Moltke, Helmut von, 376
Monaco, 543
Monet, Claude, 545
monotheism, 69
Monte Carlo, 544
Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, Baron de, 111
Montigny, Eduard, 25
Moore, Samuel, 439–40
Morley (Liberal Party leader), 513
Most, Johann, 458, 528, 531, 539
Mottershead, Thomas, 513
Movement of Production (Schulz), 144
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 495
Müller, Michael Franz, 7
Napoleon I, Emperor of France, 9, 14, 34, 43, 88, 303
infamous decree of, 11–12, 20
Napoleon III, Emperor of France, xvii, 287–89, 291, 304, 322, 330, 333, 335–37, 346, 352, 359, 361, 362, 365–66, 405, 543
coup d’etat of, 286
Franco-Prussian War and, 376–77
Northern Italian War and, 327–29, 331, 339
Napoleonic Code, 16, 27, 56–57, 72, 109–10, 232
National Assembly, Frankfurt, 225
National Assembly, French, 209, 378
National Assembly, German, 220, 223–25, 229, 234–35, 239, 249, 331
National Assembly, Prussian, 249
National Association, 337, 366
nationalism, xv, 357, 362, 376
Bismarck and, 352–53
in Communist Manifesto, 207–8, 230
German, 208, 328, 340, 352–53, 493, 557
Irish, 447, 557
natural selection, theory of, 397, 399
Naut, Stephan, 254
Nazis, 127, 528, 553
Nechayev, Sergei, 374, 509, 516
Netherlands, 21, 155, 343, 512, 535–36
New Free Press, 296
New Oder News, 296, 339
New Prussian News, 337
New Rhineland News, 107, 195, 217, 232–36, 240, 241, 242, 245–46, 271, 278, 287, 299, 332, 338, 341–42, 558
London revival of, 251–54
Revolution of 1848 and, 222–27, 230, 231
New Rhineland News: Review of Political Economy, 245, 248–49, 274, 279
New Testament, 62
Newton, Isaac, 19, 416
New York Tribune, 26, 295, 298–99, 305–6, 312–14, 320, 343, 347, 401, 404, 413, 419, 434, 436, 447, 472, 481, 483, 484–85, 487, 520
New York World, 503, 536
Nicolaievsky, Boris, xii
Nieuwenhius, Ferdinand Domela, 379
Nightingale, Florence, 303
Noah, Prophet, 313
Northern Italian War of 1859, 327–29, 331, 334–35, 339, 362, 364
North German Confederation, 366
Nothjung, Peter, 279, 282, 284
Obermann, Heiko, xvii
“Observation of a Young Man on the Choice of a Profession” (Marx), 31–33
Observer, The, 397
O’Cleary, Keyes, 520
O’Connell, Daniel, 122
Odd Fellows, 494–95
Old Testament, 61–62, 313
On the Critique of Political Economy (Marx), 388, 399–400, 403, 421, 439, 457, 494, 532
“On the Jewish Question” (Marx), 123, 127–32, 213, 527
On the Origin of Species (Darwin), 342, 389
Marx’s reading of, 393–94
Oppenheim, Dagobert, 81, 105
Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State, The (Engels), 474–75
Origin and Transformation of Man and Other Beings (Trémaux), 396
Ottoman Empire, 157, 303–4, 308, 313, 524
in Russo-Turkish War of 1878, 519–22
Owen, Robert, 212
Paine, Thomas, 19
Palatinate, 237, 239–41
Pall Mall Gazette, 380
Palmerston, Henry Temple, Lord, xvii, 305–12, 319, 329, 406–7, 447, 492
Pan-Slavism, 412–13
Papal States, 237
Consultative Assembly of, 194
Paris, France, 116–20
and development of Marx’s worldview, 119–20, 122–23
Marx’s residence in, 119–20
Marx’s writings in, see Paris Manuscripts
radicals in, 118–19
Revolution of 1848 in, 193, 214, 226–27, 241
Revolution of 1870–71 in, see Paris Commune of 1871
secret societies of, 131, 148–49
Paris Commune of 1871, 134, 289, 357, 372, 383, 402, 465–66, 496, 502, 504, 511, 516, 529, 531, 533, 540, 557, 558
effect of, 506, 517
IWMA and, 378–80, 382
Marx’s statement on, 380, 503
suppression of, 380–81
Parisienne (song), 28
Paris manuscripts, 141–45, 162, 167, 172, 424, 558
Capital and, 420
Party of Progress, 337–38, 352–54, 363, 366
Peel, Robert, 310
People, The (Das Volk), 330–32, 337
People’s Party, German, 367–69, 527
Perceval, Spencer, 310
Pereire brothers, 322
Persia, 313, 318
Pesch, Sybille, 177
Petty, William, 155
Pfänder, Karl, 246
Pfuel, General von, 343
Phenomenology of Spirit (Hegel), 49, 394, 424
Philips, August, 348
Philips, Lion, 21, 259, 487, 497
Philips, Sophie Presburg, 21
Phillips, Wendell, 536
Philosophy of Law (Hegel), 111–13, 209–10
Physiocrats, 445, 447
Piedmont-Savoy, Kingdom of, 327, 331
Pieper, Wilhelm, 246, 265–66, 270, 295, 475
Pietism (Awakening), 19–20, 30, 44, 61, 64, 74, 137
Pitt, William, 310
Pius IX, Pope, 237
Plato, 30
Plug Riots, 139
Po and Rhine (Engels), 328
Poland, 117, 198, 303, 305, 355, 357, 360, 411–13
1863 anti-Russian uprising in, 352, 411–12
Portugal, 506
positivism, 388–93, 404, 425, 419, 550, 555–56
atheism and, 398
biological sciences and, 399, 408, 458
concept of race and, 399
Feuerbach and, 393
Hegel and, 409
Marx’s ambivalence to, 392–93, 397–98, 414, 415
rise of, 389–90
as social theory, 398–99
Young Hegelians and, 390
Possessed, The (Dostoevsky), 374
Poverty of Philosophy, The (Marx and Engels), 161, 173–76, 182, 187, 196
press, freedom of, 83–88, 103–4, 125, 205, 217
Press, The, 296, 339, 347
Principles of Political Economy (Mill), 428
private property, 98, 100–101, 145, 147–48, 314, 452, 533
production modes, concept of, 400–401, 413
progress:
communism and, 415
doctrine of, 397–98
science and, 416–17
proletariat, 161, 390, 558
Protestant Church, 20
Protestantism, 15
Enlightenment ideas and, 19
Heinrich Marx’s conversion to, 16–19, 20
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 97, 158, 181–82, 210, 355, 429, 498
Marx’s criticism of, 163–64, 173–76, 202
Prussia, 14–17, 20, 23, 34, 53, 63, 71, 108–10, 159, 177, 206–7, 212, 237, 294, 296, 330, 331, 352, 353, 493, 522–23, 525, 556, 558
Austria’s 1866 war with, 365–66
Bauer vs., 73–75
Conflict Era of, 337–38
conversion of Jews in, 16–20
Enlightenment ideas and, 74–75
London exiles and, 275–78
Marx expelled from, 150–52, 236
Marx’s citizenship and, 185–86
Revolution of 1848 in, 194, 223–29, 237
United Diet of, 194
university education in, 36–37
see also Franco-Prussian War
&nb
sp; Prussian News, 343–44
Prussian State News, 84
Purported Schisms in the International, The (Marx), 509
Pushkin, Alexander, 489
Puttkamer, Elisabeth von, 488–89
Quételet, Adolphe, 408
race, race theory, 399, 499
Bauer and, 392–93, 409–10, 500
in Capital, 410
Darwinism and, 399
first major formulation of, 409–10
Jews and, 410–11
Marx and, 410–11
positivism and, 399
Russia and, 411–14
science and, 399, 409, 413–14
Trémaux and, 412–13
working class and, 411
Rae, John, 504
Realpolitik, 118, 308–9
recession of 1857, 302, 320–24, 419, 433, 523
Reformation, xvii, 4
Reform League, 359
Regnault, Elias, 412
Reichstag, North German, 367
Reign of Terror, 214, 225
religion, xv, 123
in Hegelian philosophy, 61–62
Rembrandt van Rijn, 86
Rempel, Rudolph, 160, 184
Renard, Engelbert, 81, 91, 95
rent:
absolute, 452–54
in Capital, 419–20
differential, 451–54
ground, 437, 451–52, 453, 533
Republican Party, U.S., 214, 258
revolution, 124–27
economic crisis and, 273–74, 320–25, 523
French Revolution of 1789 as model of, 163–64, 176, 195–96, 209, 210–11, 213, 225, 228, 229, 527, 535, 539, 558–59
in future, 522–23, 535–36
Marx’s aspirations for, 558–59
pro-terror sympathies and, 536–37
secrets and, 404
Revolution of 1848–49, xvi, xviii, 28, 44, 64, 97, 106, 120, 134, 154, 161, 181, 187, 190, 237–38, 291, 326, 331, 338, 341, 365, 373, 475, 519–20, 549, 558
in Austria, 194–95, 237
Bismarck’s changing views on, 352–53
in Cologne, 195, 217–22, 229
exiles’ flight to London from, 245–47
French Revolution of 1789 as model for, 195–96, 287–88
June Days of, 226–27
Marx’s arrest and trial in, 231–32
May 1849 crisis in, 232–36, 252
November 1848 crisis in, 231–32
portents of, 193–95
in Prussia, 194, 223–29, 237
September 1848 crisis in, 229
show trial in, 240
in Trier, 15–16
True Socialists and, 213
United Diet and, 194
Rhenish Observer, 211
Rhenish Provincial Diet, 84–87, 94, 96, 100, 125
Rhenish Yearbooks of Social Reform, 159
Rhineland, 16–18, 38, 84, 138–40, 223, 243, 493
Rhineland General News, 80
Rhineland News, 117, 120–22, 160, 175, 184, 202, 205–7, 221–22, 288
atheism essay in, 88–89
censors and, 94–95
communist ideas and, 96–100
demise of, 104–6
essay style of, 83
founding of, 79–81, 92
Free Men controversy and, 93–94
free press issue and, 83–88
free trade issue and, 92–93, 96
Marx’s affiliation with, 78–79
politics of, 81–82
property rights issue and, 100–101
Rutenberg as editor of, 89–91
winegrowers and, 102–3
wood thefts issue and, 100–102, 105
Young Hegelians and, 79, 82, 83, 91–93, 95
Ricardo, David, xvii, 142–43, 323, 456–57, 459, 461
Capital and, 388, 408–9, 419–20, 424, 428, 430, 438, 441–42, 445, 447, 449–52, 454
Marx influenced by, 173–74, 176, 201, 388–89, 447, 456–57, 460, 462
Riesser, Gabriel, 18, 128
Rights of Man, The (Paine), 19
Rjazanov, David, xiii–xiv, 262
Robespierre, Maximilien de, xix, 156, 378
Robin, Paul, 505–6
Rochau, August Ludwig von, 118, 309
Roeser, Peter, 219, 247, 282, 284
Roesler, Hermann, 459–60
Roman Empire, 3
Romania, 118, 365
Roman Republic, 241–42
Romanticism, 49, 73
Marx’s denunciation of, 85
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 91, 111, 115
Royal Prussian Military Academy, 90
Royer, Clémence, 395
Ruge, Arnold, 63–64, 74–75, 78, 83, 87, 93, 109, 133, 144, 150, 221, 223, 271, 390, 397, 465, 476, 488, 498, 499, 556
Marx’s conflict with, 134–35, 140
Marx’s correspondence with, 72, 88, 108, 129–30
Paris sojourn of, 116–17, 119–20
Russell, John, 311
Russia, Imperial, 94, 117, 171, 226, 287, 318, 320, 366, 524, 552
agriculture in, 533–34
Bund of, 554
in Crimean War, 303–5, 308
development of revolutionary movements in, 532–35
Eastern Question and, 303, 308, 520
emancipation of serfs in, 448–49
Marx’s hostility to, 307–8, 329, 336–37, 556, 558
Poland and, 352, 355, 357, 360, 411–12
race and, 411–14
in Russo-Turkey War of 1878, 519–22
Russian Revolution of 1905, 554–55
Russian Revolution of 1917, xix, 522, 552
Russo-Japanese War of 1905, 522
Russo-Turkish War of 1878, 519–22, 532
Rutenberg, Adolf, 66, 82–83, 89–91, 94, 105–6
Saare Department, France, 9–12
Saint-Simon, Henri de, 80, 96, 169
Saint-Simonians, 59–60
Sanhedrin, 11
Sarkozy, Nicolas, xiii
Saxony, Kingdom of, 78, 109, 364, 366, 525
Say, Jean-Baptiste, 142, 419
Schaper, Justus von, 104
Schapper, Karl, 156–57, 165, 184, 196, 205, 215, 217, 228, 246, 265–67, 269, 271, 278, 280, 281, 335, 464–65, 515
Schily, Viktor, 336, 359
Schleswig, Duchy of, 229, 339–40, 353, 362, 500
Schlink, Johann Heinrich, 57
Schmidt, Johann see Stirner, Max
Schneider, Karl, II, 283–85
Schramm, Conrad, 264, 269–70, 321
Schuberth, Georg, 248–49
Schulz, Wilhelm, 144–45, 184
Schwefelbande (Brimstone Gang), 332, 335–36
Schweitzer, Johann Baptist von, 363–64, 368–69, 458, 478, 486
science, 391–93, 398
cell doctrine and, 416
concept of race and, 399, 409, 413–14
Marx and, 392–93
positivism and, 399, 408, 458
progress and, 416–17
Science of Logic (Hegel), 424, 500
Scott, Walter, 489
“scramble for Africa,” 524
Second Law of Thermodynamics, 417
Second Opium War, 302, 318–19
Second Reform Act of 1867, British, 359, 365, 371
Second (Socialist) International of 1889, 357, 551–52
secrecy, 404–8
Cologne Communist Trial and, 405–6
revolution and, 404
social class and, 405
Secret Diplomatic History of the Eighteenth Century, The (Marx), xvi, 306, 334
alternate titles of, 406
Sedan, Battle of, 377
self-consciousness, 50–51, 62, 67–68, 126, 128, 163, 209
Sevastopol, siege of, 302, 304
Shakespeare, William, 44, 142, 297, 489
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 352
Sièyes, Emmanuel Joseph, 164
Simon, Ludwig, 28, 100, 223
Smith, Adam, xvii, 142
–43, 173, 388, 419–20, 424, 426, 428, 438, 443, 445, 450, 456–57, 459, 460, 461, 462, 504
Smithsonian Institution, 259
social class, 125–26, 167, 399
in Eighteenth Brumaire, 286–87, 399
landowners and, 448
secrets and, 405
see also middle class; working class
Social Contract (Rousseau), 115
social Darwinism, 553
Social Democrat, 355, 363, 368, 458
Social Democratic Labor Party, German, 369, 375–76, 377, 525, 527–28, 542, 550
Social Democratic Party, German, 261, 262, 474
Social Democratic Refugees Committee, 246
socialism, 163, 183–84, 443, 455, 551–52
in Communist Manifesto, 211–12
“Socialism: Utopian and Scientific” (Engels), 550
Socialist Party, German, 551
social question, 96–97, 326
Society of Free Men, 93, 123, 138, 178
society of orders, 4–5
sociology, discipline of, 399
Solferino, Battle of, 327, 340
Sombart, Werner, xvii, 459
Sonnemann, Leopold, 497–98
Sorge, Friedrich Adolph, 511, 514, 516, 522, 539
South Africa, 294
Soviet Union, xiii–xiv, 276, 555, 559
Spain, 12, 302, 365, 374, 506, 510
Revolution of 1854–56 in, 405
Spencer, Herbert, 315, 399, 401–2
Sraffa, Piero, 444
Stages Theory of History, 437
Stahl, Friedrich Julius, 17, 48
Stalin, Joseph, xiii–xiv, xix, 262, 559
State-Advertiser, 366
Steuart, James, 450
Stieber, Wilhelm, 280–85, 376, 499
Stirner, Max (Johann Schmidt), 165–66, 170, 178
Strauss, David Friedrich, 62, 65, 88, 112, 137
Sue, Eugène, 116
Suez Canal, 524
superstructure, base and, 403–4, 407, 409
supply and demand, 425–26, 444, 460
surplus value, 423, 425, 427–28, 430–32, 435–36, 437, 439–46, 452, 454, 456, 526
relative, 431–32
Swiss Civil War of 1847, 194–95
Switzerland, 156, 179, 230, 241, 243, 245, 253, 267, 285, 505, 529, 533, 543, 545
Revolution of 1848 in, 194–95
Synoptic Gospels, 74
System of Economic Contradictions, The, Or: The Philosophy of Poverty (Proudhon), 173, 182
taxation, 317–18, 357
Techow, Gustav Adolf, 273
Ten Commandments, 69
Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 303
terrorism, 536–37
Theories of Surplus Value (Marx), 388, 421
“Theses on Feuerbach” (Marx), 64–65
Thiers, Adolphe, 380
Third (Communist) International of 1919, 357, 552
Times (London), xiii, 244, 310
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 59, 130
Tories, 310, 404, 520, 521–22
Toward a Critique of Political Economy (Marx), 339
trade unions, 431, 522
German labor movement and, 358–59
Karl Marx Page 71