The Oxford History of the French Revolution
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‘Flour War’ of 1775 21, 62
fodder crops 10
Fontenay 232
food shortages 109, 113, 181–2, 231, 245, 288, 291, 294, 320, 323
forced loans 266, 292, 353, 373, 374, 386
Forster, Georg (1754–94) 199, 201, 218
Fouché, Joseph (1759–1820) 254, 259–60, 279, 279, 374, 376, 385, 389
Foulon, Joseph François (1715–89) 112, 396
foundlings 16
Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine Quentin (1746–95) 270, 275, 283, 294
Fox, Charles James (1749–1806) 161, 212, 236
Franche Comté 8, 93, 115
franchisement 124, 155, 170, 337
Francis I (1494–1547) 34
Francis II, Emperor (1768–1835) 180, 188, 201, 206, 211, 306, 316, 341, 349, 352, 381, 422
Frankfurt 197, 201
Franklin, Benjamin (1706–90) 63–4, 65
fraternity 199, 208, 421
Frederick the Great, king of Prussia (1712–86) 31, 416
Frederick William II, king of Prussia (1744–97) 164, 188, 193, 198, 208
free trade 58, 69, 76, 87
freedom of thought 119, 420
Freemasonry 15, 25, 64–5, 218–19, 400
French Guards 98, 107, 108, 110, 126
French language 44
Fréron, Louis Marie Stanislas (1754–1802) 255, 284, 288, 292
Fréteau, Emmanuel Marie Michel Philippe (1745–94) 80, 100
Friends of Liberty 238
Friends of the Constitution 166
Froment, François (1756–1825) 301, 306
gabelle (salt tax) 4, 27, 335
Gallican Church 389, 390, 398
Gard 182–3, 293, 306, 317, 412
Garonne 6, 243
Gascony 6
Gdansk 198, 201
General Assembly (Church) 33
generalities 2
Geneva 161, 356, 412, 415
Genoa 363, 369, 415
Gensonné, Armand (1758–93) 178, 188, 238, 240
Gentz, Friedrich (1764–1832) 170, 424
George III king (1738–1820) 213, 215, 381, 382, 393
Germany 156, 170–1, 177, 197–8, 339, 369, 416
gerrymandering 247, 371–2, 373
Gilded Youth (anti-sansculotte vigilantes) 284, 292, 294
Girondins 188, 191, 193, 223, 243, 408 clemency for king appeal 221–2
escape to Brittany 241
executions 253
fraternity to foreign sympathizers 208
impeachment of Marat 228
journals attacked 227
king’s fate 194, 195
price controls 229
reinstatement of 286, 292
under suspicion 227
Gobel, Jean Baptiste Joseph (1727–94) 261, 271
‘God Save the King’ anthem 170
Goethe, Wolfgang (1749–1832) 160, 193
Gohier, Louis-Jérôme (1746–1830) 370, 377
Gouges, Olympe de (1748–93) 422
Gracchi (Gracchus), Tiberius Sempronius (168–133 bc) 421
grain 9–10, 206, 279, 287 riots 181–2
shortages 162
trade 21, 58, 69, 86, 109
Granville 256, 310, 318
Great Britain blamed by counter-revolutionaries 315
blockade of French coast 405–6
evacuation of French troops from Egypt 369, 383
expelled from Toulon 206
French invasion plan 333
Jacobins in 212–3
naval war with France 206–7
parliamentary reform 166–9
peace of Amiens 382–3
reaction to the Revolution 161
rescue of deportees 336
on Saint-Domingue 414
Spain 164–5
support for Belgian peasant army 350
support for counter-revolution 308, 310, 311, 312–3
support for Philanthropic Institutes 329
taxation 418
trade 69, 87
travel to the continent 393–4, 401–2
war with France 200–1, 202, 203–4, 215–8, 249, 279, 339–40, 347–8, 374, 375, 382, 417
‘Great Fear’ 114
Grégoire, Henri (1750–1831) 261, 336, 412, 413, 422
Grenoble 239
gros fermiers (tenant farmers) 10–11, 17
Guadeloupe 212
Guadet, Marguérite-Élite (1758–1814) 178, 188, 238, 240
guerrilla resistance, see chouannerie
Guiana 292, 336, 336, 385
guilds (jurande) 19–20, 149, 357, 406
guillotine 395 blunt blade 239
Danton 275
failed army officers 203
first political victim 190
first used 183
Hébertists 270
place de la Révolution 253, 276
provinces 254, 255, 257
Robespierrists 282
Gustavus III, king of Sweden (1746–92) 171, 197
Habeas Corpus 213
Habsburgs 159, 381
Hainault 115
Haiti, Republic of 415, see also Saint–Domingue
Hanriot, François (1761–94) 234, 235, 247, 252, 281
Hardy, Thomas (1752–1832) 170, 212
harvest failures 10, 12, 323, 403 consumer demand and 13
free internal market 58
hail storm 84
poverty and 14
riots 21–2
Hasselt 351
Haute Garonne 183
Hébert, Jacques-René (1757–94) 227, 233, 236, 249, 251, 252, 267, 268, 269, 270, 274, 275, 276, 281, 282
Hébertists 268–70, 274, 275, 276, 277
Helvetic Republic 339, 356–7, 375
Henriot (saltpetre manufacturer) 98
Hérault 239
Herder, Johann-Gottfried (1744–1803) 44, 160
hoarding 21, 35, 98, 109, 182, 223, 228, 245 cash 405
death penalty for 250, 251, 265
law against 246
Hoche, Lazare (1768–97) 215–6, 290, 313, 314, 315–6, 328, 331, 333, 342, 352
Hölderin, Friedrich (1770–1843) 160
homeless 16
Hondschoote, battle of (1793) 204
Hood, Samuel (1735–1816) 249, 254–5, 310
hospitals 15, 402
hot-air balloons 65
Houchard, General (d. 1793) 203
Huguenot refugees 45 humanism 49
Humbert, Joseph Amable (1767–1823) 343, 369
Hungary 159, 164, 211, 418
hunting rights 116
iconoclasm 260–1
imports of books 46–7
Indies Company 268, 269, 273
Indulgents 268–9, 273–5
industrial action 20, 149
industry 8, 12–13, 28, 101, 351
inflation 320, 323, 402, 404–5
insurrectionary committee 234–5
intelligence-gathering 311–12, 327, 328
intelligentsia 394–5, 396, 426
intendants 40, 61, 68, 72, 112, 125, 242
interest rates 405
Invalides 110
investments 25, 402, 407
Ionian Islands 217
Ireland 158, 212, 213, 216, 342–4, 367, 382, 416, 418
iron deposits 8
Islam 388
Isnard, Maximin (1755–1825) 177, 233, 292
Italy 160, 217, 369, 416 Austria 376
Bonaparte in 213–15, 331, 339, 357–62, 367, 381
Joubert’s death in 374
nationalism 419
peasants 360, 366, 367–8
Jacobins 234, 323 after Floréal purge 373, 374, 375
anti-religious activities 262
in Austria 211
back in modest favour 336
Bonaparte’s denunciation of 385
Brumaire coup and 376–7, 385
calls for king’s trial 153
closure of 285–6
conspiracy of Equals 325–7, 32
8, 331, 423
encouraging demonstrations 148
in England 212–13
exchanges with English societies 170
formation of 142
Hébertists and 268, 269
Italian 358–9, 359–61, 362, 363, 364, 365, 418
Manège Club 373, 374
in Naples 218, 365, 366
openly republican 188
Polish 207–8
public sessions 175–6, 178
reviving fortunes of 325–6
revolt against southern 230–1, 235, 239–40, 242
Robespierre and 151, 279, 281
split 154
spontaneous proliferation of clubs 395
Terror 250
Thermidorians and 284–5
Toulon 239–40
Jansenism 54, 56
Javogues, Claude (1759–96) 264, 269
Jeanbon Saint-André, André (1749–1813) 206, 247
Jemappes, battle of (1792) 197
Jersey 256
Jesuits 35, 37, 48, 54, 56
Jews 9, 24, 368, 412
Joly de Fleury, Jean François (1718–1802) 67
Joseph II, Emperor of Austria (1741–99) 60, 159, 161, 162, 163, 164, 211, 299, 352, 358
Joubert, Barthélemy (1769–99) 347, 373, 374, 376
Jourdan, Jean-Baptiste (1762–1833) 204, 341, 350, 369, 373, 375, 376, 386
Jourdan Law 341, 350, 373, 386
journal subscription 47
journalism 45–6, 54, 89, 103–4, 120, 250, 310 Cordeliers 269
economy 324
freedom of the press 155
Jacobin 236, 324–5
Thermidor 284, 285, 288
journeymen 19–20
Joyous Entry 162, 163
judiciary 25, 36–40, 55–6, 82, 96, 101, 124, 276, see also magistrates
Jullien, Marc Antoine (1775–1848) 255, 258, 264
Jura 240
Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804) 160
Kellerman, Françoise Christophe (1735–1820) 192
Kellgren, Johan Henrik (1735–1820) 160
King’s Secretaries 28
Kléber, Jean-Baptiste (d. 1800) 382
Klopstock, Friedrich (1724–1803) 160
Koblenz 147, 171, 303, 304, 306
Kosciuszko, Tadeusz (1746–1817) 198, 207, 208, 211
La Barre, Jean François, Chevalier de (1747–66) 55, 59
La Harpe, Frédéric César (1754–1838) 355, 356
La Mabilais, treaty of 291
La Revellière-Lépeaux, Louis-Marie (1753–1824) 322, 331, 336, 372, 374
La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, François, Duke de (1747–1827) 111
La Rouërie, Armand Taffin, Marquis de (1751–93) 306
Lacombe, Claire (b. 1765) 420
Lafayette, Marie-Joseph Paul Yves Roche Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de (1757–1834) 64, 70, 72, 74, 112, 176 defending Versailles 122, 126
denunciation of radicals 185, 186
dispersing anti-royal demonstrations 148, 155
during grain riots 121
surrender to Prussians 190
tries to resign 113
war with Prussia 177
Lajaunye 291
Lally-Tollendal, Trophime-Gérard de (1751–1830) 119, 311
Lamballe, Marie-Thérèse Louise, Princess de (1749–92) 192
Lameth brothers, Alexandre de (1760–1829) and Charles de (1757–1832) 120, 149, 150, 154, 155, 311
Lamoignon, Chrétien François de (1735–1832) 73, 78, 82–3, 84, 85, 88, 93
land 24, 421 common 325
disposal of confiscated 266
investment in 407
sale of small lots 244
tax (contribution foncière) 131
landowners 62 attacks on 115
Church 33, 132–3, 137
gains made by the Revolution 409
silver-mark 124
Languedoc 2, 4, 6, 7, 55, 145, 294
Lanjuinais, Jean-Denis (1753–1827) 240, 292
Latin America 415
Latin classical education 49
law Civil Code 387, 391, 395, 409, 422
enforcement of 36–40
post-Revolutionary 386–7
pre-Revolutionary 4
rule of 118–19
Law, John (1671–1729) 133, 404
Law of 14 Frimaire 264, 267, 269
Law of 22 Prairial 276, 277
Law of Hostages 373–4, 384, 386
Law of Suspects 251, 258, 276, 374
Law of the General Maximum 264–5
Law of the Maximum 286
Laws of Ventôse 266, 270
lawyers 95, 113, 410
lazzaroni (Neopolitan poor) 365, 386, 149, 276, 405
Le Chapelier, Isaac René Guy (1754–94) 105, 116, 149, 277, 407
Le Havre 393
Le Mans 256, 310, 376
Le Mercier de la Rivière, Pierre Paul (1720–92) 57
Le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau, Louis Michel (1760–93) 222, 245, 368
Leblanc de Castillon, Jean François André (d. 1719) 72
Leclerc, Jean Théophile Victoire (b. 1771) 250
left-wing politics 424
Legendre, Louis (1752–97) 279, 285
Legion of Honour 392, 411
Legislative Assembly 150, 220, 401 anti-émigré attitude of 175–8, 305
Country in Danger decree 187
elections for the Convention 193
king’s dethronement 188–9
Polish resistance 198
refractory priests 174–5, 184, 185
Legislative Body 379, 411
Leinster 343
Leipzig 207
Lenin, Vladimir Ilich (1870–1924) 424
Leo X, Pope (1513–21) 34
Leoben 214, 215, 217, 311, 317, 333, 362
Leopold II, Emperor of Austria (1747–92) 156, 163–4, 165, 171, 177, 178, 179, 180, 199, 211, 302, 303, 358
Letourneur, Louis François (1751–1817) 322, 330
lettres de cachet 80, 83
levée en masse 204–5, 207, 224, 232, 250, 271, 289, 307, 341, 373, 418
liberty trees (Mays) 130, 186, 211, 278, 288, 351, 354, 360, 375, 420
libraries 47
Liège, principality of 161, 162, 164, 197
Liguria 381
Ligurian Republic 363–4
Lindet, Robert (1746–1825) 248, 265, 324, 325, 326, 373
Linguet, Simon Nicholas Henri (1736–94) 45
Lisbon earthquake (1755) 52
lit de justice session 37, 76–7, 82
literacy 401
literary societies 47, 91
livestock farming 10, 12
livres 182, 266, 324, 404
livret 20
loan edicts 78
loans 67, 68, 69, 70, 75, 131 forced 266, 292, 353, 373, 374, 386
Locke, John (1632–1704) 50
Lombardy 213, 358–9, 360–1, 365, 381
Loménie de Brienne, Étienne Charles, archbishop of Toulouse (1727–4) 35–6, 71, 74, 75, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89, 90, 93
London Corresponding Society 170
Longwy, fall of (1792) 190, 191
looting 113, 115, 411
Lorient 5
Lorraine 2, 4, 8, 10, 59
Louis I, king of Etruria 382
Louis XIV, king (1638–1715) 30, 35, 37, 42, 43, 44, 390
Louis XV, king (1710–74) 38, 39, 42, 59
Louis XVI, king (1754–93) 63 acceptance of the constitution 155, 157, 171
accession 43, 58, 60
bankruptcy 85
Civil Constitution 141, 147
confrontation with sansculottes 187
consecration 1–2
courtiers 28, 42
deposed as king 194
escape plans 148
Estates-General 103
at Feast of the Federation 128
flight to Varennes 152–3, 302
inertia 300
Legistative Assembly 175, 176
loans 70
, 73, 74, 76, 79–80
National Assembly 105–6, 107–8, 111
only visit to the sea 32
parlement restoration 38
purge of ministers 184–5
taken from Versailles to Paris 122
transfer to the Temple 189
trial and execution 195–6, 200, 222
war with Austria 179
wearing cockade 112
Louis XVII, king (1785–95) 202, 227, 249, 255, 291, 297, 308, 311, 315
Louis XVIII, see Provence, Count de
Louisiana 382
Louvet, Jean Baptiste (1760–97) 221, 241, 292
loyalism 212
Lunéville, treaty of (1801) 381, 393, 416
Luxembourg 351, 416
luxury goods 23, 223, 231, 354, 404
lynchings 120–1, 128, 154, 177, 182, 306 Foulon and Bertier 112–13, 396
Naples 365
during Terror 259
White Terror 293
Lyons 235, 247 counter-revolution 231, 234, 239, 249, 301
electoral districts 126
fall of 253–4
growth 18
industrial unrest 20
silk industry 122, 13, 404, 406
toll gates attacked 109
White Terror 293
Lyons plot 146–7
Macdonald, Alexandre (1765–1840) 365
Machecoul 243
Maciejowcie, battle of (1793) 208
Madrid 218
magistrates 36, 38, 39–40, 46, 60, 61, 76, 77, 81–2, 116, 300
Mainz 177, 197, 199, 202, 203, 247, 256
Maistre, Joseph de (1753–1821) 424
Malesherbes, Chrétien-Guillaume Lamoignon de (1721–94) 51–2
Mallet du Pan, Jacques (1749–1800) 311, 312, 318, 328
Malouet, Pierre Victor (1740–1814) 119, 155, 311, 328, 396
Malta 339, 340, 382, 383
Manège Club 373, 374
manorial monopolies (banalités) 11, 17
Mantua 213, 214, 215
Marat, Jean-Paul (1743–93) 194, 248 call for direct action 120, 191
cult of 261, 288, 368
Girondins antagonism towards 221
in hiding 154
hounding Necker 134
impeachment and acquittal of 228–9
murder of 245
Pantheon resting place 284
solution to food scarcities 223
Marengo, battle of (1800) 381, 388
Maria Antoinette, queen (1755–93) 43, 154, 165, 175 counter-revolution 299, 303
diamond necklace affair 60
execution 253
and Necker 102, 105, 108, 299
secret ‘Austrian Committee’ 176–8
trial 252
Maria Carolina, queen of Naples (1753–1814) 219, 365
Maria Theresia, Empress of Austria (1717–80) 44, 418