The Oxford History of the French Revolution
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marriage 261
Marseillaise 424
Marseilles 7, 18, 98, 406 blockaded 249
counter-revolution 239, 242–3, 249
electoral districts 125
political turbulence in 182
riots against the levy 229
Terror 255
trade 405
White Terror 293
martial law 154, 156
Martial Law against Tumults 126
Martinovics, Ignàcz Joseph (1755–95) 211
Marx, Karl (1818–88) 422
masonic lodges 15, 25
Massif Central 6–7, 128, 174, 183
Maupeou, René Nicolas de (1714–92) 38, 39, 40, 57, 59, 60, 84
Maurepas, Jean Frédéric Phélypeaux, Count de (1701–81) 42–3, 63, 67
Maury, Jean-Siffrein (1746–1817) 302
Mazarin, Jules, Cardinal de (1602–61) 43
meat 288
Ménétra, Jacques-Louis 19
merchants 24, 48, 101, 114
Mercier, Louis-Sébastien 20, 23
Méricourt, Théroigne de 422
Merlin de Douai, Philippe Auguste (1754–1838) 332, 352, 372–3, 374
Mesmerism 65
metallurgy 8, 12, 406
metric system 395
Midi 6–7, 142, 230, 301
Milan 213, 214, 358, 359, 360, 362, 364, 381, 388, 419
military commissions 30
military schools 30
Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riquetti, Count de (1749–91) 90, 150, 156 attack on Calonne 72
attack on hereditary order of chivalry 64
as deputy 97, 101, 103–4, 108, 119, 123
economy 57
expropriation of ecclesiastical property 133, 133
the Pantheon 222, 284
secret adviser to the king and queen 146, 300, 301–2
States’s debts 131, 133
Mirabeau, Viscomte de (‘Mirabeau-Tonneau’) (1754–92) 302, 303
Miranda, Francisco de (1750–1816) 415
Miromesnil, Armand Thomas Hue de (1723–96) 73
Modena, duchy of 361
Moira, Francis Rawdon Hastings, Earl of (1754–1826) 310
Mombello 361
Momoro (executed leader of section Marat) 270
Monarchical Club 149
monarchiens 302, 311, 320
monarchy 59, 167, 169, 318 abolition of 194
absolute 75, 82, 329, 420
citizens preference for 384
Declaration of Pillnitz 156–7
limited powers of 123
monasteries 34, 54, 109, 137, 138, 140, 148, 367, 389 abandoned 393
charity 15, 402
monasticism 398–9, 401
Monck, General 384
Montagnards 194, 208, 223, 227, 228, 242, 292, 295–6, 413 attack on the enragés 245, 249
attacks on Roland 231
Bordeaux 238
Convention in-fighting 221
debate over king’s fate 221–2
Marat as martyr 245
in Marseilles 239
price controls 229
purge of Girondins from Convention 233, 235, 236–7, 243–6
Montauban 138, 142
Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de (1689–1755) 50–1, 59, 123
Montesquiou, Anne-Pierre de (1739–98) 197
Montlosier, François Dominique (1755–1838) 311
Montmorin, Armand Marc, Count de (1745–92) 78, 192
Montpellier 239
morcellation 9
mortmain 15
Moulin, Jean François (1752–1810) 373, 377
Mounier, Jean-Joseph (1758–1806) 65, 89, 95, 101, 119, 123, 128, 129, 146, 300, 311
Mulhouse 356
municipal authorities 113–14, 126
Muscadins 232, 285, 288, 292, 296
mutinies 156, 183 military 300
National Guard 147, 148, 344
Police Legion 328
Royal Navy 216
Nantes 5, 18, 47, 92, 95, 143, 243, 255–6, 257–8, 285, 376, 406
Naples 202, 213, 219, 340, 358, 362, 365, 366, 382
Narbonne 178
Narbonne, Louis, Count de (1755–1815) 177–8, 179–80
National Assembly 105–8, 111, 304, 396, 402 abolition of feudalism 116–17, 171
assignats 133–4
citizens’s militias 126
Civil Constitution of the Clergy 139–46
civil rights to Jews 412
debt 131–2, 133
diplomatic questions 164
direct taxes 131
Dutch exiles 161
expropriation of ecclesiastical land 132–3, 137
industrial relations 149
invaded by market women 121
ministers from 123–4
petitioned by international political exiles 172
renunciation of offensive warfare 164
slavery 413–14
suspensive veto 120
transfer to Paris 123
National Bank 133
National Club 238
national debt 131–2, 133, 134, 334
National Guard 112, 113, 120, 121, 122, 125, 126, 128 countryside disorder 130
elections for 247
Feast of the Federation 128, 135
fédérés in Paris 184, 187, 189
fighting at the front 205
Hanriot’s call to 281
Massacre of the Champ de Mars 154
mutinies 147, 148, 344
Nîmes street battles 138
Pont Saint-Esprit drownings 182, 183
protecting the Convention 234, 235
reduced 220
restoration of order 223
nationalism 94, 418–19
nationalized property ecclesiastical 132–3, 136–7, 356, 401
hospital 402
inflation of the assignats 404
sales of 409
natural sciences 49
Navarre 96
navies British 216, 247, 256, 340, 342, 382, 417, 418
Dutch 216, 333, 347, 374
French 31–2, 206–7, 216, 278
Necker, Jacques (1732–1804) 28, 29, 55, 62, 120, 298, 299 attempt to control prices 86
Calonne reform 71
dismissal 108
Estates-General 92, 93, 97, 101–2
grain trade 109
loans raised by 66–7
national debt 131–2, 133, 134
offers resignation 106–7
recall of 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90
resignation 134
unpopularity with Louis 73
vindication of record 68
Neerwinden, battle of (1793) 202, 227
Nelson, Horatio, Viscount (1758–1805) 340, 365, 382
Netherlands 416, see also Dutch Republic
Neuchâtel 46
Neufchâteau, François de (1750–1828) 332, 338
newspapers 46, 103, 120, 132, 153–4, 156 best-selling 250
Cordeliers 269
Jacobin 324–5, 327
moderate 267–8, 269
popular societies 288
radical 124, 126
right-wing 284, 288
Thermidorians 285
Newton, Isaac (1642–1727) 49, 50
Nice 197, 213
Nièvre 259–60
Nile, battle of the (1798) 340
Nîmes 138, 142, 143, 230, 293, 301
Noailles, Louis, Viscomte de (1756–1804) 116
nobility armed forces 32–3
in Assembly 156
Breton 94–5
country 116
courtiers 41
deprived of French citizenship 335
emigration of, see émigrés as employers 404
Estates-General 88, 90, 92–3, 96
greatest losers from the Revolution 396–8
Law of Hostages 373
National Assembly 106, 107
patriotic 128
pre-Revolution 26–30
reading 48
second-estate deputation 99–100, 102
suspicion of 113–14
non-juring priests, see refractory priests
Nootka Sound 164
Normandy 5, 109, 115, 240–1
notaries 25, 101
Notre-Dame 261, 392
Novi, battle of 374
noyades 257
oaths army officers 156
clerical 144–5, 153, 174–5, 305, 306, 309, 390, 399, 402
Directory 330
hatred for royalty 335–6, 350
occupied territories 199 Belgium 349–51
Dutch Republic 344–8
Ireland 342–4
Italy 357–69
plunder from 334, 359
Rhineland 352–4
Switzerland 355–7
Ochs, Peter (1752–1821) 355, 356
October Days 121–3, 126, 146, 166, 169, 299
Ogé, Vincent (1750–90) 413
Orléans 278
Orléans, Louis Philippe, Duke d’ (1773–1850) 329
Orléans, Louis Philippe Joseph, Duke d’ (1747–93) 80, 91, 99, 104, 107, 112, 193, 221, 253, 327
Ottoman Empire 340
Pache, Jean Nicolas (1746–1823) 233
Padua Circular 156, 303
Paine, Thomas (1737–1809) 64, 169, 170, 194, 212, 286
Palais Royal 104, 107, 108, 109, 110, 120, 285, 394
pamphleteering 72, 76, 78–9, 89, 104, 295 anti-veto 120
on Third Estate 94
women 422
Pantheon 222, 284, 288
Pantheon Club 325, 326
papacy 400, see also Leo X; Pius VI; Pius VII
Papal States 215, 339, 340, 362, 363
paper money 133, 167, 265, 324–5, 334, 350, 365, 404–5, see also assignats
Paris anti-royal and anti-clerical demonstrations 148
artisans 20
attacks on print shops 227
bomb explosion in 385
build up of troops in 108–9
church closures 262–3
citizens armed 188
coercion of Convention 229, 251, 291–2
economic discontent 286
election riots 98–9
electoral districts 126, 129
English tourists impression of 392, 403
entry tolls 41
food shortages 245, 294
foreign visitors under surveillance 184
Fructidor coup 331–2
grain stocks 181
grocery riots 223, 229
growth 18
insurrection signs in sections 269–71
markets 21
month of celebration (April 1802) 392
parlement, see parlement de Paris
police 36
political struggles in some sections 247
prostitution in 15–16
purge of Girondins from the Convention 232–9, 243–6
royal family removed to 122
sectional assemblies abolished 323, 326
September massacres 191–2, 221, 399, 420
storming the Bastille 110, 111
Terror in 251–3
20th June demonstration 186–8
Vendémiaire uprising and aftermath 321–3
Paris basin 5, 10, 84
Paris Commune 189–92, 194, 232–3, 234 dechristianization policy 261–2
under direct authority of Committee of Public Safety 276
end of 271
political in-fighting 249
Robespierre and 281
parish priests (curé) 17, 33, 35–6, 73, 97, 104, 116, 117, 136–7, 140, 350, 402
Parisian Guard 323
parlement de Paris 8, 37, 38, 39 Diamond Necklace affair 60
Estates-General 91–2
forced registration of tax edicts 76–8, 79–80, 81
religious intolerance of 53, 54
return from exile 87–8
war loans 67, 68
parlements, provincial abolition of 124
crys against despotism 80
forced registration of tax edicts 78
legislative role of 36
Maupeou’s reforms 37–9, 57, 59
noble qualification for some 26
reduction of power 82
ressorts 2–4
restoration of 60
return of 88
in South of France 7
Parma 213, 358
Parthenopean Republic 340, 365, 382
Pascalis, Jean Joseph Pierre (1732–90) 306
patriotic cause 104, 107, 112, 114
Patriotic Contribution 131, 133
patriotism 94
Pau 38, 83
Paul I, Tsar of Russia (1754–1801) 340, 381, 382
Pavia 359
pays d’états 61, 70, 80–1, 96, 397
Peace of Westphalia (1648) 9, 171
peasants 9–12, 16–17, 97, 100, 114, 128, 182–3, 371 Belgian 350–1
cotton production 12–13
Irish 369
Italian 360, 366, 367–8
policies to appease 244
violent resistance to conscription 308–9, 310, 318, 375
Pembrokeshire 342
pensions 410
Périgord 130
Pétion, Jerôme (1756–94) 154, 156, 169, 176, 180, 186, 188, 189, 193, 195, 228, 232, 241, 253
petty crime 55
Philanthropic Institutes 329
Philippe-Égalité, see Orlèans, Louis Philippe Joseph, Duke d’ (1747–93)
philosophy 49, 52–3, 56, 168, 261
physics 49
Physiocracy 57–8, 60, 61, 69, 131
Picardy 109, 130, 393
Pichegru, Charles (1761–1804) 292, 316, 316, 330, 331, 332
Picornell, Juan (1757–1825) 210
Piedmont 357, 362, 367, 416
Pillnitz, Declaration of 156–7, 171, 175, 179, 303, 305
Pitt, William (1759–1805) 168, 200, 204, 235, 246, 267 counter-revolutionary support 312, 314, 315
reform societies 212–13
resignation 383
war with France 211–12, 215–17, 342
Pius VI, Pope (1717–99) 136, 139, 140, 141, 146, 215, 305, 339, 358, 361, 363, 388, 398
Pius VII, Pope (1740–1823) 388, 389, 390
Plain, deputies of the 221, 280
plebiscites 380
Plenary Court 82
pluralism 116
Poland 165–6, 171, 198, 201, 204, 206, 211, 415 revolution in 207–8
police 36, 88, 107, 125
Police Legion 327
political clubs 90, 142
political philosophy 50–1, 53
political radicalism 51–2, 56
political unrest 58–65
Pompadour, Jeanne Poisson, Marquise de (1721–64) 42
Pont Saint-Esprit 182, 183
poor relief 15, 36, 149, 348, 401–2
Popular Commission of Orange 285, 293
Popular Commission of Public Safety 238
popular societies 185, 232, 277, 286, 288
ports 5, 6, 7, 13, 406
Portugal 202, 210
potatoes 10
poverty caused by harvest failure 86–7
nobility 28–30
in occupied territories 348
pre-Revolutionary rural 14–16
pre-Revolutionary urban 18
Praga 208
press freedom 155, 284
press-gangs 418
Priarial purge 372–3
Price, Dr Richard (1723–91) 166–7
prices bread 109, 112
climbing grain 86
controls 97, 181, 223, 229, 252, 264–5, 287
food 120
before the Revolution 14, 21, 58
Priestley, Joseph (1733–1804) 170, 194
Prieur de la Côte d’Or (1763–1827) 248
prince-bishops 354
prisons massacres 191–2
releases from 283
during Terror 25
8–9
White Terror 293
privateers 212, 406
privilege 27, 90, 116, 117, 118, 131
Pro Aris et Focis 162
professions 409
property rights 9, 132, 320
prostitution 15–16
Protestants 54–5, 301, 389 in Alsace 9
benefits from the Revolution 411
citizens’ militia 138
civil rights 79, 80
debarred from landownership 24
in Ireland 343, 344
Jacobin denunciation of 142–3
journalism 45
in Languedoc 7
limited tolerance 99
restrictions 36
Provence 7, 93, 97, 144, 183, 294, 306
Provence, Count de (Louis XVIII) (1755–1824) 91, 171, 297, 303, 307–8, 310, 315, 316, 384
Prudhomme (Jacobin journalist) 422
Prussia 30–1, 156, 160, 164, 165, 179, 204, 208, 209, 294, 416 alliance with Austria 201–2
battle of Valmy 192–3
émigrés regiments 306–7
invasion of French territory 190
peace with France 210, 211
Prussian troops 77, 159
public office election 124–5
ennobling 26
meritocracy 116, 117, 119
venality 23, 24–5, 29, 37, 38, 62, 407
public opinion 56, 62, 67 against despotism 93
emergence of critical 394
financial reforms 82
of First Consul 392
to forced tax edicts 75, 78
publishing industry 227
Puisaye, Joseph, Count de (1755–1827) 290, 291, 310, 312, 313–14, 315, 316
punishment 55
Pyramids, battle of the (1798) 340
Pyrenees 144
Quercy 130
Quesnay, François (1694–1774) 57
Quiberon Bay expedition 211, 215, 313–14, 315, 398
Quimper 240, 290
Rabaut de Saint-Étienne, Jean Paul (1743–93) 95, 117, 137, 138
Radischev, Alexander (1749–1802) 172
railways 407
Ramel, Finance Minister 324, 334, 373, 386
Rastadt, Congress of 339, 340, 341, 352
rationing 287 291, 294, 323
Raynal, Guillaume Thomas (1713–96) 63
reading societies 209, 218
red liberty caps 180, 186, 288
Reeves, John 200
reform societies 212–13
refractory priests 144, 145, 146, 148, 153, 155, 177, 178, 184, 190, 309, 389, 390, 399 Chiffon 182
laws reactivated under Directory 335–6
legislation against 174–5
in Toulon 310
verge of abrogation of all laws against 332
refugees 161, 199, 362