles, p. 656; Historical Collections, pp. 656-7; Great Chronicle, pp. 204, 272.
36. Ibid, p. 204.
37. PRO, E404 74/1/35, 74/1/69; Scofield i, p. 456.
38. Jean Squilbeck, ‘Coronne Votive’, in ‘Marguerite d’York et son temps’, exhibition organised by the Banque de Bruxelles, 1967; E. Grimme, ‘Der Aachener Domschatz’ in Aachener Kunstblatter, p.42, 1972; M. Campbell, ‘English Goldsmiths in the Fifteenth Century’, in Williams, Harlaxton Symposium, p.45; P. W. Hammond, ‘The Coronet of Margaret of York’, The Ricardian, September 1984, vi, pp. 362-5.
39. Louis’ annoyance: Vaesen et Charavay, iii, p.144; Legeay, i, p.529; Calmette, Le mariage, p. 169; Waurin, v, p.559; CSPV, p. 121; CSPM, i, pp. 124-6.
40. For the slanders: Chronique Scandaleuse, i, p. 241; CSPM, pp. 95-6, 124-5; Hommel, p. 53-4; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p.48; ‘Margaret had achieved the reputation of a whore’: Lander, Government and Continuity, p. 244.
41. Hall, p. 267.
42. Haynin, ii, p. 19.
43. Ross, p. 115.
44. Historical Collections, p. 238; Chronicles of the White Rose, pp. 20-1.
45. Excerpta Historica, p. 227; New Chronicles, p. 656; Scofield, i, pp. 456-7; Hommel, pp. 35-6.
46. Scofield, i, pp. 455-6; the payments to her escort are recorded in PRO, Exchequer, Tellers Bills, E/404/74/1/no.35.
47. Scofield, i, pp. 455-6; Paston/Davis, i, p. 538; for ‘the lovely widow’: La Marche, iii, p. 107.
48. ADN, Comptes de l’Argenterie, B 2068/1468 f.159; Laborde, i, p. 500; La Marche, iii, p. 174 adds that Margaret had with her a dwarf from Constantinople who was a servant of King Edward.
49. Excerpta Historica, p. 228; Hommel, p. 38.
50. For her arrival at Sluis: Haynin, ii, p. 19; Excerpta Historica, pp. 228-9; La Marche, iii, pp. 102-3; for the movements of Charles see Vander Linden, Itinéraires, p. 9.
51. Kervyn de Lettenhove, Relation du mariage, pp. 250-3; Cartellieri, pp. 158-165; Kipling, p. 111; Book of Esther.
52. Kipling, pp. 75, 117-125.
53. Hunter, pp. 87-8.
54. Ibid.
55. See below ch. 7.
56. Book of Judges, ch. 6-7-8; Hunter, pp. 264f.
57. R. A. Weigert, La tapisserie et le tapis en France, pp. 38-60; Hunter, pp. 50, 87-90, 108-110, 238, 247-8, 264-70.
58. Hunter, p. 56.
59. Phillips, Archeologica, xxxi p. 329; Excerpta Historica, pp. 229-30.
60. Dumont, ‘Marie’, pp. 8-12.
61. Haynin, ii, pp. 20-63; Hommel, p. 53.
62. Chastellain, vii, pp. 228-9. For Charles’ soubriquet: La Marche, i, p. 147.
63. Excerpta Historica, p. 230.
64. Ibid, p. 231; La Marche, iii, p. 105; de Ram, pp. 170-4.
65. Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 258-60; La Marche, iii, p. 105, iv, 97; RP. v, 628; ADN, B/429/16140, B/430/16.286; Armstrong, England, France and Burgundy, pp. 279, 281.
66. Paston/Davis, i, p. 539.
67. Prevenier and Blockmans, pp. 17-19; E. Gilliat Smith, The Story of Bruges, 1926, pp. 230-248.
68. For Margaret’s reception into Bruges and the pageants: Excerpta Historica, pp. 321-4; La Marche, ii, pp. 98-105; Cartellieri, pp. 159-163; for the gift from Bruges: Plancher, iv, p. 362.
69. Huizinga, p. 239.
70. Phillips, Archeologica, xxxi, p. 331.
71. Rozmital, pp. 30, 41.
72. Excerpta Historica, p. 234.
73. The Gideon tapestries cost 8,960 gold crowns for 630 square yards in 1449: Hunter, p. 89.
74. La Marche, ii, pp. 107-11; Excerpta Historica, pp. 234-5; Paston/Davis, i, pp. 538-540; Cartellieri, ch 2.
75. The Market Hall of Bruges was built in the thirteenth century. Its famous belfrey had been begun at the end of the thirteenth century but the octagonal top portion was only completed in 1482-7.
76. Phillips, Archeologica, xxxi, p.335; Excerpta Historica, pp. 235-6 among others.
77. Phillips, Archeologica, xxxi, pp. 337-8; Excerpta Historica, pp. 235-239; La Marche, ii, pp. 11-122, among many other descriptions. The most comprehensive modern description appears in Cartellieri, pp. 124-134.
78. Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 49-53.
CHAPTER 2: DAUGHTER OF YORK
1. See genealogy Table 1. For the following genealogical information: Cockayne, xii, pp. 895-913; Sandford, pp. 387-402.
2. Morel-Fatio, pp. 411-16.
3. See genealogy Table 2.
4. For this paragraph and for the career of Richard of York see particularly Gorman and Griffiths and generally Chrimes, Lancastrians, Yorkists and Henry VI, and Lander and Storey. For Richard’s appointment after Bedford’s death with like powers see Stevenson, ii, p. 585.
5. William Worcester’s Annales rerum anglicarum, in Stevenson, ii, 2nd part, p. 764: ‘nata est Margareta filia tertia Ricardi ducis Eboraci iii die Maii in die Martis apud Fodryngay’; Chronicles of the White Rose, pp. 213-4, also gives the birthdates and birthplaces for all the children of Duke Richard and Duchess Cecily and states that Margaret was born at Waltham Abbey on 3 May 1446. This chronicle gives several differences from Worcester’s Annales.
6. H.K. Bonney, ‘Historic Notices of Fotheringhay’ (1821) cited in Some Ancient Interests of Fotheringhay, pp. 1-5; Joan Evans, English Art, 1307-1461 in Oxford History of Art (ed.) T. S. R. Boase, 1949, pp. 186-7.
7. Cecily’s will is printed in Nichols and Bruce, pp. 1-8.
8. Bonney, p. 4.
9. I have discussed the question of Margaret’s birth at Waltham with Dinah Dean, the secretary of the Waltham Abbey Historical Society. There seems to be considerable evidence for a Yorkist presence in the area at that time. See also James Thorne, Handbook to the Environs of London, 1983 edition, pp. 650-2. He cites Thomas Fuller who was a curate at Waltham from 1648-58. For the abbey: D. Knowles and R. Neville Hancock, Medieval Religious Houses, 1953, ch. 1.
10. see below ch. 7, n. 35.
11. E. Carleton Williams, My Lord of Bedford, 1389-1435, 1963, pp. 5, 247. There is no substantial evidence that the so-called Waltham Chronicle was in fact written at Waltham.
12. CPR, 1441-1447, pp. 416, 427 for 5 March 1446; CPR, 1446-1452, p. 43 for 26 October 1446.
13. For York at Hunsdon: CPR, 1446-52, p. 77; Griffiths, Henry VI, p. 541. For quotation: R. Clutterbuck, History and Antiquities of Hertfordshire, III, p. 177. For Hunsdon house: Victoria County History, Hertfordshire, iii, pp. 323-5; A. Havercroft, ‘Excavations on Hunsdon House. An Interim Report’, Hertfordshires Past, 1984, no. 17, pp. 15-24; A. Emery, ‘Ralph Lord Cromwell’s Manor at Wingfield’, Archeological journal, 1985, vo
l. 142, p.333; CPR, 1452-61, p.34; P. M. Kendall, The Yorkist Age: Daily life during the Wars of the Roses, 1962, p. 337. For Sir William Oldhall: J. C. Wedgwood and A. D. Holt, History of Parliament 1439-1509: Biographies, 1936, pp. 647-8; C. E. Johnston, ‘Sir William Oldhall’, EHR, xxv, 1910 pp. 715-22. Sir John Oldhall’s son was killed at Bosworth. In 1471 Edward IV bought back Hunsdon from the executors of Oldhall for 2,000 marks. Was he simply redeeming his father’s mortgage?
14. See below ch. 7, n. 5, 7.
15. There is an extensive discussion of Richard’s finances in Gorman, Griffiths and McFarlane. See also J. T. Rosenthal’s two articles: The Estates and Finances of Richard, Duke of York’, Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History, ii, Nebraska, 1965 and ‘Fifteenth Century Baronial Incomes and Richard, Duke of York’, BIHR, xxxvii, 1964; also in C. D. Ross, ‘The Estates and Finances of Richard, Duke of York’, Welsh History Review, iii, 1967; and in B. P. Wolffe, ‘The Management of English Royal Estates under the Yorkist Kings’ EHR, lxxi, 1956. Whether the Duke was actually short of money or whether he used the crown indebtedness to him to put political pressure on the King is far from clear. Certainly there are few signs of serious financial problems and he continued to build at Fotheringhay, Ludlow and Hunsdon throughout all his troubles. However he had apparently pawned his jewels to Fastolf: Paston/Gairdner, i, pp. 249-50, letter of 18 December 1452 referring to the ‘nowch of gold sett up on a roose enameled white’ and known as the ‘White Rose’ for the betrothal of Anne of York and her dowry: Griffiths, pp. 468, 479 n.80.
16. The importance of securing good marriages is emphasised by McFarlane.
17. Commynes/Calmette, ii, p. 248.
18. For a general biography: K. V. Vickers, Humphrey of Gloucester, 1967. For the Duke of York’s gains: CPR, 1446-1452, p. 79.
19. Historical Collections, p. 189. For Richard in Ireland: E. Curtis, ‘Richard of York as Viceroy of Ireland 1447-1460’, Journal of theRoyal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, lxii, 1932.
20.. CPR, 1467-77, p. 439; CPR, 1476-1485, p. 411.
21. Hicks, p. 14.
22. Holinshed’s Chronicles, (ed.) H. Ellis, 1807-8, vi, pp. 267-8.
23. Six Town Chronicles, pp. 132-6; Griffiths, pp. 617-9, 686.
24. See genealogy Table 2.
25. Cambridge Medieval History, viii, pp. 404-5; Griffiths, pp. 687-8.
26. Ibid, pp. 695-7.
27. For the violence between the Nevilles and the Percys at Huntington, near York see: R. A. Griffiths, ‘Local Rivalries and National Politics: The Percys, the Nevilles and the Duke of Exeter, 1452-1455’, Speculum, xliii, 1968; Storey, p. 131.
28. The alliance between York, Salisbury and Warwick came about after York’s disappointment in 1452-1453. The Duke seems to have been a slow learner in the art of making useful political alliances.
29. Six Town Chronicles, p. 140; English Chronicle, p. 79. For Margaret of Anjou: J. J. Bagley, Margaret of Anjou, Queen of England, 1948.
30. Griffiths, p. 720, n.84.
31. Richard had bad relations with his son-in-law, partly due to his failure to provide the full dowry for Anne. Henry, Duke of Exeter continued to give his support to the Lancastrian cause throughout his life and steadfastly opposed both Richard and later Edward IV. See also the article by Griffiths in Speculum (above note 27).
32. Whethamstede, i, pp. 168-9; C. A. J. Armstrong, `Politics and the Battle of St Albans’, BIHR, xxxiii, 1960, pp. 1-72.
33. For Caistor: Paston/Davis, ii, pp. 167-8, 15 November 1456; for ‘love-day’: New Chronicles, p. 633.
34. Chronicles of London, pp. 169-70; Croyland, i, p. 454.
35. English Chronicle, p. 83.
36. M. Wood, The English Medieval House, 1965, p. 266.
37. For the fate of Cecily and her children after the rout of Ludford: CPR, 1452-1461, p.542; Croyland, p.454, Whethamstede, i, p. 345; English Chronicle, p. 83; New Chronicles p. 635; Scofield, i, p. 37.
38. Paston/Davis, ii, pp. 187-8.
39. Historical Collections, p. 208.
40. Paston/Davis ii, pp. 216-7.
41. Scofield, i, pp. 42-4, 47-54, 59-65; Waurin, v. p. 284.
42. RP, v, pp. 375-80; M. Levine, Tudor Dynastic Problems, 1973, pp. 127-131; Whethamstede, i, pp. 376-8; Griffiths, p. 29. Yorkist proclamations were widely quoted by chroniclers and were clearly given a great deal of publicity. A lengthy justification of the Duke of York’s claims appears in English Chronicle pp. 100-105 as the preamble to the agreement between Henry VI and Richard after the battle of Northampton.
43. Whethamstede, i, pp. 381-2 A. D. Leadham, ‘The Battle of Wakefield’, Yorkshire Archeological Journal, 1890-1, ii, p. 348; English Chronicle, pp. 106-7; Six Town Chronicles, p. 152.
44. Great Chronicle, p.195; New Chronicles,p. 639.
45. P. M. Kendall, Louis XI, 1971, pp. 95-102.
46. Livia Visser-Fuchs, ‘Richard in Holland, 1461’, The Ricardian, vi, no. 81, 1983, pp. 184-188; CSPM, i, p. 67.
47. Vickers, pp. 445-6.
48. Scofield, i, p. 149; English Chronicle, p. 109.
49. English Chronicle, p. 110; Hall, p. 251. Scofield, i, p. 139.
50. CSPM, i, p. 69.
51. Historical Collections, p. 215.
52. Burne, Battlefields, pp. 96-108, 114; Ross, pp. 36-38.
53. Hicks, p. 20-1; Ross, p. 273.
54. CSPM, i, pp. 62-3, 66-7.
55. Rozmital, p. 53.
56. C. A. J. Armstrong, ‘The Piety of Cecily Neville’ in For Hilaire Belloc: Essays in Honour of his 72nd Birthday, (ed.) D. Woodruff, 1942, pp. 73-94.
57. For extracts from the writings of these saints: Medieval Women Writers, (ed.) Katherina M. Wilson, 1984, pp. 227-268.
58. Griffiths, p. 22.
59. Haynin, ii, p. 17.
60. For Margaret’s signature see the autograph dedication from the Vie de Sainte Collette, reproduced on p. 217.
61. see below ch. 7.
62. Gorman, p. 182; British Library, additional ms. 11814 f.25.
63. see below, ch. 7, n. 56.
64. Hommel, p. 30.
65. Rozmital, pp. 49-55.
66. Vickers, pp. 234, 445-6.
67. For payment of her allowances and arrears on her allowances see: CPR, 1461-1467, pp. 93, 442; CCR, 1461-1468, p. 286; PRO, E404 73/1/43, 73/1/102; payments for plate, clothes etc see PRO, E404 73/1/102, 73/1/117, 73/2/61.
68. Gairdner, Letters and Papers, i, p. 31; Scofield, i, p. 320; Ross, pp. 85-96.
69. D. MacGibbon, Elizabeth Woodville, 1938, pp. 45, 225.
70. George Smith, The Coronation of Elizabeth Wydeville, 1935, pp. 15, 19, 41.
71. Rozmital, pp. 46-49.
72. The Woodvilles were a well-educated family as may be seen in the patronage which Anthony Woodville extended towards Caxton: see below ch. 7.
73. Myers, ‘Household of Edward IV’, pp. 237-8; A. R. Myers, ‘The Household of Elizabeth Woodville, 1466-7’, BJRL, i, 1967-8, p.667; Ross, pp. 96, 372.
74. Scofield, i, p. 247; Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, vii, xli, p. 63.
75. Scofield, i, pp. 387-8; Calmette, The Golden Age, pp. 238-9; Calmette and Perinelle, pp. 260-1, 324.
76. Scofield, i, pp. 387-8; Calmette, The Golden Age, p. 331, n.5.
CHAPTER 3: THE DUCHESS OF BURGUNDY
1. La Marche, i, p. 146; Molinet, ii, p. 162. As Duchess of Burgundy, Margaret was a feudal sovereign in her own right.
2. La Marche, iii, pp. 56-7.
3. For a survey of the economy and demography: Prevenier and Blockmans, pp. 37-46, 70-96; see above, ch. 1, note ll
4. See below ch. 7.
5. For Margaret of Bavaria: R. Vaughan, John the Fearless, 1966, pp. 173-192; for Isabelle of Portugal: Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 114-120, 171-2, 339-40.
6. Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 107-8.
7. Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 158.
8. Letter from Charles to magistrates of Valenciennes quoted by Hommel, p. 56.
9. Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 1
59, 239.
10. M. Bergé, ‘Les Batards de la maison de Bourgogne, leur descendance’ in L’intermédiaire des généalogistes, lx, Paris, 1955, pp. 395-6.
11. See itinerary in Vander Linden; Hommel, p. 59.
12. Margaret at St Josse from February to April 1473: Vander Linden, Itinéraires, p.50; Hommel, p.77; Dumont, Marie, pp. 82-3.
13. Hommel pp. 54-7; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 234-5.
14. Chastellain, vii, pp. 228-9; Rubbrecht, Trois portraits, pp. 15-64; La Marche, i, pp. 51, 146-9, ii, pp. 214-17.
15. Charles’ splendour is noted at his marriage in 1468 and at his meeting with the Emperor at Trier in1472. Kirk, iii, p. 309.
16. Prevenier and Blockmans, plate 278.
17. Chastellain, vii, p. 228.
18. Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 166-7.
19. La Marche, ii, pp. 214-17.
20. Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 160-1
21. Commynes/Mandrot i, pp. 44, 339, 386, ii, p. 88.
22. Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 75-6, 171, 180.
23. Chastellain, vii, p. 229.
24. Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 144.
25. Chronique Scandaleuse, i, pp. 268-85; note the reservations in Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 79.
26. La Marche, ii, pp. 214-17.
27. Helene Adhemar, Le Musée National du Louvre, Brussels, 1962, i, pp. 11-19. As a member of the painters guild at Tournai in 1468, Marmion may have worked on the displays and pageants for Margaret’s wedding. He was a well-known miniaturist who passed most of his working life at Valenciennes. Margaret visited Valenciennes in May 1472 and May 1473.
28. Rubbrecht, Trois portraits, pp. 15-64; O. Rubbrecht, L’origine du type familial de la maison de Habsbourg, Brussels, 1910, ch. 1. For the information on the New York portrait I am indebted to Dr George Szabo the curator of the Robert Lehman Collection at the Metropolitan Museum. For the Getty painting see article in the journal of the J Paul Getty Museum by Hans van Miegrot. The Society of Antiquaries painting may be a sixteenth century copy of an earlier painting by Hugo van der Goes. There are two other known portraits of Margaret, one is a drawing in the Biblioteque d’Arras, ms. 266 fo. 64 and the other, attributed to Memlinc, is in the Nardus collection at Suresnes in France.
29. Royal Library Brussels, ms. 9296.
Margaret of York: The Diabolical Duchess Page 33