30. Bodleian Library Oxford, ms. Douce 365.
31. Convent of Poor Clares at Ghent, ms. 8.
32. D. H. Farmer, The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, 1978, pp. 28, 260-1.
33. ‘Marguerite d’York et son temps’, Catalogue of the 1967 Brussels Exhibition, p. 41; original in Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. For the van der Beecke hunting drawing see G. Szabo, ‘Catalogue of Landscape Drawings of Five Centuries, 1400-1900 from the Robert Lehman Collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art’, pp. 50-1.
34. Wielant, p. 56.
35. Vander Linden, Itinéraires; Wellens, Un fragment d’itinéraire, pp. 108-13.
36. Hommel pp. 75-6; see Itinerary in Vander Linden.
37. Hommel, p. 57; Vander Linden, pp. 9-11; ADN, B/17703, lettres reçues et dépêchées.
38. In 1471, Vander Linden, Itinéraires, p. 44.
39. Ibid and Hommel, p.59; Galesloot, pp. 213-17.
40. Vander Linden, Itinéraires, pp. 47, 58.
41. Ibid., pp. 51, 62; Wellens, Un fragment d’itinéraire, pp. 111-12.
42. Dumont, Marie, pp. 80-1; for Mary see also L. Hommel, Marie de Bourgogne ou le Grand Héritage, Brussels, 1951.
43. Corstanje and Derolez, pp. 122-142; Dumont, Marie, pp. 77-8.
44. ADN, B/429/16.230; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 127-9.
45. Dumont, Marie, ch. 4; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 381-2, 421.
46. L. Leemans Feygnaert, Isabelle de Portugal, Brussels, 1947; W. Deventer, ‘Isabella van Portugal’, Spiegel historiael, March, 1977; Waurin, iii, pp. 210-215.
47. Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 289-92 and in Charles the Bold, pp. 240-1, 353.
48. Ibid, p. 235; BN, ii, 1868, pp. 837-42.
49. S. B. J. Zilverberg, ‘David van Bourgondie, bischop van Terwan en van Utrecht’, Bijdragen van het Instituut voor Middeleeuwse Geschiedenis der Rijksuniversiteit te Utrecht, xxiv, 1951.
50. BN, vii, 1884-5, pp. 41-4; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 4.
51. Ibid, pp. 4-5, 247-50, 257; BN, iv, 1873, pp. 152-3, viii, 1884-5, pp. 381-391. For the following quotation: Haynin, ii, pp. 182-4.
52. BN, iii, 1870, pp. 67-8, ix, 1886-7, pp. 639-46; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 4, 230, 233, 253-6; and ch. 4 below.
53. Ibid., pp. 258-9.
54. Ibid, pp. 141, 193; Cartellieri, pp. 65-70; H. Stein, ‘Etude sur Olivier de La Marche et sa famille’, Memoires de l’Academie royale de Belgique, 4th series, xlix, Brussels, 1888.
55. Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 193.
56. Alienor de Poitiers, ‘Les Honneurs de la Cour’ (ed.) La Curne de Sainte-Palaye, Mémoire sur 1’ancienne chevalerie, Paris, 1759, ii, pp.171-267; Cartellieri, p. 70.
57. Cartellieri, p.154; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 162.
58. Ibid., ch. 6 for Charles’ armies; Cartellieri, p. 70.
59. Ibid, p. 66; for Charles’ expenses and finances: Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 407-415.
60. see above ch. 2, n.15.
61. Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 377; Kirk, iii, pp. 308-12.
62. Ibid, iii, p. 309.
63. For this and the following: Olivier de La Marche, ‘L’Estat de la maison du duc Charles de Bourgoigne’, in La Marche; summarised in Cartellieri, pp. 65-69; for Margaret’s household establishment of 1468: ADN, B/3376/113546.
64. Kirk, ii, p. 191.
65. Hommel, p. 59.
66. For the seizure of Jacqueline’s lands: Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 32-52.
67. Sir John Froissart, Chronicles of’ England, France and Spain, (ed.) T. Joines, 2 vols., 1857, i, pp. 579, 640-1.
68. Vander Linden, Itinéraires, pp. 58, 65, 71, 78.
69. AGR, Chambres des Comptes, 15727, 15750, 15759, 15764, 15772; ADN, B/6903, 12419; Doren and Hermans, p. 71; Hommel, p. 76.
70. C. Weightman and A. Barnes, Brussels, Grote Markt to Common Market, Brussels, 1976, pp. 65-6.
71. Vaughan, Philip the Good, pp. 137-9.
72. For Charles’ policies towards the Empire: Vaughan, Charles the Bold, ch. 4.
73. See genealogy Table 4.
74. Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 278-9.
75. Ibid., pp. 7-9.
76. Correspondance de la Mairie de Dijon, (ed.) J. Garnier, 3 vols., Dijon, 1868-70, i, pp. 124-5
77. Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 115.
78. See above ch 1, n.38.
79. Croyland, p. 457; also P. M. Kendall, Warwick the Kingmaker, 1957 for the development of the relationship between Charles and Warwick which began as early as 1457 with Warwick’s gift of an Irish pony for Charles.
80. Hicks, p. 66.
81. Stevenson, Letters and Papers, pp. 788-9.
82. Hommel, pp. 63-4.
83. Vander Linden, Itinéraires, pp. 18-20.
84. Scofield, i, pp. 500-1.
85. Campbell, ‘English Goldsmiths’, in Williams, Harlaxton Symposium, pp. 47-8; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 60.
86. Ross, pp. 124-5, 138-141.
87. Scofield, i, pp. 519-20.
88. Chastellain, v, pp. 450-3.
89. Commynes/Mandrot, i, p. 203.
90. Livia Visser-Fuchs, ‘Richard in Holland, 1470-1’, The Ricardian, vi no. 82, 1983, p. 221.
91. Scofield, i, p. 562; Hommel, p. 69.
92. Visser-Fuchs, ‘Richard in Holland, 1470-1’, p. 222.
93. Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 77.
94. Hommel, p.69; Commynes/Mandrot, i, p. 215, Commynes/Calmette, i, p. 211; Chastellain, v, pp. 501-3; for Richard’s visit to Margaret in February: Vander Linden, Itinéraires, p. 28.
95. Visser-Fuchs, ‘Richard in Holland 1470-1’, p. 225.
96. C. A. J. Armstrong, ‘Verses by Jean Mielot on Edward IV and Richard earl of Warwick’, Medium Aecum, vol. 8, 1939, pp. 193-7.
97. CSPM, i, p. 151.
98. Arrivall, pp. 9-10; Croyland, p. 464; Waurin, v, p. 652.
99. van Praet, pp. 81-3.
100. Ibid.; for the rest of this paragraph: Kipling, pp. 8-9; A. de Behault de Dornon, Bruges séjour d’exil d Eduard IV, Bruges, 1931; W.J. St John Hope, Architectural History of Windsor Castle, 1913, pp. 398-406, 429-44.
101. Myers, The Household of Edward IV, pp. 4-5.
102. van Praet, pp. 10-11.
103. Waurin, v, pp. 652-3, 660-3; Haynin, ii, pp. 125-6.
104. Commynes/Calmette, i, p. 213.
105. Haynin, ii, p. 128; for the battle of Barnet see Ross, pp. 167-8.
106. Haynin, ii, pp. 128-9.
107. Haynin, ii, p. 126; for the battle of Tewkesbury see the Arrivall, pp. 23-8; Burne, Battlefields, pp. 118-25.
108. Arrivall, p. 38; CSPM, i, p. 157; Croyland, p. 468; Margaret did not mention this death in her letter to Isabelle.
109. Kingsford, English Historical Literature, pp. 379-88; For bonfires: La Marche, iii, p. 73 n.4; Armstrong, England, France and Burgundy, p. 111.
110. Reward of 12th February 1472: Foedera, xi, p. 735; CPR 1467-77, p. 306; PRO, French Roll 15 Edward IV, m.20, m.l-2.
111. Gachard, pp. 124-7.
112. CSPM, i, pp. 164-70;
113. CSPM, i, p. 16; Vander Linden, Itinéraires, p. 77; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 235; Hommel, pp. 88-90.
114. ADN, B/429/16285 letter from Arbois dated lst July 1476, and B/429/16263 for Edward’s letter of 29th July 1474; Galesloot, pp.199-201.
115. CSPM, i, pp. 197-8; Ross, pp. 221-2.
116. Jean de Dadizeele, Mémoires, (ed.) Kervyn de Lettenhove, Bruges, 1850,
pp. 47-8.
117. Molinet, i, pp. 106-8; Commynes/Mandrot, i, pp. 292-5, Commynes/Calmette, ii, pp. 34-6; Vaesen and Charavay, v, p. 366.
118. Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 351; Ross, p. 233.
119. CSPM, i, pp. 211, 217; Croyland, p. 559.
120. O. Delpierre, Marie de Bourgogne, Brussels, 1841, p. 110.
121. Hommel, pp. 88-92; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 235; Dupont, Marie,
pp. 133-5.
122. Ibid, p. 419.
123. Vander Linden, Itinéraires, pp. 75-6; Hommel, p. 90.
124. M
olinet, i, p. 169; Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 409-11.
125. Ibid, pp. 394, 413; Hommel, p. 90.
126. Armstrong, England France and Burgundy, p. 327.
CHAPTER 4: 1477
1. Vaughan, Charles the Bold, pp. 392, 429.
2. Molinet, i, pp. 167-8.
3. L. P. Gachard, ‘Note sur le jugement et la condemnation de Guillaume Hugonet’, Brussels, 1839, pp. 10-11; J. Molinet, Les Faietz et dictz, (ed.) N. Dupire, 3 vols., Paris, 1936-9, i, p. 200; Molinet, i, pp. 208-9, 214; G. Tournoy-Thoen, ‘A propos de quelques épitaphes latines pour la mort de Charles le Téméraire’, Lias, v, 1978, pp. 1-11.
4. Quoted in Vaughan, Charles the Bold, p. 432.
5. Philippe Contamine, La France aux XIVe et XVe siècles, Hommes, Mentalités, Guerre et Paix, London, 1981, p. 77
6. Hommel, p. 93.
7. For movements and dates in this chapter see: H. Vander Linden, Itinéraires de Marie de Bourgogne et de Marguerite d’Autriche, 1477-82, Brussels, 1934; Wellens, pp. 150-8.
8. Commynes/Mandrot, i, p. 122.
9. Wellens, Les États Généraux, pp. 150-5.
10. L. P. Gachard, Études concernant l’histoire des Pays Bas, Brussels, 1890, pp. 8-10; Dumont, Marie, pp. 134-5; Hommel, p. 90.
11. V. Van der Haegen, ‘La Charte donnée aux Gantois par Marie de Bourgogne en 1477’ and H. Pirenne, ‘Le rôle constitutionnel des États Généraux des Pays-Bas en 1477 et en 1488’, both in Mélanges Paul Frédéricq, Ghent, 1904; Wellens, Les Etats Généraux, pp. 156-170; Dumont, Marie, ch. 8.
12. P. M. Kendall, Louis XI, p. 415.
13. Molinet, i, pp. 168, 209; La Marche, iii, p. 241.
14. Rausch, p. 164.
15. Hanham, pp. 10-11, letter of 26 January 1477.
16. Paston/Davis, i, pp. 419-20, 498-9; Hicks, p. 131.
17. Croyland, p. 478; Chronique Scandaleuse, i, p. 176, ii, p. 63; Calmette and Perinelle, pp. 223, 376-7; Scofield, ii, pp. 191-6.
18. Commynes/Calmette, ii, p. 248; Dumont, Marie, pp. 208-9.
19. Chmel, i, letter of 30 July 1477; Münch, pp. 47, 143; Pirenne, iii, p. 19; Armstrong, England, France and Burgundy, p. 288, n. 4.
20. Kervyn de Lettenhove, ‘Lettre de Marguerite d’York’ in BARB xxxi, 1854, pp. 104-11; Vander Linden, Itinéraires, p. 2.
21. J. Cuvelier, J. Dhondt and R. Doehaerd, Actes des États Généraux des Anciens Pays-Bas, 1427-77, 5 vols., Brussels, 1948, i, p. 275, n.5; Dumont, Marie, p. 159.
22. Ibid, p. 162; Cuvelier, Dhondt and Doehard, i, pp. 276, 277; Commynes/Mandrot, i, pp. 414-21.
23. Cuvelier, Dhondt and Doehaerd, i, p. 275; Wellens, Les États Généraux.
24. Commynes/Mandrot, i, p. 425.
25. Vaesen and Charavay, vi, p. 138; V. Van der Haeghen, ‘Les députés de Tournai auprès de Louis XI et d’Olivier le Daim en juillet 1477’, Mélanges Godefroid Kurth, Brussels, 1908, 207f.
26. Commynes/Calmette, ii, p. 245.
27. See above note 17; Calmette and Perinelle, pp. 376-8.
28. Dumont, Marie, pp. 179-180.
29. La Marche, iii, p. 242.
30. Haynin, ii, p. 231, who says she left on 10 March.
31. Ibid, ii, p. 232.
32. J. de Saint Genois, ‘Sur la compétence de la juridiction à laquelle furent soumis Hugonet et Humbercourt’, BARB, vi, 2nd part, 1839; L. P.Gachard, ‘Un note sur la Jugement de Hugonet et Humbercourt’, BARB, vi, 2nd part, 1839; J. J. Desmet, ‘Le supplice du chancelier Hugonet et du Comte d’Imbercourt ministres de Marie de Bourgogne, a-t-il été le resultat d’une vengeance populaire?’, BARB, vi, 2nd part, 1839; C. Paillard, ‘Le Procès du chancelier Hugonet et du Seigneur d’Humbercourt’, BARB, vl, 1881.
33. Prevenier and Blockmans, pp. 175-8.
34. Dumont, Marie, pp. 198-200.
35. Widely quoted e.g. ibid, p. 201.
36. MA Lettres Missives, cclxxxi and cclxxvii, Humbercourt himself wrote asking for sanctuary at Malines for his family.
37. Wiesflëcker, i, pp. 124-5.
38. Dumont, Marie, pp. 209-10.
39. Ibid, p. 210.
40. Münch, i, pp. 47, 143; Pirenne, iii, p. 19.
41. Chmel, i, p.145; Münch, i, p. 49, ii, pp. 87-90; Plancher, p. 482; Armstrong, England, France and Burgundy, pp. 286-7; Molinet, i, p. 211; La Marche, i, pp. 155, 157, iii, p. 244; the dowager ‘tint fort la main’.
42. For the marriage treaty: ADN, B/430/17.722; Chmel, i, p.145; Armstrong, England, France and Burgundy, p. 285.
43. Dumont, Marie, p. 212.
44. Ibid, p. 230; Hommel, p. 109.
45. Wiesflëcker, i, p. 180.
46. Chmel, i, p. 160; Rausch, p. 179; Hare, p. 43.
47. Hommel, pp. 110-111; Dumont, Marie, pp. 228-9 ; Wiesflëcker, i, pp. 132-3.
48. Wiesflëcker, i, pp. 132-3; Münch, i, p. 187 f, 4-11; 190.
49. Vaesen and Charavay, vi, p. 138: ‘qui mayne ceste entreprinse’.
50. Münch, ii, pp. 247-8; Hommel, p. 111.
51. Ibid, p. 113.
52. Pirenne, iii, pp. 4, 24.
53. For Margaret’s dower position see ch.1, n.28; ADN, B/429/16.281 and 16.263, B/430/16.284; Chancery Diplomatic Documents Foreign no. 520; F. Leonard, ‘Recueil des traitez de paix, de trêve, de neutralité, de confédération, d’allianceet de commerce, faits par les rois de France avec tous les princes et potentats de l’Europe, depuis pres de trois siècles’ 6 vols., Paris, 1963, i, pp. 76-82; Armstrong, La Politique Matrimoniale des ducs de Bourgogne, pp. 5-58, 89-139, England, France and Burgundy, pp. 316-323; Robins, ch. 2, 4 and 7.
54. Reservation of sovereign rights; ADN, B/430/16.282 and 16.293; letters concerning the dower settlement: ADN, Lettres reçues et dépêchées, B/17725 which includes three signed by Margaret and four by Mary who added a note in her own hand, ADN B/429/16.281, B/430/16.291, B/429/16.295, 16.301 and 16283, B/430/16.282, 16.293 and 16294; Margaret renounces her inheritance from Charles apart from her dower: B/430/16294; AGR, Chambre des Comptes de Flandres et de Brabant, carton 281, piece no 41, annexes 13-14; for the calculation of her dower as a percentage return of the dowry: Armstrong, England, France and Burgundy, pp. 275, 280.
55. ADN, B/430/16.282, i.e. letter from Ghent on 28 January: ‘nostre personne et noz pays et seignouries en si entiere et parfaicte amour et bienveillance que jamais ne les pourrions remerir ne recongnoistre a souffisance’ and ‘liberallement et cordiallement offerte et de clairie de nous aidier parter et favorisier en tous noz affaires de toute sa puissance’, also B/429/16.285, B/430/16.293 or AGR, Chambre des Comptes, p. 103, for letter from Ghent on 30 January.
56. ADN, B/429/16.285; AGR, Chambre des 157, Comptes, p. 103.
57. Registration of Margaret’s dower on 31 January: AGR Chambre des Comptes p. 103; 3 February from Ghent with Margaret’s seal renouncing Charles’ goods and naming Margaret as ‘douagière et usufructaire’ of Malines, Termonde, Oudenaarde, Cassel and Motte-aux-Bois: ADN, B/430/16.294; ADN, B/429/16.281; grant of Chaussin and Le Perrière, (south of Dole in Franche Comté), signed with Mary’s equestrian seal on 10 March from Ghent, ADN, B/430/16.284 for full assessment of her dower income; B/430/16.294, 16.301 and 16.302 for Brielle, Voorne, Rupelmonde and Le Quesnoy; Comptes du Domaine de Hainaut: B/9134-38; AGR, Chambre des Comptes p. 103 fos. 24ro to 27ro.; grant of Brielle and Voorne on 28 June: AGR, Chambre des Comptes p.103, fos. 20ro to 27ro and 32ro to 41vo, 62ro to 65vo.
58. For Maximilian’s approval: ADN, B/430/ 16.294 and 16.303; or AGR, Chambre des Comptes 103 fos. 32ro. to 41vo. and 62ro to 65vo.; for the conversation between Maximilian and Margaret on the eve of the wedding: Vander Linden, Itinéraires de Marie de Bourgogne et de Marguerite d’Autriche, 1477-82, p. 122; for calculations of her revenue see Robins, pp. 161-2.
59. Haynin, ii, p. 233.
60. Paston/Davis, pp. 498-9; Chronicles of the White Rose, pp. 245-9.
61. Plancher, iv, preuve cclxxxviii, col. cdi, letter dated February 1478. Margaret must have written in a similar vein before this since Edward and Louis were in ne
gotiation over Margaret’s dower lands even earlier. She probably wrote in March 1477 when she was forced away from Ghent. See also Legeay, ii, p. 319; Munch, ii, pp. 71-2.
62. For this and the diplomatic exchanges in the next two paragraphs see: Calmette and Perinelle, pp. 222-223 n.2, pp. 171-2, 376-7, 231-3, 382-3, 385-6, 391-2; Plancher, iv, preuves cclxxxix col. cdi, ccxci cols. cdiii-cdiv, cclxxxiii col. cclxc, cccxcv-cccxcvi; Chronique Scandaleuse, ii, p. 63; Vaesen and Charavay, vi, p. 138, vii, pp. 65-6, 97-9, 100-2, 194, 252-3, 301; Foedera, xii, p. 68; La Marche, iii, p. 243; Scofield, ii, pp. 184-5, 192, 196-7, appendix xii.
63. See above n.49.
64. Scofield, ii, pp. 232-3; Plancher, iv, preuve cclxxxix col. cdi; Calmette and Perinelle, pp. 231-2.
65. See above n.49; Plancher, iv, preuve cccxcv-cccxcvi; Scofield, ii, pp. 244-5.
66. CCR 1476-85, pp. 104-5; PRO, Signed Bills, C/81/1518/37 and 17 and 18; MA, Rood Boek, i, p. 74.
67. L. Hommel, ‘Marguerite d’York, la douairière malinoise’, Revue Générale Belge, January, 1954.
68. Galesloot, pp. 207-11; Tambuyser, pp. 212-7
69. Ibid; L. Godenne, ‘Malines jadis & Aujourd’hui’, Malines, 1908, pp. 245-50.
70. F. O. van Hamme, Mechelen, Amsterdam, 1949; MA, Lettres Missives: cccxxxii, cccxxxiv, ccclvii, ccccxxxv.
71. L. Hommel, ‘Marguerite d’York, la douairière malinoise’.
72. R. S. Gottfried, Epidemic Disease in Fifteenth Century England, 1978, pp. 74-5; for her doctors: MA, Lettres Missives, ccccxxxv. For the following reference to her jam-maker I am indebted to Mark Ballard who drew my attention to ADN B/2128/ 69060.
73. CPR 1476-85, p. 236; CCR 1476-85, p. 104; Doren and Hermans, ii, p. 166; MA, Rood Boek iii, 126, 130; M. Gachard, Additions et Corrections à la Notice sur les Archives de la Ville de Malines, 3 vols., 1834-6, iii, 2nd part, p. 57.
74. Hommel, pp. 130-1; for her establishment at Malines: Hommel, pp. 159-64.
CHAPTER 5: MADAME LA GRANDE
1. Croyland, p. 478.
2. Hicks, p. 20.
3. Ibid, pp. 113-7.
4. W. H. Courthope, (ed.) Rous Roll, 1974, no. 59.
5. See ch. 4.
6. See ch. 7.
7. Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, viii, lxi; Conway, pp. 2-3.
8. Halliwell, i, pp. 147-8.
9. Hicks, p. 133.
10. Croyland, pp. 478-9, for this and for the following.
Margaret of York: The Diabolical Duchess Page 34