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As you can see, a positive score represents an area where you are psychologically strong. A negative score represents an area where you're emotionally vulnerable.
This individual has strengths in the areas of approval, perfectionism, and entitlement. His vulnerabilities lie in the areas of love, omnipotence, and autonomy. The meanings of these concepts will be described. First, plot your own personal-philosophy profile here.
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Interpreting Your DAS Scores
I, Approval. The first five attitudes on the DAS test probe your tendency to measure your self-esteem based on how people react to you and what they think of you. A positive score between zero and ten indicates you are independent, with a healthy sense of your own worth even when confronted with criticism and disapproval. A negative score between
rero and minus ten indicates you are excessively dependent because you evaluate yourself through other people's eyes. If someone insults you or puts you down, you automatically tend to look down on yourself. Since your emotional well-being is exquisitely sensitive to what you imagine people think of you, you can be easily manipulated, and you are vulnerable to anxiety and depression when others criticize you or are angry with you.
IL Love. The second five attitudes on the test assess your tendency to base your worth on whether or not you are ioved. A positive score indicates you see love as desirable, but you have a wide range of other interests you also find gratifying and fulfilling. Hence, love is not a requirement for your happiness or self-esteem. People are likely to find you attractive because you radiate a healthy sense of self-love and are interested in many aspects of living.
A negative score indicates you are a "love junkie." You see love as a "need" without which you cannot survive, much less be happy. The closer your score is to minus ten, the more dependent on love you are. You tend to adopt inferior, put-down roles in relationships with people you care about for fear of alienating them. The result of this, more often than not, is that they lose respect for you and consider you a burden because of your attitude that without their love you would collapse. As you sense that people drift away from you, you become gripped by a painful, terrifying withdrawal syndrome. You realize you may not be able to "shoot up"
with your daily dose of affection and attention. You then become consumed by the driving compulsion to "get love." Like Most junkies, you may even resort to coercive, manipulative behavior to get your "stuff." Ironically, your needy, greedy 251
David D. Burns, M.D.
love addiction drives many people away, thus intensifying your loneliness.
///. Achievement. Your score on attitudes 11 through 15
will help you measure a different type of addiction. A negative score indicates you are a workaholic. You have a constricted sense of your own humanity, and you see yourself as a commodity in the marketplace. The more negative your score, the more your sense of self-worth and your capacity for joy are dependent on your productivity. If you go on vacation, if your business slumps, if you retire or become ill and inactive, you will be in danger of an emotional crash.
Economic and emotional depressions will seem identical to you. A positive score, in contrast, indicates that you enjoy creativity and productivity, but do not see them as an exclusive or necessary road to self-esteem and satisfaction.
M. Perfectionism. Items 16 through 20 measure your tendency to perfectionism. A negative score indicates you are hooked on searching for the Holy Grail. You demand perfection in yourself—mistakes are taboo, failure is worse than death, and even negative emotions are a disaster. You're supposed to look, feel, think, and behave superbly at all times.
You sense that being less than spectacular means burning in the flames of hell. Although you drive yourself at an intense pace, your satisfactions are meager. Once you do achieve a goal, another more distant goal instantly replaces it, so you never experience the reward of getting to the top of the mountain. Eventually you begin to wonder why the promised payoff from all your effort never seems to materialize. Your life becomes a joyless, tedious treadmill. You are living with unrealistic, impossible personal standards, and you need to reevaluate them. Your problem does not lie in your performance, but in the yardstick you use to measure it. If you bring your expectations in line with reality, you will be regularly pleased and rewarded instead of frustrated.
A positive score suggests you have the capacity to set meaningful, flexible, appropriate standards. You get great satisfaction from processes and experiences, and you are not exclusively fixated on outcomes. You don't have to be outstanding at everything, and you don't always have to "try your best." You don't fear mistakes, but you see them as golden opportunities to learn and to endorse your humanity.
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Paradoxically, you are likely to be much more productive than your perfectionistic associates because you do not become compulsively preoccupied with detail and correctness.
Your life is like a flowing river or a geyser compared with your rigid perfectionistic friends who appear more like icy glaciers.
V. Entitlement. Attitudes 21 through 25 measure your sense of "entitlement." A negative score indicates that you feel "entitled" to things—success, love, happiness, etc. You expect and demand that your wants be met by other people and by the universe at large because of your inherent good-ness or hard work. When this does not happen—as is often the case—you are locked into one of two reactions. Either you feel depressed and inadequate or you become irate. Thus, you consume enormous amounts of energy being frustrated, sad, and mad. Much of the time you see life as a sour, rotten experience. You complain loudly and often, but you do little to solve problems. After all, you're entitled to have them solved, so why should you have to put out any effort? As a result of your bitter, demanding attitudes, you invariably get far less of wha
t you want from life.
A positive score suggests you don't feel automatically entitled to things, so you negotiate for what you want and often get it. Because of your awareness that other people are unique and different, you realize there is no inherent reason why things should always go your way. You experience a negative outcome as a disappointment but not a tragedy because you are a percentage player, and you don't expect perfect reciprocity or "justice" at all times. You are patient and persistent, and you have a high frustration tolerance. As a result, you often end up ahead of the pack.
VI. Omnipotence. Attitudes 26 through 30 measure your tendency to see yourself as the center of your personal universe and to hold yourself responsible for much of what goes on around you. A negative score indicates you often make the personalization error discussed in Chapters 3 and 6. You blame yourself inappropriately for the negative actions and attitudes of others who are not really under your controL
Consequently, you are plagued by guilt and self-condemna-tion. Paradoxically, the attitude that you should be omnipo-253
David D. Burns, M.D.
tent and all-powerful cripples you and leaves you anxious and ineffectual.
A positive score, in contrast, indicates you know the joy that comes from accepting that you are not the center of the universe. Since you are not in control of other adults, you are not ultimately responsible for them but only for yourself.
This attitude does not isolate you from others. Quite the opposite is true. You relate to people effectively as a friendly collaborator, and you are not threatened when they disagree with your ideas or fail to follow your advice. Because your attitude gives people a sense of freedom and dignity, you paradoxically become a human magnet. Others often want to be close to you because you have relinquished any attempt to control them. People frequently listen to and respect your ideas because you do not polarize them with an angry insistence they must agree with you. As you give up your drive for power, people repay you by making you a person of influence.
Your relationships with your children and friends and associates are characterized by mutuality instead of dependency.
Because you don't try to dominate people, they admire, love, and respect you.
VII. Autonomy. Items 31 through 35 measure your autonomy. This refers to your ability to find happiness within yourself. A positive score indicates that all your moods are ultimately the children of your thoughts and attitudes. You assume responsibility for your feelings because you recognize they are ultimately created by you. This sounds as if you might be lonely and isolated because you realize that all meaning and feelings are created only in your head. Paradoxically, however, this vision of autonomy frees you from the petty confines of your mind and delivers the world to you with a full measure of all the satisfaction, mystery, and excitement that it can offer.
A negative score suggests you are still trapped in the belief that your potential for joy and self-esteem comes from the outside. This puts you at a great disadvantage because everything outside is ultimately beyond your control. Your moods end up the victim of external factors. Do you want this? If not, you can eventually free yourself from this attitude as surely as a snake sheds its skin, but you will have to work at it with the various methods outlined in this book. When it's 254
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finally your turn to experience the transformation to autonomy and personal responsibility, you will be amazed—or awestruck—or pleased—or delightfully overwhelmed. It's well worth a major personal commitment.
In the following chapters a number of these attitudes and value systems will be examined in detail. As you study each one, ask yourself: (1) Is it to my advantage to maintain this particular belief? (2) Is this belief really true and valid? (3) What specific steps can I take that will allow me to rid myself of attitudes that are self-defeating and unrealistic, and substitute others that are more objective and more self-enhancing?
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CHAPTER 11
The Approval Addiction
Let's consider your belief that it would be terrible if someone disapproved of you. Why does disapproval pose such a threat? Perhaps your reasoning goes like this: "If one person disapproves of me, it means that everyone would disapprove of me. It would mean there was something wrong with me."
If these thoughts apply to you, your moods will shoot up every time you are being stroked. You reason, "I got some positive feedback so I can feel good about myself."
Why is this illogical? Because you are overlooking the fact that it is only your thoughts and beliefs which have the power to elevate your spirits. Another person's approval has no ability to affect your mood unless you believe what he or she says is valid. But if you believe the compliment is earned, it is your belief which makes you feel good. You must validate external approval before you experience mood elevation. This validation represents your personal self-approval.
Suppose you were visiting the psychiatric ward of a hospital. A confused, hallucinating patient approaches you and says, "You are wonderful. I had a vision from God. He told me the thirteenth person to walk through the door would be the Special Messenger. You are the thirteenth, so I know you are God's Chosen One, the Prince of Peace, the Holy of Holies. Let me kiss your shoe." Would this extreme approval elevate your mood? You'd probably feel nervous and uncomfortable. That's because you don't believe what the patient is saying is valid. You discredit the comments. It is only your beliefs about yourself that can affect the way you feel. Others can say or think whatever they want about you, good or bad.
but only your thoughts will influence your emotions.
The price you pay for your addiction to praise will be an 256
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extreme vulnerability to the opinions of others. Lice any addict, you will find you must continue to feed your habit with approval in order to avoid withdrawal pangs. The moment someone who is important to you expresses disapproval, you will crash painfully, just like the junkie who can no longer get his "stuff." Others will be able to use this vulnerability to manipulate you. You will have to give in to their demands more often than you want to because you fear they might reject or look down on you. You set yourself up for emotional blackmail.
You may come to see that your addiction to approval is not to your advantage, but still believe that other people really do have the right to judge not only the merit of what you do and say but also your worth as a human being. Imagine that you made a second visit to the psychiatric hospital ward.
This time a different hallucinating patient approaches you and says, "You're wearing a red shirt. This shows you are the Devil! You are evil!" Would you feel bad because of this criticism and disapproval? Of course not. Why would these disapproving words not upset you? It's simple—because you don't believe the statements are true. You must "buy into"
the other person's criticism—and believe that you are in fact so good—in order to feel bad about yourself.
Did it ever occur to you that if someone disapproves of rou, it might be his or her problem? Disapproval often reflects other people's irrational beliefs. To take an extreme example, Hitler's hateful doctrine that Jews were inferior did not reflect anything about the inner worth of the people he intended to destroy.
There will, of course, be many occasions when disapproval will result from an actual error on your part. Does it follow that you are a worthless, no-good person? Obviously not. The other person's negative reaction can only be directed toward a specific thing you did, not at your worth. A human being cannot do wrong things all the time!
Let's look at the other side of the coin. Many well-known criminals have had bands of fervent admirers regardless of how repulsive and abhorrent their crimes. Consider Charles Manson He promoted sadism and murder, yet was regarded as a messiah by his numerous followers, who seemed to do whatever he suggested. I want to make it abundantly clear 257
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that I am not advocating atrocious behavior, nor am I an adm
irer of Charles Manson. But ask yourself these questions: If Charles Manson did not end up totally rejected for what he did or said, what have you ever done that was so terrible that you will be rejected by everyone? And do you still believe in the equation: approval = worth? After all, Charles Manson enjoyed the intense adulation of his "family." Did the approval he received make him an especially worthy person?
This is obvious nonsense.
It's a fact that approval feels good. There's nothing wrong with that; it's natural and healthy. It is also a fact that disapproval and rejection usually taste bitter and unpleasant. This is human and understandable. But you are swimming in deep, turbulent waters if you continue to believe that approval and disapproval are the proper and ultimate yardsticks with which to measure your worth.
Did you ever criticize someone? Did you ever disagree with a friend's opinion? Did you ever scold a child because of his or her behavior? Did you ever snap at a loved one when you were feeling irritable? Did you ever choose not to associate with someone whose behavior was distasteful to you?
Then ask yourself—when you disagreed, or criticized, or disapproved—were you making the ultimate moral judgment that the other person was a totally worthless, no-good human being? Do you have the power to make such sweeping judgments about other people? Or were you simply expressing the fact that you held a different point of view and were upset with what the other person did or said?
For example, in the heat of anger you may have blurted out to your spouse, "You're no damn good!" But when the flame cools down a day or two later, didn't you admit to yourself that you were exaggerating the extent of his or her "
badness"? Sure, your loved one may have many faults, bu: isn't it absurd to think your outburst of disapproval or criticism makes him or her totally and forever worthless? If you admit your disapproval does not contain enough moral atomic power to devastate the meaning and value of another person's life, why give their disapproval the power to wipe out your sense of self-worth? What makes them so special'
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