Getting Wasted: Why College Students Drink Too Much and Party So Hard
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NOTES
CHAPTER 1
1. The term “Shit Show” may refer to a scene, to a particular night (e.g., “Last night was a total shit show!”), or to one particular person (e.g., “Eric was the shit show last night.”).
2. Seaman 2005.
3. The Amethyst Initiative Statement, 2008, http://www.amethystinitiative.org/statement/. Site accessed on November 1, 2009.
4. MADD 2008. http://www.madd.org/Media-Center/Media-Center/Press-Releases/Press-Releases/2008/Some- University-Presidents-Shirk-Responsibility-to. aspx. Site accessed on November 1, 2009.
5. Carey, Scott-Sheldon, Carey, and DeMartini 2007.
6. Weitzman, Nelson, Lee, and Wechsler 2004.
7. Wechsler and Wuethrich 2002.
8. Wechsler and Wuethrich 2002.
9. Wechsler and Wuethrich 2002.
10. See Fisher, Sloan, Cullen, and Lu 1998; Dowdall 2008.
11. See Fisher, Sloan, Cullen, and Lu 1998; Dowdall 2008.
12. Katz 1988, p. 3.
13. Gilles, Turk, and Fresco 2006.
14. Jones and Pounder 2008, pp. 43-44.
15. Cavan 1966.
16. Becker 1963.
17. Becker 1963, p. 53.
18. A drinking episode is defined as a series of events beginning when an individual or group decides to engage in the consumption of alcohol as a principle activity and ending when the effects of that particular period of alcohol use are no longer felt.
19. Sperber 2000, p. 4.
20. Veblen 2001 (1899).
21. Ernest 1953, p. 204.
22. Ernest 1953.
23. Peril 2006.
24. Peril 2006.
25. Peril 2006, p. 159.
26. Lender and Martin 1987, p. 144.
27. Ernest 1953.
28. Syrett 2009.
29. Sperber 2000, p. 15.
30. Johnson 1963, pp. 143-44.
31. Sperber 2000.
32. Ibid.
33. Sperber 2000, p. 16.
34. Sperber 2000.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. Http://www.princetonreview.com/schoollist.aspx?type=r&id=737. Accessed June 8, 2010.
38. Wechsler, Davenport, Dowdall, Moeykens, and Castillo. 1994. Frequent bingers are those who binged three or more times in the preceding two weeks.
39. Wechsler, Lee, Kuo, Seibring, Nelson, and Lee 2002.
40. Ibid.
41. Wechsler, Dowdall, Davenport, and Castillo 1995, p. 925.
42. It is difficult to accurately measure the number of college students who die due to alcohol intoxication. In a much-publicized set of findings, Hingson, Heeren, Winter, and Wechsler (2005) assert that over sixteen hundred college students died in 2001 of an “alcohol-related” unintentional injury. This number was extrapolated from the merging of several sources of data and, while their research methods are systematic, their figures are only estimates and not documented alcohol fatalities.
43. Ibid.
44. Bacon 1943, p. 420.
45. Bacon 1943, p. 445.
46. Data on college enrollment trends were drawn from the National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences. Http://nces.ed.gov. Accessed November 4, 2009.
47. Sixty-eight percent of the surveys were collected at “Midwestern State” (the large, public university in the American Midwest), 20 percent were collected at “Southeastern State” (a public university with a substantial commuter population), and 12 percent were gathered at “Northern College” (a small, private college). Nineteen of the twenty-five interviews were conducted at “Midwestern State,” and all of the field observations were gathered there as well. This heavy focus on “Midwestern State” was largely due to my access to that particular student population. Furthermore, “Midwestern State” is an institution with a reputation for being a “party school.” Since the current study is focused on “heavy-drinking” cultures, “Midwestern State” is an appropriate site for data collection.
48. Respondents were recruited in introductory sociology, psychology, and criminal justice courses to complete surveys. Those surveyed and interviewed were asked to provide basic demographic information—age, sex, academic class year, socioeconomic status, past alcohol use, and recent alcohol use—and to write a true anecdote or story about the most recent time they used alcohol to the point of intoxication. Questions to help guide these anecdotes were provided. The respondents were encouraged, however, to elaborate in order to ensure a free-flowing factual story of the last time they drank to intoxication. Asking respondents to write an in-class report about “the most recent time” that alcohol was used to the point of intoxication helped to randomize drinking-experience responses. This approach avoided having informants recount stories relating to the “best time,” “worst time,” or “drunkest time” they had encountered while intoxicated. See the Methodological Appendix for sample details.
CHAPTER 2
1. All informant names are pseudonyms.
2. Charon 2007.
3. In this sample, “Day of the Week” was the most common reason given for drinking,
4. Gerdy 2006, p. 61.
5. Wechsler and Wuetrich 2002.
6. Linn 2005.
7. Linn 2005, p. 7.
8. Linn 2005, p. 7.
9. Wechsler and Wuethrich 2002.
10. Nearly 10 percent of the sample mentioned the birthday of the informant or the birthday of one of the informant’s codrinkers as a reason to get intoxicated on this occasion.
11. Valdez and Kaplan 2007, p. 894.
12. Katz 1988, p. 4.
13. The reader should notice that she played Spin the Bottle (a kissing game) after she vomited.
14. Less than 3 percent of all respondents made a direct comment attributing their drinking to peer pressure.
15. Peril 2006.
16. Midwestern State and Northern College students called it “pregaming.” Southeast State students referred to this activity as “predrinking.”
17. Borsari 2004.
18. Though I have no corroborating data on this, several informants told me that “Beirut” is the style of Beer Pong that is played almost exclusively at Midwestern State. When Northern College and Southeast State students refer to Beer Pong, I am not certain about which of the many variations of the game they played. Like their college-age brothers and sisters around the nation, Midwestern State students rarely play Beer Pong (Beirut) on a “real” Ping Pong table. Game tables can be any flat service. A typical Beirut table is actually a closet door taken off its hinges.
19. Borsari 2004.
CHAPTER 3
1. Arnett 2000.
2. Ibid.
3. Charon 2007. Also see Vryan, Adler, and Adler (2003) for a fuller discussion of the ways in which identities emerge in and influence social interaction.
4. Weigert and Gecas 2003, p. 280.
5. Weigert and Gecas 2003, p. 272.
6. Denzin 1987, p. 144.
7. Goffman 1967, p. 44.
8. Dennis is referring to hip hop artist and producer Kanye West’s much-publicized interruption of pop star Taylor Swift’s acceptance speech for a music award. West was roundly criticized for the perceived disrespectfulness of his behavior. And, since West is black and Swift is white, the media debate involved racial overtones.
9. Martin 2008.
10. Bogle 2008, p. 167.
11. Bogle 2008.
12. Meilman 1993.
13. See Dowdall (2008) for a discussion of the relationship between college drinking and nonconsensual sex.
14. Krebs, Lindquist, Warner, Fisher, and Martin 2009, p. 639.
15. It should be noted that coding revealed only heterosexual relations or heterosexual sex-seeking behavior. It is likely that respondents who experienced connections between homosexual relations and alcohol were unwilling to share this information with the researchers.
16. Bogle 2008, p. 167.
17. Bogle 2
008.
18. Erving Goffman referred to impression management as the strategies that we use to control others’ regard for us. “Saving face” is an attempt to repair situations that suggest to others that we have behaved in ways that are inconsistent with the identities that we claim for ourselves. Katie describes alcohol as a way to inform an audience that a particular behavioral indiscretion does not represent one’s essence. That is, “It wasn’t me, it was the alcohol.” See Goffman 1967.
19. Glenn 2003.
20. Glenn 2003, p. 22.
21. Glenn 2003, p. 19.
22. See Delaney (2008) for a discussion of a variety of ways in which college codrinkers make a sport out of “messing” with passed-out drunks. Delaney calls these events “drunk shamings.”
23. Glenn 2003, p. 19.
24. “Texts from Last Night.” See http://www.textsfromlastnight.com/.
25. See http://www.textsfromlastnight.com/. Accessed January 6, 2010.
26. Glenn 2003, p. 18.
27. Glenn 2003, p. 18.
28. Berger 1963, p. 45.
29. Arnett 2005.
CHAPTER 4
1. Seaman 2005, p. 110.
2. This definition of drunk support is adapted from Lin’s (1986) definition of social support. While drunk support is generally given from one codrinker to another, it could also be given by a nondrinker to a drinker.
3. See Robbers 2004; Thoits 1995.
4. Cullen 1994.
5. Thoits 1995.
6. Adams, Berzonsky, and Keating 2006.
7. Becker 1964, p. 15.
8. Pascarelli and Terenzini 1991.
9. Nelson 2010.
10. Rutherford 2009.
11. Rutherford 2009. See also Chudacoff (2007) and Lareau (2003).
12. See Rutherford 2009, p. 17.
13. One would think that drunk driving and its potential consequences would reveal themselves as common drinking crises. Drunk driving, however, was rarely mentioned in the data, especially at Midwestern State University, where the majority of the data were collected. Midwestern State is located in a traditional college town where bars, student housing, and a commercial district are all within easy walking distance of one another. Thus, driving under the influence appears to be a relatively rare occurrence there.
14. Seaman 2005, p. 111.
15. Elias 1978.
16. Weinberg and Williams 2005.
17. Strazdins and Broom 2004.
18. Johnson 2009.
19. Wechsler and Wuethrich 2002.
20. Wechsler, Moeykens, and Dejong 2009.
21. See Wechsler and Wuethrich 2002, p. 216.
22. Reynolds 2003.
23. Dowdall 2008.
24. Wechsler and Wuethrich 2002.
25. Ibid., p. 180.
26. See Kimmel (2009) for a nuanced discussion of masculine displays.
27. Goffman 1967, p. 217.
28. Dowdall 2008.
29. Sanday 2007, p. 124.
30. Fisher, Daigle, and Cullen 2010.
31. See Fisher, Daigle, and Cullen 2010.
32. Cock blocking is generally performed to protect women from unwanted or potentially unsafe encounters. There was one instance in the data, however, of a male respondent reporting that he had discouraged a male friend from hooking up because he suspected that the woman in question had a sexually transmittable disease.
CHAPTER 5
1. Becker 1963, p. 56.
2. Arnett 2000, p. 475.
3. Vik, Cellucci, and Ivers 2003.
4. See Campbell and Demb 2008.
5. Cheever 1991.
6. Denzin 1987, p. 94.
7. Hamill 1994, p. 240.
8. Mallett, Lee, Neighbors, Larimer, and Turrisi 2006.
9. See Zamboanga 2006.
10. A Beautiful Mind 2001.
11. See http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Krebs_cycle.aspx. Accessed July 14, 2010.
12. Martin 2008.
13. Swift and Davidson 1998, p. 55.
14. See http://www.the-hangover-cure.com/about.html. Accessed November 14, 2009.
15. Suddath 2009.
16. Sykes and Matza 1957.
17. Would Carmen judge herself so harshly if she were a man? Though gender-specific social norms about sexual promiscuity (“casual, no-strings-attached sex”) have changed some over time, women continue to be held to a higher standard.
18. Roese, Epstude, Fessel, Morrison, Smallman, Summerville, Galinsky, and Segerstrom 2009.
19. Cameron 2009.
20. See Carroll, Shepperd, Sweeny, Carlson, and Benigno 2007.
21. See Perkins 2002.
22. Weinberg 1994.
23. Denzin 1987, p. 125.
24. Weinberg and Williams 2005, p. 316.
25. Scheff 2000, pp. 96-97.
26. Katz 1999, p. 161.
27. Bogle 2008, p. 105.
28. Scott and Lyman 1968, p. 45.
29. Scott and Lyman 1968, p. 47.
30. Shibutani 1961, pp. 434-35.
CHAPTER 6
1. Wechsler and Wuetrich 2002, p. 21.
2. Huang, DeJong, Towvim, and Schneider 2008.
3. Ellison, Bradshaw, Rote, Storch, and Trevino 2008, p. 823.
4. Huang, DeJong, Towvim, and Schneider 2008.
5. Http://www.sadd.org/mission.htm. Accessed December 8, 2009.
6. Cole-Cleveland 2004.
7. Haenfler 2004.
8. Fulton 1998, p. 1.
9. Ford 2007.
10. Bernards, Graham, Kuendig, Hettige, and Obot 2009.
11. Huang, DeJong, Towvim, and Schneider 2008.
12. See Quick Hits: Sex in the News 2010.
13. See Maume, Ousey, and Beaver 2005; Warr 1998; Sampson and Laub 1993.
14. Warr 1998.
15. Denzin 1987, p. 162.
16. Gusfield 1996.
17. Thomas 1923.
18. See “Alcohol: Problems and Solutions.” Http://www2.potsdam.edu/hansondj/healthissues/20060414152217.html. Accessed December 15, 2009.
19. Dowdall 2008, p. 140.
20. Carey, Scott-Sheldon, Carey, and DeMartini 2007.
21. Dowdall 2008.
22. Dowdall 2008.
23. Marlatt 1998.
24. Marlatt 1998.
25. See Rocky Mountain Center for Health Education and Promotion 2001.
26. Graham, Tatterson, Roberts, and Johnston 2004, p. 72.
27. Burn 2009, p. 780.
28. See Burn 2009.
29. Moynihan and Banyard 2008.
30. Carlson 2008.
31. Johnson 2009, p. 17.
METHODOLOGICAL APPENDIX
1. Marklein 2007.
2. See Glaser and Straus 1967 and Strauss and Corbin 1998.
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