Karl Marx
Page 65
32 MECW 43: 449.
33 Ibid., 42: 316; MEC 8: 333; MEW 32: 198; MEGA 2/8: 301. Marx’s American associate, Adolf Cluss, wrote a very interesting letter on this point in 1853—MEGA 3/6: 515–19.
34 MEW 30: 259.
35 Ibid., 30: 372.
36 Ibid., 30: 289; similarly MEGA 3/13: 31–32.
37 MEGA 3/13: 483; MEW 31: 247–49.
38 MEGA 1/14: 789–95; 3/7: 227, 235–39, 241–42, 246, 843; 3/10: 362.
39 For characteristic examples of these opposing arguments, see Norman Levine, The Tragic Deception: Marx Contra Engels (Santa Barbara, CA: Clio Books, 1975), and John Stanley and Ernest Zimmerman, “On the Alleged Differences Between Marx and Engels,” Political Studies 33 (1984): 226–48.
40 MEGA 3/1: 244–45.
41 Ibid., 3/9: 182; similarly, MEW 31: 303–04.
42 MEGA 3/13: 362–64.
43 MEW 32: 286–87. Equally painful to read is Engels’s dialectical explanation of why mathematicians did not understand calculus: ibid., 35: 23–25.
11: THE ECONOMIST
1 Michael Krätke, “‘Hier bricht das Manuskript ab.’ (Engels) Hat das Kapital einen Schluss? Teil I,” Beiträge zur Marx-Engels-Forschung n.s. 2001: 7–43; MEW 34: 307. The editors’ introductions to the volumes of Series 2 of the MEGA, containing Marx’s economic writings, include detailed discussions of their publishing and manuscript history.
2 See, e.g., Mark Meaney, Capital as Organic Unity: The Role of Hegel’s Science of Logic in Marx’s Grundrisse (Dodrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002), or Enrique Dussel, Towards an Unknown Marx: A Commentary on the Manuscripts of 1861–63, trans. Yolanda Angulo (London & New York: Routledge, 2001).
3 MEGA 2/1: 226, 440, 697–99.
4 Ibid., 2/8: 100–01.
5 Ibid., 2/15: 40, 46, 169, 190.
6 Ibid., 2/15: 789, 804–05; for Marx’s own explanation of the place of Vol. Three in this work, see MEW 32: 70–75.
7 Marx’s son-in-law had observed this feature of his thought: Lafargue, “Persönliche Erinnerung,” in Mohr und General, 332–34.
8 These distinctions are developed in MEGA 2/8: 63–237.
9 Ibid., 2/8: 130.
10 David Ricardo, Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, ed., Michael P. Fogarty (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, 1960), 5–24; John Stuart Mill, Principles of Political Economy, 2 vols. (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1864), 1: 563. Although Mill is known today as a political philosopher, to his contemporaries he was above all an economist.
11 MEGA 2/1: 75, 455–56, 474; 2/2: 138–39; 2/3.3: 1020–28; 2/3.4: 1300–01, 1313–14, 1357–58; 2/8: 506–07; Noel Thompson, The People’s Science: The Popular Political Economy of Exploitation and Crisis 1816–34 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 87–106.
12 MEGA 2/8: 191.
13 Ibid., 2/1: 301, 305; 2/8: 210–21.
14 Ibid., 2/8: 378.
15 Ibid., 2/8: 259–60 (on exploitation and extraction of absolute surplus value); more generally, 237–80.
16 Ibid., 2/8: 280–303.
17 Ibid., 2/8: 318.
18 Ibid., 2/8: 574–75, 585–90.
19 Ibid., 2/8: 438–39, 714–22.
20 Ibid., 2/8: 585–608.
21 Ibid., 2/8: 594–95; 2/15: 245–55.
22 Ibid., 2/8: 606.
23 Ibid., 1/12: 276–77, 491–96; 2/2: 608–11; 3/7: 169; MECW: 255–61, 430–34, 521–26, 560–65.
24 MEGA 2/8: 529.
25 Ibid., 2/8: 712–13.
26 Ibid., 2/8: 44.
27 MEW 32: 70–75: an important brief précis of crucial features of Marx’s mature economic thought.
28 MEGA 2/1: 622; 2/15: 211.
29 Ricardo, Principles of Political Economy, 70–72; Mill, Principles of Political Economy, 2: 290–322; for Marx’s observations on Smith’s and Ricardo’s theories, see MEGA 2/1: 625–30; 2/3.3: 1049–93; 2/15: 211.
30 MEGA 2/15: 210–11.
31 Leon Smolinski, “Karl Marx and Mathematical Economics,” Journal of Political Economy 81 (1973): 1189–1204, esp. 1196–97. The algebraic manuscripts are in MEGA 2/14; the relevant equations on p. 3.
32 MEGA 2/8: 527–28, 567; 2/15: 222.
33 Ibid., 2/8: 318; 2/15: 203; Ricardo, Principles of Political Economy, 80; David Landes, The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969), 255.
34 MEGA 2/8: 704; 2/15: 229–35; Ricardo, Principles of Political Economy, 77–78.
35 MEGA 2/8: 315–18, 501–02.
36 Ibid., 2/15: 258. In the relevant passage, Marx talks about goods priced in marks, the currency of the united German Empire, which was only introduced in 1875, so the passage must be later than that date.
37 Ibid., 2/15: 347–48.
38 For an overview of their work and its connections to Marx’s theories, see ibid., 2/15: 875–910; some English-language accounts appear in Ricardo Bellofiore, ed., Marxian Economics: A Reappraisal. Essays on Volume III of Capital, 2 vols. (Houndmills, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998), esp. the essays in Vol. 2.
39 MEW 30: 263–67; MEGA 2/15: 155–198.
40 They observe that Marx assumed the transformation from value to price only occurred in the “price of production,” the price of the goods for sale, the “outputs.” Marx overlooked that the “inputs,” the constant and variable capital needed to manufacture those goods, were themselves originally outputs, and needed to be transformed from value terms to price terms. Doing this sort of multiple simultaneous transformation requires the use of multiple linear equations and matrix algebra.
41 MEW 30: 264; MEGA 2/15: 83; earliest formulation, MEGA 2/1: 634–35.
42 MEGA 2/15: 856, also 607.
43 Ibid., 2/14: 448–54; 2/15: 606–07, 779–88; MEW 32: 403–04.
44 Thomas Malthus, An Essay on the Principle of Population, ed. Anthony Flew (London: Penguin Books, 1970), 100; Ricardo, Principles of Political Economy, 64–76, 80; Donald Winch, Riches and Poverty: An Intellectual History of Political Economy in Britain 1750–1834 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 350–71.
45 MEGA 2/8: 578–79.
46 Ibid., 2/8: 590–601.
47 Ibid., 3/4: 106–07, 113–14, 183, 356; MEW 31: 178–79, 183; 32: 5–6, 51–52; Anneliese Griese, “Die geologischen, mineralogischen und agronchemischen Manuskripten. Ein Beitrag zu ihrer wissenschaft-historischen Einordnung,” Beiträge zur Marx-Engels-Forschung n.s. (2006): 31–48. Engel’s views on Malthus were similar to those of Marx: see MEGA 3/13: 362–64; MEW 35: 150–51.
48 MEGA 2/15: 752.
49 Ibid., 2/15: 626; similarly, 608, 612–13.
50 Ibid., 2/15: 611–17.
51 Ibid., 2/15: 627–722.
52 Ibid., 2/15: 725–49, esp. 736, 738–39, 742, 748–49.
53 Ibid., 2/15: 744.
54 Ibid., 2/15: 428–29, 595; also MEW 34: 53.
55 Ibid., 2/15: 427, more generally, 426–32. These six pages on corporations in the MEGA edition of Vol. Three of Capital might be compared to the 160 pages on agriculture and ground rent, to gain an idea of their relative importance for Marx.
56 Ibid., 2/1: 196, 484; 2/8: 484; 2/15: 285, 293–95. Marx’s Protestant upbringing and education, his left-wing sympathies for Italian national unity, and his atheist worldview all contributed to his dim view of the Catholic Church, and its intellectually and politically deeply conservative leader, Pope Pius IX.
57 [Anon.], “German Literature,” Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art, vol. 24, no. 638, January 18, 1869, 96–98; MEW 32: 535.
58 Inge Schliebe and Ludmilla Kalinina, “Rezensionen des Marxchen Werkes, ‘Zur Kritik der politischen Okonomie aus dem Jahre 1859,” Beiträge zur Marx-Engels-Forschung 1 (1977): 103–23; MEGA 3/9: 437, 442–43, 471, 474, 477, 491, 495, 522, 532–33, 539; 3/10: 31, 42–43.
59 MEW 31: 345–46, 370, 377–80, 384–86, 388–89, 403–05, 563, 567–68, 573–74, 577; 32: 9–1
0, 41, 91–92, 134–35, 186–87, 459, 536–67, 546, 550–51, 554, 589; MEGA 1/21: 3–14, 38–45, 68–74; 2/8: 737–87, 1368–73.
60 MEW 31: 290–91, 391, 575; 32: 8, 11–12, 30, 187, 459, 538, 749; Erik Grimmer-Solem, The Rise of Historical Economics and Social Reform in Germany 1864–1894 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2003); Albert Schäffle, Kapitalismus und Socialismus mit besonderer Rücksicht auf Geschäfts- und Vermögensfragen (Tübingen: Verlag der H. Laupp’schen Buchhandlung, 1870), 308–61, 413–28; Lenger, Werner Sombart, 78–114.
61 Johannes Siemes, “Karl Marx im Urteil des sozialen Rechts,” Der Staat 11 (1972): 376–88.
62 For Engels’s skepticism about nascent social insurances schemes, see MEW 32: 369–70.
63 Heinz Kurz, “Marginalism, Classicism and Socialism in German-Speaking Countries, 1871–1932,” in Ian Steedman, ed., Socialism and Marginalism in Economics 1870–1930 (London: Routledge, 1995), 7–86; Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, Karl Marx and the Close of His System, trans. Alice McDonald, ed. Paul Sweezey (New York: H. Wolff, 1949), esp. 86–98; Kowalewski, “Erinnerungen an Karl Marx,” in Mohr und General, 391.
64 http://delong.typepad.com/sdj/2009/11/yet-another-note-on-adam-smiths-invisible-hand-what-it-is-and-what-it-is-not-by-adam-smith.html, accessed 1/6/10.
12: THE PRIVATE MAN
1 MEW 32: 485.
2 MEGA 3/5: 157; 3/6: 47, 73; 3/9: 168–69; 3/10: 757; Ute Frevert, Men of Honour: A Social and Cultural History of the Duel, trans. Anthony Williams (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995).
3 MEGA 3/9: 75; similarly, 3/7: 120.
4 MEGA 3/8: 31–32; Westphalen, “Kurze Umrisse,” in Mohr und General, 212; Eleanor Marx-Aveling, “Karl Marx Lose Blätter,” in ibid., 277–79; Lafargue, “Karl Marx,” in ibid., 338–40.
5 MEW 35: 247–48; Westphalen, “Kurze Umrisse,” in Mohr und General, 204–36.
6 MEGA 3/2: 27–28, 38; 3/3: 28; 3/4: 24; 3/8: 46–47; 3/11: 422–23; 3/13: 415–16, 430, 445; MEW 31: 400.
7 MEGA 3/1: 441.
8 See Gunilla Frederike-Budde, Auf dem Weg ins Bürgerleben: Kindheit und Erziehung in deutsche und englischen Bürgerfamilien 1840–1914 (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1994), 151–66; Albert Tanner, Arbeitsame Patrioten—wohlanständige Damen: Bürgertum und Bürgerlichkeit in der Schweiz 1840–1914 (Zurich: Orell Füssli, 1995), 226–35; and Anthony Fletcher, Growing Up in England: The Experience of Childhood, 1600–1914 (London: Yale University Press, 2008), 129–48.
9 Liebknecht, Karl Marx zum Gedächtnis, 61, 63; Marx-Aveling, “Karl Marx Lose Blätter,” in Mohr und General, 271–77; Paul Lafargue, “Persönliche Erinnerungen,” in ibid., 336–38.
10 MEGA 3/6: 464–67, 3/7: 419; 3/13: 157–58, 491; cf. also 3/5: 381–82.
11 MEW 35: 80–81.
12 MEGA 3/4: 85; similarly, 3/7: 166; MEW 34: 388.
13 MEGA 3/8: 107; 3/9: 188–89; 3/13: 510; MEW 31: 215–16, 307; Westphalen, “Kurze Umrisse,” in Mohr und General, 228.
14 Fletcher, Growing Up in England, 23–36, 244–58; Ira Spieker, Bürgerliche Mädchen im 19. Jahrhundert: Erziehung und Bildung in Göttingen 1806–1866 (Göttingen: Volker Schmerse, 1990).
15 MEGA 3/13: 147, 429; MEW 30: 342; 31: 392, 586–87; 32: 670; MECW 43: 449, 552–55, 558–60; Lessner, “Erinnerungen eines Arbeiters an Karl Marx,” in Mohr und General, 187; Sheppard, London 1800–1870, 237.
16 MEC 7: 308–09.
17 MECW 42: 313; MEC 7: 334.
18 Tsuzuki, The Life of Eleanor Marx passim; Kugelmann, “Kleine Züge,” in Mohr und General, 312; Sally Ledger, The New Woman: Fiction and Feminism at the Fin de Siècle (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997).
19 Liebknecht, Karl Marx zum Gedächtnis, 69.
20 MEGA 3/13: 183, 239; MEW 32: 582–83, 597.
21 Born, Erinnerungen eines Achtundvierzigers, 74; MEW 31: 569; Hunt, Marx’s General, 303–09.
22 MEGA 3/4: 373; 3/7: 13, 18, 129, 235; 3/8: 6–7; 3/9: 156, 232.
23 Wilhelm Schulte, “Fritz Anneke, geb. 1818 Dortmund-gest. 1872 Chicago. Ein Leben für die Freiheit in Deutschland und in den USA,” Beiträge zur Geschichte Dortmunds und der Grafschaft Mark 57 (1960): 5–100.
24 Kugelmann, “Kleine Züge zu dem grossen Charakterbild,” in Mohr und General, 315–16.
25 MEGA 3/6: 134, 139; 3/8: 223–24; 3/11: 469; MEW 30: 655; Westphalen, “Kurze Umrisse,” in Mohr und General, 219, 223–25.
26 MEGA 3/7: 38; 3/11: 227; MEW 31: 182–83, 298–99; Lafargue, “Persönliche Erinnerungen,” in Mohr und General, 342–44; Kugelmann, “Kleine Züge,” in ibid., 285.
27 Liebknecht, Karl Marx zum Gedächtnis, 110; similarly, Paul Lafargue, “Persönliche Erinnerungen an Friedrich Engels,” in Mohr und General, 480.
28 Henry Hyndman, The Record of an Adventurous Life (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1911), 256, 259.
29 MEGA 3/8: 123, 127, 132–33, 139–42.
30 Hunt, Marx’s General, 201–02.
31 MEGA 3/4: 13; MEW 30: 304–05, 308.
32 MEW 30: 269–70, 312–16, 319.
33 Ibid., 33: 676.
34 Ibid., 32: 75.
35 MEGA 3/13: 470–71.
36 Westphalen, “Kurze Umrisse,” in Mohr und General, 222–23; Liebknecht, Karl Marx zum Gedächtniß, 69; Sperber, Property and Civil Society, 120.
37 MEW 32: 343–44.
38 Ibid., 31: 343, 355–56; 32: 33, 38.
39 Ibid., 31: 301, 307, 385; 32: 26.
40 MEGA 3/13: 510.
41 Ibid., 3/13: 232; Hunt, Marx’s General, 189.
42 Jürgen Kocka, ed., Bürger und Bürgerlichkeit im 19. Jahrhundert (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1987); Manfred Hettling and Stefan-Ludwig Hoffman, Der bürgerliche Werthimmel: Innenansichten des 19. Jahrhunderts (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2000).
43 Gielkens, Marx und seine niederländischen Verwandten, 79; MEW 32: 385.
44 Ruge, Briefwechsel und Tagebuchblätter, 343; Lafargue, “Persönliche Erinnerungen an Friedrich Engels,” in Mohr und General, 482, 487.
45 Liebknecht, Karl Marx zum Gedächtniß, 64–66; Lessner, “Erinnerungen eines Arbeiters,” in Mohr und General, 186–87; MEW 32: 217–18.
46 MEW 31: 550–51.
47 Ibid., 32: 107–09.
48 Liebknecht, Karl Marz zum Gedächtniß, 42; Marx-Aveling, “Karl Marx Lose Blätter,” in Mohr und General, 273–74; Kugelmann, “Kleine Züge zum dem grossen Charakterbild,” in ibid., 282, 290–91, 297; Lafargue, “Persönliche Erinnerungen,” in ibid., 323–25; MEW 34: 416.
49 Liebknecht, Karl Marx zum Gedächtniß, 66–68; Lafargue, “Persönliche Erinnerungen,” in Mohr und General, 328–29; for one surviving score of a Marx chess game, see Wheen, Karl Marx, 389.
50 MEW 32: 464, 469–70, 493–94, 506.
51 MEGA 3/1: 245; 3/4: 41–43, 90; 3/6: 139; 3/13: 205, 432, 497; MEW 31: 176, 178, 246, 283, 292; 32: 22, 426 ; Hunt, Marx’s General, 297–98.
52 Tsuzuki, Life of Eleanor Marx, 23–24; MEW 32: 97, 131.
53 Vogt, Mein Prozess, 141–56; MEW 30: 671–72.
54 Lessner, “Erinnerungen eines Arbeiters,” in Mohr und General, 186–88; Lafargue, “Persönliche Erinnerungen,” ibid., 339; Anselmo Lorenzo, “Bei Karl Marx,” ibid., 375–80.
55 MEGA 3/7: 26; 3/9: 294, 428–29, 431, 506, 541–42, 547; 3/10: 180–81, 207; 3/13: 227, 232, 256, 481, 519; MEW 30: 340, 345, 357–58; 31: 290–91, 374; 32: 28, 369–70, 380–81; cf. also Kugelmann, “Kleine Züge,” in Mohr und General, 305.
56 MEW 30: 370; 31: 183; cf. Ashton, Little Germany passim.
57 MEGA 3/9: 477.
58 Ibid., 3/10: 552.
59 Liebknecht, Karl Marx zum Gedächtniß, 82–84.
60 Kugelmann, “Kleine Züge,” in Mohr und General, 296, 309; MEW 34: 268.
61 MEW 32: 283, 288–89; Andreas Fahrmeir, Citizenship: The Rise and Fall of a Modern Concept (London: Yale University Press, 2007), 67–68; Wheen, Karl Marx, 356–57.
62 MECW 43: 293. Other examples include MEGA 3/4: 158, 231; 3/6: 201, 207–08; 3/7: 158; 3/9:
293; 3/11: 6–7, 157, 403–04; 3/13: 157–58, 612–13; MEW 31: 368; 34: 96.
63 MEGA 3/13: 90; MEW 30: 665.
64 MEW 34: 8–9.
65 MEGA 3/6: 27, 724–26; 3/7: 145–46; 3/9: 401; 3/10: 70–71; 3/13: 31; MEW 32: 7, 433.
66 McLellan, Karl Marx, 78; Frevert, Men of Honour, 113–15; Rainer Wirtz, “Widersetzlichkieten, Excesse, Crawalle, Tumulte und Skandale” (Frankfurt-am-Main: Ullstein Verlag, 1981), 130–45.
67 Ruge, Zwei Jahre in Paris, 35–44, 139–40. Ruge’s attitudes toward Hess seem similar to Marx’s toward his 1875 traveling companion.
68 Wermuth and Stieber, Die Communisten Verschwörungen, 79–80.
69 Lafargue, “Persönliche Erinnerungen,” in Mohr und General, 328; Hyndman, Record of an Adventurous Life, 248; MEGA 1/25: 430.
70 MEGA 3/7: 224–26.
71 MEW 31: 550; Mosche Zimmermann, Wilhelm Marr: The Patriarch of Antisemitism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986).
13: THE VETERAN
1 MEW 33: 286, 367–68.
2 MECW 44: 576; MEW 33: 697; 35: 159, 247–48; MEGA 1/22: 451–58; 1/25: 429–43; John Rae, “The Socialism of Karl Marx and the Young Hegelians,” The Contemporary Review 40 (1881): 585–607.
3 Rae, “The Socialism of Karl Marx,” 585; John Rae, “The Socialists of the Chair,” The Contemporary Review 39 (1881), 232–48, and “Ferdinand Lassalle and German Socialism,” ibid., 921–43.
4 MEGA 1/22: 594; more generally on the conference, see Katz, The Emancipation of Labor, 88–95; Thomas, Marx and the Anarchists, 320–22.
5 MEGA 1/22: 339–46.
6 MECW 44: 266.
7 MEW 33: 252, 270.
8 Archer, The First International in France, 267–69.
9 MEW 33: 642.
10 Ibid., 312: 195; 33: 453–54, 472–76; MEGA 3/9: 305–06, 310–11, 316, 319, 364; Westphalen, “Kurze Umrisse,” in Mohr und General, 337.
11 Katz, The Emancipation of Labor, 96–114; Collins and Abramsky, Karl Marx and the British Labour Movement, 232–34, 251–59; Thomas, Karl Marx and the Anarchists, 321–22; MECW 43: 266–70; MEW 33: 287–88, 309–11, 314–15, 322–23, 332, 367–68, 377, 392, 484–85, 777–78; MEC 12: 133–34.
12 MEW 33: 397, 498; 18: 7–51; Thomas, Karl Marx and the Anarchists, 322–26; Katz, The Emancipation of Labor, 99–100; HCFI 2: 438.