53. C. Vann Woodward, Origins of the New South, 1877–1913, 2 vols. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971; first published in 1951), 2:457.
54. Bruce E. Baker, What Reconstruction Meant: Historical Memory in the American South (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2007), 15.
55. Quoted in Heather Cox Richardson, The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post–Civil War North, 1865–1901 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), 106.
56. Quoted in ibid., 111; Claude Bowers, The Tragic Era: The Revolution After Lincoln (New York: Retail Press, 2008; first published in 1929), 418. Bowers meant it as a compliment.
57. All quotes in Benedict, “Reform Republicans,” 69, 60.
CHAPTER 21: LET IT BE
1. Quoted in Heather Cox Richardson, West from Appomattox: The Reconstruction of America After the Civil War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), 151.
2. Quoted in Bruce J. Evensen, God’s Man for the Gilded Age: D. L. Moody and the Rise of Modern Mass Evangelism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 104.
3. See Charles R. Morris, The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J. P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy (New York: Holt, 2005), 99–117.
4. See David Goldfield and Blaine A. Brownell, Urban America: A History (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1990), 196–200.
5. O. Henry, “An Unfinished Story,” in The American Disinherited: A Profile in Fiction, ed. Abe C. Ravitz (Belmont, Calif.: Dickenson, 1970), 34.
6. First quote in Stephen Crane, Maggie: A Girl of the Streets and Other New York Writings (New York: Random House, 2001; first published in 1893), 18; second quote in Allen F. Davis, Spearheads for Reform: The Social Settlements and the Progressive Movement, 1890–1914 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967), 137.
7. First quote in Alice Kessler-Harris, Out to Work: A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 100; second quote in Massachusetts Department of Labor, Thirteenth Annual Report on the Statistics of Labor (Boston: Rand, Avery, 1882), 300; last quote in Kessler-Harris, Out to Work, 98.
8. First two quotes in Heather Cox Richardson, The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post–Civil War North, 1865–1901 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), 137; final quote in Donald C. Swift, Religion and the American Experience (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), 212.
9. All quotes in Richardson, Death of Reconstruction, 87, 86, 89.
10. Quoted in John A. Garraty, The New Commonwealth, 1877–1890 (New York: Harper & Row, 1968), 145.
11. Ibid., 152–53.
12. Quoted in Richardson, Death of Reconstruction, 89.
13. “Song of the Universal,” Leaves of Grass, ed. Harold W. Blodgett and Sculley Bradley (New York: New York University Press, 1965), 226, 227.
14. “A Song for Occupations,” ibid., 218; “Song of the Exposition,” ibid., 199.
15. First quote in Simon Newcomb, “The Method and Province of Political Economy,” North American Review 121 (October 1875): 269; second quote in Morton Keller, Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth-Century America (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977), 183.
16. All quotes in Barry Werth, Banquet at Delmonico’s: Great Minds, the Gilded Age, and the Triumph of Evolution in America (New York: Random House, 2009), 186, 187.
17. Quoted in Michael Zuckerman, “Holy Wars, Civil Wars: Religion and Economics in Nineteenth-Century America,” Prospects 16 (1991): 222.
18. Quoted in Garraty, New Commonwealth, 142.
19. Quoted in Robert C. Bannister, Social Darwinism: Science and Myth in Anglo-American Social Thought (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1979), 71.
20. Raymond A. Mohl, The New City: Urban America in the Industrial Age, 1860–1920 (Arlington Heights, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 1985), 157.
21. Quoted in Richardson, Death of Reconstruction, 117.
22. Charles Nordhoff, The Cotton States in the Spring and Summer of 1875 (New Castle, Del.: Burt Franklin, 1988; first published in 1876).
23. Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 536.
24. See Douglas A. Blackmon, Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II (New York: Doubleday, 2008); Pete Daniel, The Shadow of Slavery: Peonage in the South, 1901–1969 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972).
25. For a comprehensive treatment of the massacre, see LeeAnna Keith, The Colfax Massacre: The Untold Story of Black Power, White Terror, and the Death of Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).
26. See Charles Lane, The Day Freedom Died: The Colfax Massacre, the Supreme Court, and the Betrayal of Reconstruction (New York: Henry Holt, 2008).
27. The following discussion of the Slaughter-House Cases and the quotes from the justices involved in the decision draw from Richard L. Aynes, “Justice Miller, the Fourteenth Amendment, and the Slaughter-House Cases,” Chicago-Kent Law Review 70 (1994): 627.
28. For a detailed discussion of the formulation and implementation of the white-line policy in Mississippi, see Mississippi in 1875: Report of the Select Committee to Inquire into the Mississippi Election of 1875, 2 vols. (Washington: GPO, 1876).
29. “Condition of the South,” Index to Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives for the Second Session of the Forty-third Congress (Washington: GPO, 1875), 2:1005.
30. See Lawrence N. Powell, “Reinventing Tradition: Liberty Place, Historical Memory, and Silk-Stocking Vigilantism in New Orleans,” Slavery & Abolition 20 (April 1999): 127–49.
31. On Ames and the Vicksburg episode, see Nicholas Lemann, Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006).
32. First quote in Thomas Nast, “Shall We Call Our Troops Home?” Harper’s, January 9, 1875, 37; second quote in Adelbert Ames to Blanche Ames, September 5, 1875, in Stephen Budiansky, The Bloody Shirt: Terror After the Civil War (New York: Plume, 2009), 197.
33. “Report of the Grand Jury,” Report of the Select Committee 2:150.
34. Quoted in Daniel W. Stowell, Rebuilding Zion: The Religious Reconstruction of the South, 1863–1877 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 148.
35. “Frederick Douglass’s View,” Harper’s, October 2, 1875, 795.
36. “The Union and the States,” ibid., April 24, 1875, 334.
37. Quoted in Lou Falkner Williams, The Great South Carolina Ku Klux Klan Trials, 1871–1872 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996), 110.
38. First quote in Michael Perman, Emancipation and Reconstruction, 1862–1879 (Arlington Heights, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 1987), 121; second quote in Perman, The Road to Redemption: Southern Politics, 1869–1879 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), 161.
39. All quotes in Edward J. Blum, Reforging the White Republic: Race, Religion, and American Nationalism, 1865–1898 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005), 125–26.
40. Quoted in Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001), 313.
41. Quoted in Michael Les Benedict, “Reform Republicans and the Retreat from Reconstruction,” in The Facts of Reconstruction: Essays in Honor of John Hope Franklin, ed. Eric Anderson and Alfred A. Moss Jr. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991), 76.
42. All quotes in Blum, Reforging the White Republic, 110, 127.
43. Quoted in Richardson, Death of Reconstruction, 99.
44. Quoted in ibid., 142; Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883), http://supreme.justia.com/us/109/3/case.html.
45. First quote in Richardson, Death, 137; Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3, 31.
46. “Decoration-Day,” Harper’s, June 12, 1875, 474.
47. Quoted in Nina Silber, The Romance of Reunion: Northerners and the South, 1865–1900 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Pres
s, 1993), 55; other examples of reconciliation in ibid., 96.
CHAPTER 22: CENTENNIAL
1. For a detailed account of the Hamburg massacre and its aftermath, see Stephen Budiansky, The Bloody Shirt: Terror After the Civil War (New York: Plume, 2009), 225–53. See also Stephen Kantrowitz, Ben Tillman and the Reconstruction of White Supremacy (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000).
2. Testimony of John Fryer, South Carolina in 1876. Testimony as to the Denial of the Elective Franchise in South Carolina at the Elections of 1875 and 1876 Taken Under the Resolution of the Senate of December 5, 1876, Forty-fourth Congress, 2nd Session (Washington: GPO, 1877), 28.
3. A Centennial Fourth of July Democratic Celebration. The Massacre of Six Colored Citizens of the United States at Hamburgh, S.C., on July 4, 1876. Debate in the U.S. House of Representatives, July 15 and 18, 1876, 2, http://www.archive.org/details/centennialfourth01unit.
4. “The Hamburg Butchery,” Harper’s, August 19, 1876, 671; “The ‘Bloody Shirt’ Reformed,” ibid., August 12, 1876, 657.
5. Quoted in New York Times, October 15, 1876.
6. Governor Chamberlain to President Grant, July 22, 1876, “South Carolina in 1876—Hamburgh Massacre,” The Miscellaneous Documents of the Senate of the United States for the Second Session of the Forty-fourth Congress [1876–77] (Washington: GPO, 1877), 6:481; President Grant to Governor Chamberlain, July 26, 1876, “Recent Election in South Carolina,” Index to Reports of Committees of the House of Representatives for the Second Session of the Forty-fourth Congress, 1876–77 (Washington: GPO, 1877): 2:17; first Butler quote in “South Carolina in 1876” 6:493; final Butler quote in Budiansky, Bloody Shirt, 241.
7. Paul D. Escott et al., eds., Major Problems in the History of the American South, vol. 2, The New South, 2nd ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999), 37–38.
8. Rod Andrew Jr., Wade Hampton: Confederate Warrior to Southern Redeemer (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008), 386.
9. “Speech of General Hampton,” Index to the Miscellaneous Documents of the House of Representatives for the First Session of the Forty-fifth Congress (Washington: GPO, 1877), 2:527.
10. First quote in Andrew, Wade Hampton; second quote in W. Scott Poole, Never Surrender: Confederate Memory and Conservatism in the South Carolina Upcountry (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2004), 123; third quote in Andrew, Wade Hampton, 383.
11. All quotes in W. Scott Poole, “Religion, Gender, and the Lost Cause in South Carolina’s 1876 Governor’s Race: ‘Hampton or Hell!’” Journal of Southern History 68 (August 2002): 585, 586, 594, 596.
12. The election of 1876 is covered in Andrew, Wade Hampton, 394–408.
13. These and subsequent biographical details, unless otherwise noted, are from Bruce J. Evensen, God’s Man for the Gilded Age: D. L Moody and the Rise of Modern Mass Evangelism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003).
14. First quote in ibid., 17; remaining quotes in Charles Rosenbury Erdman, D. L. Moody, His Message for Today (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1928), 156.
15. First two quotes in Evensen, God’s Man, 88, 25; New Year’s Eve quote in Kathryn Teresa Long, The Revival of 1857–58: Interpreting a Religious Awakening (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 128; final quote in Evensen, God’s Man, 27.
16. Both quotes in Edward J. Blum, Reforging the White Republic: Race, Religion, and American Nationalism, 1865–1898 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005), 128.
17. All quotes in ibid., 129, 130.
18. All quotes in ibid., 132, 135, 136.
19. Both quotes in ibid., 141.
20. Quoted in Ron Chernow, Titan: The Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. (New York: Random House, 1998), 231.
21. Quoted in Blum, Reforging the White Republic, 143.
22. The following details on the Centennial, unless otherwise noted, come from “The Centennial,” Harper’s, January 1, 1876, 10, and “Our Centennial,” ibid., May 27, 1876, 422.
23. Quoted in Joseph Horowitz, Wagner Nights: An American History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 61.
24. First quote in Dee Brown, The Year of the Century: 1876 (New York: Scribner, 1966), 129; second quote in Charles R. Morris, The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J. P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy (New York: Holt, 2005), 119.
25. William Dean Howells, “A Sennight of the Centennial,” Atlantic Monthly 38 (July 1876): 96.
26. Quoted in Heather Cox Richardson, West from Appomattox: The Reconstruction of America After the Civil War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007), 173.
27. First quote in Howells, “Centennial,” 103; second quote in Daniel E. Sutherland, The Expansion of Everyday Life, 1860–1876 (New York: HarperCollins, 1989), 268.
28. “1776–1876,” Harper’s, July 15, 1876, 570.
29. “Report of Lieutenant-General Sheridan,” Index to the Executive Documents of the House of Representatives for the Third Session of the Forty-fifth Congress, 1878–79, vol. 2, Report of the Secretary of War (Washington: GPO, 1879), 36.
30. First part of quote in Jon E. Lewis, ed., The Mammoth Book of Native Americans: The Story of America’s Original Inhabitants in All its Beauty, Magic, Truth, and Tragedy (New York: Carroll & Graf, 2004), 253; second part in Dorothy M. Johnson, Warrior for a Lost Nation: A Biography of Sitting Bull (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1969), 67.
31. Quoted in Richard G. Athearn, William Tecumseh Sherman and the Settlement of the West (New York: Hewlett Press, 2007), 223.
32. The sources I used, unless otherwise noted, for the Greasy Grass/Little Big Horn battles include Wooden Leg, “A Cheyenne Account of the Battle,” in Thomas B. Marquis, Wooden Leg: A Warrior Who Fought Custer (Minneapolis: Midwest, 1931), 217–21; Iron Hawk, “Killing Custer’s Men,” in John G. Neihardt, Black Elk Speaks (Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, 2008; first published in 1932), 119–25; Joseph M. Marshall III, The Day the World Ended at Little Bighorn (New York: Penguin, 2007).
33. First quote in Colin G. Calloway, ed., Our Hearts Fell to the Ground: Plains Indian Views of How the West Was Lost (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1996), 134; second quote in Stephen E. Ambrose, Crazy Horse and Custer: The Parallel Lives of Two American Warriors (New York: Anchor, 1996), 443.
34. Both quotes in Mike Sajna, Crazy Horse: The Life Behind the Legend (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2000), 282, 292.
35. First quote in Philip Weeks, Farewell, My Nation: The American Indian and the United States, 1820–1890 (Arlington Heights, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 1990), 186; remaining quotes in “A National Disgrace,” Harper’s, August 5, 1876, 631.
36. Quoted in Neihardt, Black Elk Speaks, 105.
37. See Sajna, Crazy Horse, 316–27.
38. Newspapers quoted in ibid., 325; Red Cloud quoted in Robert W. Larson, Red Cloud: Warrior-Statesman of the Lakota Sioux (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997), 263.
39. Nelson A. Miles, “Hunting Large Game,” North American Review 161 (October 1895): 492.
40. Gates quote in James Wilson, The Earth Shall Weep: A History of Native America (New York: Grove Press, 2000), 311; last quote in Francis Paul Prucha, Americanizing the American Indian: Writings by the “Friends of the Indian,” 1880–1900 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973), 268.
41. Richard Henry Pratt, Battlefield and Classroom: An Autobiography, ed. Robert M. Utley (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2003; first published in 1964), xi.
42. Quoted in W. Fitzhugh Brundage, “Meta Warrick’s 1907 ‘Negro Tableaux’ and (Re)Presenting African American Historical Memory,” Journal of American History 89 (March 2003): 1373.
43. Quoted in Robert W. Rydell, All the World’s a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876–1916 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), 34.
44. Andrew Carnegie, Triumphant Democracy; or, Fifty Years’ March of the Republic (Boston: Elibron, 2006; first published in 1888), 1.
45. Quote
d in Mark Wahlgren Summers, The Era of Good Stealings (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 281. For a full discussion of the contested election of 1876, see Summers, chapters 19 and 20, and Roy Morris Jr., Fraud of the Century: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel Tilden and the Stolen Election of 1876 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003).
46. Quoted in Summers, Era of Good Stealings, 283.
47. Quoted in Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 577.
48. Grant quoted in John Y. Simon, ed., The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, vol. 28, November 1, 1876–September 30, 1978 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2005), 116; Godkin quoted in Douglas A. Blackmon, Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black America from the Civil War to World War II (New York: Doubleday, 2008), 87; Adams quoted in Morris, Fraud of the Century, 116.
49. Quoted in Thomas E. Schott, Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia: A Biography (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 504.
50. Livermore quoted in Mary Ashton Rice Livermore, My Story of the War: A Woman’s Narrative of Four Years Personal Experience (Hartford, Conn.: A. D. Worthington, 1890), 7; DuBois quoted in Foner, Reconstruction, 602.
51. See Loren Schweninger, “Black Economic Reconstruction in the South,” in The Facts of Reconstruction: Essays in Honor of John Hope Franklin, ed. Eric Anderson and Alfred A. Moss Jr. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991), 180–87.
52. Blum, Reforging the White Republic, 83.
53. See Steven Hahn, A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003), 321–60.
54. See Bruce E. Baker, What Reconstruction Meant: Historical Memory in the American South (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2007).
55. Daniel S. Henderson, The White Man’s Revolution in South Carolina: Address of Hon. D. S. Henderson. Delivered at the Unveiling of the McKie Merriweather Monument, North Augusta, South Carolina, 16th February, 1916, South Caroliniana Library, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC.
56. Frederick Douglass, “I Denounce the So-Called Emancipation as a Stupendous Fraud,” April 16, 1888, in FD:SSW, 714–15; poem in Nina Silber, The Romance of Reunion: Northerners and the South, 1865–1900 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), 157.
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