Karl Marx

by Jonathan Sperber

  49 Philip Harling, The Waning of “Old Corruption”: The Politics of Economical Reform in Britain, 1779–1846 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996); Parry, Politics of Patriotism, 184–91.

  50 MEGA 1/12: 231; MECW 15: 309–13, 546–49.

  51 MEGA 3/8: 458.

  52 MECW 15: 177–80, 293–96. Marx was aware of the religious contours of the Persian monarchy and showed a detailed knowledge of the difference between Sunni and Shiite Islam.

  53 Ibid., 15: 123–29.

  54 Ibid., 15: 219–25, 232–35; 16: 13–16, 50, 86; MEGA 3/9: 218–19.

  55 MEGA 3/9: 218–19.

  56 Ibid., 1/12: 151–53, 332, 337–39, 344, 445–47, 493–94; 1/14: 37–41, 166–69, 262–63; 3/6: 125, 151, 153–54; 3/7: 18–19, 34–35; 3/8: 8–9, 58–61, 64; Liebknecht, Karl Marx zum Gedächtnis, 31.

  57 MEGA 3/8: 211–12.

  58 Ibid., 3/8: 13, 53, 61, 210–11, 221, 223–24; 3/9: 73, 77, 104–07.

  59 Ibid., 3/8: 197, 3/9: 65, also 148.

  60 MECW 15: 109–16, 130–38, 301–04, 400–12; MEW: 30: 639.

  61 MEGA 1/12: 153; 3/8: 48–49, 115, 210; MECW 14: 657; 15:8–18, 289–92, 357–59, 499–503.

  62 MEGA 3/8: 115; MECW 15: 19–24, 133, 270–77.

  63 MEGA 3/8: 217–18; MECW 15: 413–18.

  64 MEGA 3/8: 48–50, 53, 202–04, 229–30; MECW 15: 117–29, 379, 387–90.

  65 MEGA 3/8: 184, 191, 193, 207; also 99, 132, 161, 194–95, 198–99, 210, 216–17, 219–20; 3/9:75.

  66 Ibid., 3/9: 155, 221–22, 255–56; MECW 16: 54–58, 65–81, 96–109, 115–28.

  67 MEGA 3/8: 235; 3/9: 9–10, 14, 77, 81, 215–16, 218–19; MECW 15: 560–65.

  9: THE ACTIVIST

  1 Bamberger and Venedey cited in Jansen, Einheit, Macht und Freiheit, 304–05; for the debate more generally, see ibid., 288–315, and Harald Biermann, Ideologie statt Realpolitik: Kleindeutsche Liberale und auswärtige Politik vor der Reichsgründung (Düsseldorf: Droste Verlag, 2006), 78–118.

  2 MEW 13: 225–68; MEGA 3/9: 322–24.

  3 MEGA 3/9: 275, 298–99, 332, 341, 427–28; 3/10: 102–03.

  4 Ibid., 3/11: 19–20.

  5 Ibid., 3/9: 427–28, 430.

  6 Lattek, Revolutionary Refugees, 192–207; MEW 13: 376–79, 384–97, 402–04, 410–16, 428–39, 450–67; MEGA 3/9: 428–32, 435–37, 469, 479–80, 482–83, 504–06, 509–10, 513–15, 520–21, 537, 539–47; 3/10: 289; Bauer, Konfidentenberichte, 507–08, 519–20.

  7 Lattek, Revolutionary Refugees, 203; MEGA 3/10: 74, 176–77, 325; MEW 31: 412; 32: 92.

  8 Jansen, Einheit, Macht und Freiheit, 294–98.

  9 Lattek, Revolutionary Refugees, 207–14.

  10 MEGA 3/9: 481; 3/10: 6–8, 36–38, 46, 49, 56–57, 66, 68, 73–77, 82–83, 87, 96–98, 109–11, 113, 115, 117–19, 130–31, 133–34, 164, 175–79, 178, 186–84, 193–94, 218, 220, 224, 231–35, 237–38, 244–48, 276–78, 316, 319–21, 324–30, 744, 815; 3/11: 141, 251; Vogt, Mein Prozess, esp. 138–41; Bauer, Konfidentenberichte, 543–44.

  11 MEGA 3/10: 195–97, 199–200, 203–08, 211–17, 231–33, 252–58, 274–75, 280–96, 314–15, 337–48, 411, 457–58, 462–63, 472, 474, 479, 484–88, 505–07; 3/11: 730–38.

  12 McLellan, Karl Marx, 289; Wheen, Karl Marx, 238.

  13 MEGA 3/10: 116, 194, 383.

  14 Ibid., 3/10: 96.

  15 Ibid., 3/10: 175–76, 180–81, 188.

  16 Ibid., 3/10: 370, 509–10, 561; 3/11: 135–36, 208.

  17 Ibid., 3/11: 112–13, 245.

  18 Ibid., 1/18: 58–135; 3/10: 247.

  19 Ibid., 1/18: 157–2013; 1/11: 180, 188, 196, 218.

  20 Jansen, Einheit, Macht und Freiheit, 141–45; MEGA 3/10: 457–58; 3/11: 69, 218, 270–71, 361, 373, 1034, 1205–07; MEW 31: 668; 33: 203–06, 213–14, 220–21; Bauer, Konfidentenberichte, 586–87.

  21 MEGA 3/10: 214–17, 245–48, 350–58, 439–40, 490–91; 3/11: 53, 67, 84, 100, 103; 3/13: 110.

  22 Ibid., 3/10: 180–81, 187.

  23 Ibid., 3/10: 115, 170; 3/11: 293, 301, 310–12, 315, 319–20, 322, 902–03.

  24 Christopher Clark, Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), 513–17; MEGA 3/10: 316–17, 379–80; 3/11: 156, 161, 380; Melis, “Heinrich Bürgers.”

  25 MEGA 3/7: 422; the best biography of this controversial figure is Shlomo Na’amann’s Lassalle (Hanover: Verlag für Literatur & Zeitgeschehen, 1970).

  26 MEGA 3/7: 158–59; 3/8: 514; 3/9: 56–58, 96, 113, 130, 227, 322–23, 331, 349–50, 359–60, 369–70, 373, 375, 379–80, 468; 3/10: 43, 76–77, 93, 99, 189, 166, 179–80, 184, 192, 211; 3/11: 485–86, 492–93, 581, 1221.

  27 Ibid., 3/3: 377, 404–07, 693; 3/5: 270, 421.

  28 Ferdinand Lassalle, “Der italienische Krieg und die Aufgabe Preussens,” in Ferdinand Lassalle Gesammelte Reden und Schriften, ed. Eduard Bernstein, 12 vols. (Berlin: Paul Cassirer, 1919–20): 1: 23–112; MEGA 3/9: 291, 298–99, 411–16, 422–23, 467–68, 481, 484–89; 3/10: 42–43, 79–80, 102–03, 167–70, 178, 191–92, 298–301, 369–70, 396–98, 570, 573; 3/11: 19–20, 148–51, 167–70.

  29 MEGA 3/9: 467–68, 485–87.

  30 Ibid., 3/3: 465, 535; 3/4: 356, 364, 404–05; 3/6: 359–60, 397; 3/7: 244–45, 247; 3/8: 5, 553–54; 3/10: 302–09.

  31 Ibid., and 3/3: 34.

  32 Ibid., 3/10: 372; 3/11: 324.

  33 For anti-Semitic epithets: ibid., 3/9: 166, 324–25, 329–30, 334, 507; 3/10: 180, 206, 231–32; 3/11: 23, 46, 64, 67–68, 158–59, 347–48, 615–16, 1074; MEW 30: 252; for Marx’s view of Lassalle’s personality in terms of anti-Semitic stereotypes, see MEGA 3/11: 460–61.

  34 MEGA 3/11: 223, 225, 227, 229–31, 233, 236–37, 248–50, 259–60, 266, 270–71, 295.

  35 Ibid., 3/11: 334, 360, 417, 463.

  36 Ibid., 3/11: 379, 389–90, 402–04, 407, 439–40, 458–61, 463, 469–71.

  37 Ibid., 3/9: 219, 229, 246; 3/11: 236–37, 419, 458–61, 463; Schönke, Karl und Heinrich Marx, 759–68, 773–78, 784–85.

  38 MEGA 3/11: 422–23, 457, 480.

  39 Ibid., 3/11: 400–01, 410–13, 417, 426–32, 434, 437–78, 446, 499, 502–03, 512, 515–17, 539.

  40 Ibid., 3/11: 460–61, 468.

  41 MEW 30: 249, 252, 257–59, 269–70; MEGA 3/13: 565; Westphalen, “Kurze Umrisse,” in Mohr und General, 233–34; Eduard Bernstein, “Erinnerungen an Karl Marx und Friedrich Engels,” in ibid., 503–04; Gemkow and Hecker, “Unbekannte Dokumente,” 58.

  42 MEGA 3/11: 572–73, 581–83, 588, 598; MEW 30: 223–24, 227, 230, 275, 263, 621, 639–41.

  43 MEW 30: 249.

  44 Ibid., 30: 214, 216, 226, 227, 242, 247, 257, 269–70, 316, 656.

  45 Gielkens, Marx und seine niederländischen Verwandten, 75–76, 178–79; MEW 30: 287, 639–41.

  46 MEW 30: 218, 260–61, 272–73, 309–19.

  47 Ibid., 30: 376, 380–81, 390, 394–98, 417, 419, 643–44; Wheen, Karl Marx, 266; Gielkens, Marx und seine niederländischen Verwandten, 62; Monz, Karl Marx, 285–91.

  48 MEW 30: 691–94.

  49 Ibid., 30: 382, 386; 31: 174, 176, 178, 182–83, 186; MEGA 3/7: 108; 3/13: 54, 56, 80, 305, 470; MEW 31: 176, 184–85, 203, 212–13, 514, 589–90, 595–96; 32: 5, 21–22, 42, 228–29, 390–91, 426, 705–06; S. Shuster, “The Nature and Consequence of Karl Marx’s Skin Disease,” British Journal of Dermatology 158 (2008): 1–3; http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hidradenitis-suppurativa/DS00818, accessed 9/28/10; James C. Whorton, The Arsenic Century: How Victorian Britain Was Poisoned at Home, Work and Play (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 229–61. My thanks to Dr. Lindall Perry, of Boone Hospital Center, for his dermatological expertise.

  50 MEW 30: 254–59, 271, 284, 287, 291–92, 294, 298, 300, 354, 361–62, 429–30; MEGA 3/13: 432.

  51 MEW 30: 324–29, 337–38, 340, 371–72; Karl Marx, Manuskripte über die Polnische Frage (1863–1864), ed. Werner Conze and Dieter Hertz-Eichenrode (‘S-Gravenhage: Mouton & Co., 1961), 93. The relevant volume of the MEGA for this
year has not yet been published. The Institute of Marxism-Leninism in East Berlin was planning, in 1980, to print the manuscript as a supplement to its edition of Marx’s and Engels’s works, but the East German government could not tolerate the publication of an essay by the founder of communism attacking Russia for suppressing a Polish revolution when the government of the USSR was pressing for the suppression of Solidarity in communist Poland.

  52 MEW 30: 289, 30, 333, 347–78, 353–54, 374–75, 384–87, 408, 421–23, 649–51; Clark, Iron Kingdom, 523–31.

  53 MEW 30: 274–78, 345, 347–78, 351, 356–58, 360, 368–69, 375, 377, 402, 407, 432–33, 630–37.

  54 Ibid., 30: 427–29, 432–33; MEGA 3/13: 3–4, 7–8, 35–36; more broadly, 3/13: 3–256.

  55 MEGA 3/11: 464, 500, 508, 554–55, 570, 593–96; 3/13: 4, 7, 41–44.

  56 Besides the sources cited in the previous note, see Henryk Katz, The Emancipation of Labor: A History of the First International (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1991), 1–14; Julian P. W. Archer, The First International in France 1864–1872 (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1997), 1–24; and Henry Collins and Chimen Abramsky, Karl Marx and the British Labour Movement (London: Macmillan & Co., 1965), 14–55.

  57 MEGA 3/13: 91.

  58 Ibid., and Margot Finn, After Chartism: Class and Nation in English Radical Politics, 1848–1874 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 222–23; Archer, First International in France, 28; Eugenia Stépanova and Irina Bach, “Le conseil général et son role dans l’association internationale des travilleurs,” in La Première Internationale: L’institution, l’implantation et le rayonnement, ed. Denise Fauvel-Rouif (Paris: Centrale Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, 1968), 50–71; MEGA 1/20: 14–15; 3/13: 83, 177, 181–84, 239, 268, 598–99.

  59 MEGA 3/13: 42; MEW 31: 228–29.

  60 MEGA 1/20: 187–88; more elaboration on 224–35.

  61 MEGA 1/20: 449, 505–06, 508, 511; 3/13: 395–98, 401, 409, 433–34; MEW 31: 215–16, 282, 516; 32: 59, 367.

  62 MEGA 1/20: 143–86; 3/13: 466–67, 482–83.

  63 Finn, After Chartism, 234–61; MEGA 3/13: 430, 611–12; MEW 31: 197–98, 232, 242–43, 398–400, 493, 495.

  64 Boris Nicolaevsky, “Secret Societies and the First International,” in Milorad M. Drachkovitch, ed., The Revolutionary Internationals, 1864–1943 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1966), 36–56; Archer, First International in France, 28–35; MEGA 1/20: 111–14, 121–25, 302, 304, 306–07; 3/13: 207–08, 279–84, 326–37, 341–44, 388; MEW 31: 169, 495–96; 32: 97, 99, 114–15, 130–31, 190, 580–81.

  65 MEGA 3/13: 326; MEW 31: 254, 355–56; 32: 17–18.

  66 Marx used the phrase “behind the curtains” several times to describe his activity in the IWMA: MEW 31: 232, 530; 32: 540.

  67 MEGA 3/13: 429, 561; MEW 31: 247, 253.

  68 MEGA 3/13: 510; MEW 31: 169, 204–05, 346–47, 524–25, 529–30; 32: 134, 143–44, 147, 342–44, 346–47, 492–93, 558–59.

  69 MEW 30: 429, 432–33, 673; MEGA 3/13: 16, 69, 71, 74–79, 82, 84–86, 124, 127, 265.

  70 MEGA 3/13: 122, 133–34, 180–83, 187–88, 94–95, 197–200, 232. On the post-Lassallean scene and the German labor movement in the second half of the 1860s, see Thomas Welskopp, Das Banner der Brüderlichkeit. Die deutsche Sozialdemokratie vom Vormärz bis zum Sozialistengesetz (Bonn: J. H. W. Dietz Nachfolger, 2000), 38–44.

  71 Berlin, Karl Marx, 156.

  72 MEW 32: 608–10; similarly, 30: 335; 31: 521.

  73 Quoted in Silberner, Moses Hess, 520; similarly, 518–19; MEGA 3/13: 167–68, 887–88.

  74 MEGA 1/20: 60–69; 3/13: 52–54, 56, 58, 64–67, 70, 74, 83, 87, 137, 161–63, 181–85, 203–05, 211, 229, 232, 235–38, 241, 247–50, 254–56, 264.

  75 MEGA 3/11: 305–07; 3/13: 493, 540–41, 544, 554–55, 589–90, 605, 609, 1158–59; MEW 31: 492–94, 498; Roger Morgan, The German Social Democrats and the First International 1864–1872 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965).

  76 MEW 31: 197–98, 200–04, 206–11, 214–21, 226–24, 230–31, 233–36, 514–45; Biermann, Ideologie statt Realpolitik, 202–38; Clark, Iron Kingdom, 531–46.

  77 MEGA 3/13: 565–66; MEW 31: 290–91, 294; 33: 228–29.

  78 MEW 31: 240–43.

  79 Ibid., 31: 352, 362, 371–72, 497–98, 563, 565, 573–74; 32: 295, 315–16.

  80 Ibid., 31: 240–41, 391, 393, 402, 411–12, 573–74; 32: 12–13, 22–24, 28, 64, 68–69, 151, 161–62, 177–78, 183, 187–88, 278–79, 334–35, 341, 356, 360, 380–81, 493, 503, 543, 548, 581, 726, 743–44.

  81 Ibid., 32: 76, 141, 155, 158–59, 161–62, 173, 187–88, 212, 219, 221, 252, 281, 293, 313, 339–41, 386, 541, 546, 568–74, 764–66.

  82 Ibid., 32: 80, 219; similarly, 289–90, 331–32, 343, 346, 581.

  83 Ibid., 32: 127–28, 160, 164–65, 168–73, 179–80, 270–71, 297, 329, 331–32, 313, 347–49, 620–21, 745, 768–69, 772.

  84 Ibid., 32: 367–68, 608–10, 679–80.

  85 Ibid., 32: 131–34, 357–58.

  86 MEGA 3/11: 356–57; MEW 31: 167–69, 180, 182, 208, 216, 242, 250, 254–59, 262–64, 277–78, 307, 309–11, 318, 321–23, 337, 355–56, 361, 392–93, 401, 403, 520–21; 32: 37–38, 43, 47–48, 62–63, 105, 114, 116, 118, 124, 136–37, 141, 147–48, 167, 172, 193, 197, 205, 209.

  87 MEW 30: 419–20, 425; 32: 214–18, 625–28.

  88 Ibid., 31: 376, 380, 396, 399–40, 412–13; 32: 205, 207, 209, 378–79, 392–93, 409–10, 449, 542–43, 638, 656, 667–69.

  89 Ibid., 31: 392; 32: 454, 700, 703, 712, 716.

  90 MEGA 3/11: 605; 3/13: 25, 43, 214–15, 388, 430–31; MEW 31: 337–39, 594; 32: 190.

  91 Wolfgang Eckhardt, “Bakunin und Johann Philipp Becker: Eine andere Prespektive auf den Beginn der Auseinandersetzung zwischen Marx und Bakunin in der Ersten Internationale,” Internationale wissenschaftliche Korrespondenz zur Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung 35 (1999): 66–122.

  92 MEW 32: 474–75, 482–84, 498, 520–21.

  93 Ibid., 32: 503–05, 507, 509, 513, 799.

  94 Ibid., 31: 283–84, 298–99, 378; 32: 31, 32, 88, 608–10.

  95 MECW 43: 563.

  96 MEW 33: 5, 675, 716; MEGA 1/21: 1056–61.

  97 MEW 33: 8–9, 12, 15–17, 23–24, 30, 35, 39–42, 51–53.

  98 Ibid., 33: 49–50; MEGA 1/21: 245–49.

  99 Geoffrey Wawro, The Franco-Prussian War: The German Conquest of France in 1870–1871 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003); MEW 33: 55, 176–79, 203–04.

  100 MEW 33: 54–58, 61–62, 64–65, 146–48, 153–57, 162–65, 167–68, 176–79, 182–83, 191–92.

  101 For this and the text that follows on the Paris Commune and its relations with Marx and the IWMA, see Robert Tombs, The Paris Commune, 1871 (London & New York: Longman, 1999); Robert Thomas, “Enigmatic Writings: Karl Marx’s The Civil War in France and the Paris Commune of 1871,” History of Political Thought 18 (1997): 483–511; and Collins and Abramsky, Marx and the British Labour Movement, 185–210.

  102 MEW 33: 200–01, 205–06, 216–17, 226–30; 35: 160.

  103 Ibid., 33: 193–95, 196, 203–04, 238, 244, 252; MEGA 1/22: 174–77, 227–72.

  104 MEGA 1/22: 59; Royden Harrison, ed., The English Defence of the Commune 1871 (London: Merlin Press, 1971), 150, 229, 250, 277.

  105 MEGA 3/4: 155–56.

  106 Ibid., 1/22: 45–50.

  PART III: LEGACY

  10: THE THEORIST

  1 MEGA 3/4: 377.

  2 John W. Burrow, The Crisis of Reason: European Thought, 1848–1914 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), 31–56; Andreas Daum, Wissenschaftspopularisierung im 19. Jahrhundert, 2nd ed. (Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 2002), 2–5. For the ideas of the two leading positivists, see J. D. Y. Peel, Herbert Spencer: The Evolution of a Sociolo- gist (New York: Basic Books, 1971), and Arline Standley, Auguste Comte (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1981).

  3 MEGA 3/7: 224; 3/8: 203.

  4 Ibid., 1/20: 4; MEW 4: 468–69
.

  5 A classic in this respect is Jacques Barzun, Darwin, Marx, Wagner: Critique of a Heritage (Boston: Little, Brown, 1941).

  6 This fascinating correspondence is in MEGA 3/4: 308–09, 336, 339–41, 345–46, 361–63, 386, 391–92.

  7 On Darwin’s work and its impact, see Michael Ruse, The Darwinian Revolution: Science Red in Tooth and Claw, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); Thomas Glick, ed., The Comparative Reception of Darwin (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1974); Alfred Kelly, The Descent of Darwin: The Popularization of Darwin in Germany, 1860–1914 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981); and Daum, Wissenschaftspopularisierung, 300–16.

  8 MEGA 3/10: 127, 770; 3/11: 270–71, 316; MEW 31: 586–87; 32: 229; Liebknecht, Karl Marx zum Gedächtniß, 50–51.

  9 MEW 30: 249.

  10 MECW 43: 217.

  11 MEGA 2/8: 55; MEW 32: 17–18, 685–86; also 202–03.

  12 Wheen, Karl Marx, 363–69.

  13 MEW 32: 206, 229.

  14 Ibid., 31: 247–49, 256–57, 259, 530; for more on Trémaux, and a contemporary appreciation of his theories, see http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/3881/, accessed 10/21/10.

  15 MEW 31: 403–05; MEGA 1/21: 38–40.

  16 Daum, Wissenschaftspopularisierung, 286–99.

  17 MEW 32: 538–39, 547; MEGA 2/8: 55.

  18 MEGA 2/2: 100–01.

  19 MEW 32: 42, 51–52, 650.

  20 Ibid., 31: 224, 233–34; 32: 91, 302–03; 33: 162, 228–29; Collins and Abramsky, Marx and the British Labour Movement passim.

  21 MEGA 1/11: 121.

  22 MEW 39: 206.

  23 MECW 14: 655–56; MEW 32: 670.

  24 MECW 14: 15: 102; similarly, MEGA 1/12: 531.

  25 MEW 15: 453–54.

  26 MECW 15: 38, 57–59, 62.

  27 MEW 32: 596; also MEGA 1/12: 26, and Alain Desrosières, The Politics of Large Numbers: A History of Statistical Reasoning, trans. Camille Naish (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998), 73–91.

  28 MEW 32: 552–54.

  29 The passage from Capital is in MEGA 2/15: 792.

  30 See George Mosse, Toward the Final Solution: A History of European Racism (New York: Harper & Row, 1978).

  31 Linzbach, “Die konservative Orientierung Bruno Bauers nach 1848”; Silberner, Moses Hess, 404–18.