The Reformer

by Stephen F. Williams

  11.Pierre Landry, “The Institutional Diffusion of Courts in China: Evidence from Survey Data,” in Ginsburg and Moustafa, Rule by Law, 207–8. The data supplied here do not answer the question about the duration of the associated stability, in either democracies or authoritarian systems.

  12.The Federalist, No. 78.

  13.Matthew Stephenson, “‘When the Devil Turns . . . .’: The Political Foundations of Independent Judicial Review,” Journal of Legal Studies 32 (2003) (considering feasibility of an independent judiciary in the absence of political constraints on the executive). This is not to preclude the possibility of polities where (for a time) the rule of law is strong but civil society is weak, as is widely considered true of Singapore.

  14.Neysun Mahboubi, “Suing the Government in China,” in Democratization in China, Korea, and Southeast Asia?: Local and National Perspectives, eds. Kate Xiao Zhou, Shelly Rigger, and Lynn T. White III (New York: Routledge, 2014), 141–55.

  15.See, e.g., He Weifang, In the Name of Justice: Striving for the Rule of Law in China (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2012), 71–72 (celebrating congressional debate in the United States).

  16.Alexis de Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the Revolution, ed. François Furet and Françoise Mélonio, trans. Alan S. Kahan, vol. 1 [The Complete Text] (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 243.

  17.“Article 1 Being loyal and resolute. A judge shall give priority to the cause of the Party, the interests of the people, and the supremacy of the Constitution and the law, be consistent with the CPC Central Committee in respect of ideology and behaviors, and shall not say any word or commit any conduct in violation of the basic policy of the Party and the state and the socialist judicial system.” Notice of the Supreme People’s Court on Issuing the Code of conduct for Judges (2010 Revision). Translated by the ChinaLawInfo, a database managed by the Peking University Law School.

  18.Shmuel Galai, The Liberation Movement in Russia, 1900–1905 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973), 242–43; V. A. Maklakov, Vlast i obshchestvennost na zakate staroi Rossii (Vospominaniia sovremenika) [State and society in the twilight of old Russia (Recollections of a contemporary)] (Paris: Izdanie zhurnala “Illustrirovanaia Rossiia,” 1936), 355–60.

  19.See Eva Pils, “Charter 08 and Violent Resistance: The Dark Side of the Chinese Weiquan Movement,” in Jean-Philippe Béja, Fu Hualing, and Eva Pils, Liu Xiaobo, Charter 08, and the Challenges of Political Reform in China (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2012), 229–49 (noting division of protester community between those hewing closely to nonviolent methods and those embracing violence).

  20.D. C. B. Lieven, “The Security Police, Civil Rights, and the Fate of the Russian Empire, 1855–1917,” in Civil Rights in Imperial Russia, eds. Olga Crisp and Linda Edmondson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989) 258–61.

  Selected Bibliography

  Frequently cited works are listed separately by both their Russian and translated titles.

  Abraham, Richard. Alexander Kerensky: The First Love of the Revolution. New York: Columbia University Press, 1987.

  Acemoglu, Daron, and James A. Robinson. Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty. New York: Crown, 2012.

  Adamovich, Georgii. Vasilii Alekseevich Maklakov: Politik, Iurist, Chelovek [Vasily Alekseevich Maklakov: Politician, jurist, human being]. Paris: Friends of Maklakov, 1959.

  Aldanov, Mark. “P. N. Durnovo—Prophet of War and Revolution.” Russian Review 2, no. 1 (Autumn 1942), 31–45.

  Aronov, Dmitrii Vladimirovich. Pervyi spiker [First speaker]. Moscow: Iurist, 2006.

  Ascher, Abraham. P. A. Stolypin: The Search for Stability in Late Imperial Russia. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001.

  ———. The Revolution of 1905: Authority Restored. 2 vols. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992.

  Assa, Natasha. “How Arbitrary Was Tsarist Administrative Justice? The Case of the Zemstvos Petitions to the Imperial Ruling Senate, 1866–1916.” Law and History Review 24, no. 1 (Spring 2006), 1–43.

  Avrekh, A. Ia. P. A. Stolypin i sudby reform v Rossii [Stolypin and the fate of reform in Russia]. Moscow: Izdatelstvo politicheskoi literatury, 1991.

  ———. Raspad treteiiunskoi sistemy [The Fall of the June 3 System]. Moscow: Nauka, 1985.

  ———. Stolypin i Tretia Duma [Stolypin and the Third Duma]. Moscow: Nauka, 1968.

  ———. Tsarizm i IV Duma, 1912–1914 gg. [Tsarism and the Fourth Duma, 1912–1914]. Moscow: Nauka, 1981.

  Bakhmetev-Maklakov Correspondence. See Abbreviations.

  Balzer, Harley D., ed. Russia’s Missing Middle Class: The Professions in Russian History. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1996.

  Berman, Harold. “The Rule of Law and the Law-Based State (Rechtsstaat).” In Toward the “Rule of Law” in Russia? Political and Legal Reform in the Transition Period, edited by Donald D. Barry, 43–60. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1992.

  Bhat, Girish N. “The Moralization of Guilt in Late Imperial Russian Trial by Jury: The Early Reform Era.” Law and History Review 15, no. 1 (Spring 1997), 77–113.

  Bradley, Joseph. “Subjects into Citizens: Societies, Civil Society and Autocracy in Tsarist Russia.” American Historical Review 107, no. 4 (October 2002), 1094–1123.

  ———. Voluntary Associations in Tsarist Russia: Science, Patriotism and Civil Society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009.

  Budnitskii, Oleg V. “Netipichnyi Maklakov” [Atypical Maklakov]. Otechestvennaia Istoriia no. 3 (1999), 17–22.

  ———, ed. “The Russian Ambassador in Paris on the Whites and the Jews.” Jews in Eastern Europe no. 3(28) (1995), 53–66.

  ———. Russian Jews between the Reds and the Whites, 1917–1920. Translated by Timothy J. Portice. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.

  ———. “V. A. Maklakov i evreiskoi vopros” [V. A. Maklakov and the Jewish question]. Vestnik Evreiskogo universiteta [Bulletin of the Jewish University] no. 1(19) (1999), 42–94.

  Burbank, Jane. “Legal Culture, Citizenship, and Peasant Jurisprudence: Perspectives from the Early Twentieth Century.” In Solomon, Reforming Justice in Russia, 1864–1894.

  ———. Russian Peasants Go to Court: Legal Culture in the Countryside, 1905–1917. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2004.

  Burtsev, V. L. “Arest pri tsare i arest pri Lenine” [Arrest under the tsar and arrest under Lenin]. Novyi Zhurnal no. 69 (1962), 170–207.

  Chamberlain, William Henry. “The Short Life of Russian Liberalism.” Russian Review 26, no. 2 (April 1967), 144–52.

  Chugaev, D. A., et al., eds. Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Rossii v avguste 1917 g.: Razgrom Kornilovskogo miatezha. Moscow: Izdaletsvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1959.

  ———. Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Rossii v iiule 1917 g.; iiulskii crizis. Moscow: Izdatelstvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1959.

  ———. Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Rossii v mae-iiune 1917 g.: iiunskaia demonstratsia. Moscow: Izdatelstvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1959.

  Churchill, Winston S. Great Contemporaries. London: Thornton Butterworth, 1937.

  Clowes, Edith W., Samuel D. Kassow, and James L. West, eds. Between Tsar and People: Educated Society and the Quest for Public Identity in Late Imperial Russia. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991.

  Crisp, Olga. “The Russian Liberals and the 1906 Anglo-French Loan to Russia.” Slavonic and East European Review 39, no. 93 (June 1961), 497–511.

  Crisp, Olga, and Linda Edmondson, eds. Civil Rights in Imperial Russia. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989.

  Czap, Peter, Jr. “Peasant Class Courts and Peasant Customary Justice in Russia, 1861–1912.” Journal of Social History 1, no. 2 (Winter 1967), 149–78.

  Daly, Jonathan W. “On the Significance of Emergency Legislation in Late Imperial Russia.” Slavic Review 54 (Autumn 1995), 602–629.

  ———. “Political Crime in Late Imperial Russia.” Journal of Modern History 74, no. 1 (March
2002), 62–100.

  ———. The Watchful State. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2004.

  Davies, David Arwyn. V. A. Maklakov and the Problem of Russia’s Westernization. PhD thesis, University of Washington, 1967.

  Davies, R. W. From Tsarism to the New Economic Policy. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991.

  Dedkov, N. I. Konservativnyi liberalizm Vasiliia Maklakova. Moscow: Seriia “AIRO-XX—Pervaia Monografiia,” 2005.

  Delo Beilisa, Stenograficheskii otchet [The Beilis affair, Stenographic record]. Kiev: Pechatniia S. P. Iakovleva 1913. Available at http://ldn-knigi.lib.ru/JUDAICA/StenBeil/Beilis_Steno.htm.

  Denikin, Anton Ivanovich. Ocherki russkoi smuty [Notes on the Russian chaos]. Moscow, 1991; reprint of the same, published in Paris in 1922.

  Dolgorukov, Pavel D. Velikaia razrukha: Vospominaniia osnovatelia partii kadetov, 1916–1926 [Great devastation: Memoirs of founder of the party of Constitutional Democrats, 1916–1926]. Moscow: Tsentrpoligraf, 2007.

  Dowler, Wayne. Russia in 1913. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2012.

  Dumova, N. G. Kadetskaia partiia v period pervoi mirovoi voiny i Fevralskoi revoliutsii [The Kadet party in the period of the First World War and the February Revolution]. Moscow: Nauka, 1988.

  Dyakin, V. S. Burzhuaziya, dvorianstvo i tsarizm v 1911–1914 gg.: Razlozhenie tretei-unskoi sistemy [The Bourgeoisie, the nobility and tsarism in 1911–1914: The Break-up of the June 3 system]. Leningrad: Nauka, 1988.

  Edelman, Robert. Proletarian Peasants: The Revolution of 1905 in Russia’s Southwest. Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell University Press, 1987.

  Efimovskii, Evgenii. “Odin iz Mogikan: Pamiati V. A. Maklakova” [One of the Mohicans: Memories of V. A. Maklakov]. Vozrozhdenie [Revival] 68 (1957), 119–24.

  Emmons, Terence. “The Beseda Circle, 1899–1905.” Slavic Review 32 (September 1973), 461–90.

  ———. The Formation of Political Parties and the First National Elections in Russia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983.

  ———. “The Zemstvo in Historical Perspective.” In Emmons and Vucinich, The Zemstvo in Russia, 423–46.

  Emmons, Terence, and Wayne S. Vucinich, eds. The Zemstvo in Russia: An Experiment in Local Self-Government. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1982.

  Enticott, Peter. The Russian Liberals and the Revolution of 1905. London and New York: Routledge, 2016.

  Ferenczi, Caspar. “Freedom of the Press under the Old Regime.” In Crisp and Edmondson, Civil Rights in Imperial Russia, 191–214.

  Figes, Orlando, and Boris Kolonitskii. Interpreting the Russian Revolution: The Language and Symbols of 1917. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1999.

  Fischer, George. Russian Liberalism: From Gentry to Intelligentsia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1958.

  Fitzpatrick, Sheila. Stalin’s Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994.

  Fleischhauer, Ingeborg. “The Agrarian Program of the Russian Constitutional Democrats.” Cahiers du Monde russe et soviétique [Notes on the Russian and Soviet world] 20, no. 2 (1979), 173–201.

  Florinsky, Michael T. The End of the Russian Empire. New York: Collier Books, 1961.

  Frierson, Catherine. “Rural Justice in Public Opinion: The Volost’ Court Debate, 1861–1912.” Slavonic and East European Review 64, no. 4 (1986), 526–45.

  Fuller, Lon L. The Morality of Law. Rev. ed. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1977.

  Fuller, William C., Jr. “Civilians in Military Courts, 1881–1904.” Russian Review 41, no. 3 (July 1982), 288–305.

  ———. Civil-Military Conflict in Imperial Russia, 1881–1914. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985.

  ———. The Foe Within: Fantasies of Treason and the End of Imperial Russia. Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell University Press, 2006.

  Gaida, F. A. Liberalnaia oppozitsiia na putiakh k vlasti (1914–vesna 1917 g.) [The liberal opposition on the road to power (1914–Spring 1917)]. Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2003.

  Galai, Shmuel. “The Impact of the Vyborg Manifesto on the Fortunes of the Kadet Party.” Revolutionary Russia 20, no. 2 (December 2007), 197–224.

  ———. “The Jewish Question as a Russian Problem: The Debates in the First State Duma.” Revolutionary Russia 17, no. 1 (June 2004), 131–67.

  ———. “Kadet Domination of the First Duma and Its Limits.” In Smele and Heywood, The Russian Revolution of 1905, 196–217.

  ———. “The Kadet Quest for the Masses.” In McKean, New Perspectives in Modern Russian History, 80–98.

  ———. “The Kadets in the Second Duma.” Revolutionary Russia 23, no. 1 (June 2010), 1–28.

  ———. “Konstitutsionalisty-demokraty i ikh kritiki” [The Constitutional Democrats and their critics]. Voprosy istorii no. 12 (1991), 3–13.

  ———. The Liberation Movement in Russia, 1900–1905. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.

  ———. “The True Nature of Octobrism.” Kritika n.s. 5, no. 1 (Winter 2004), 137–47.

  Galili, Ziva. The Menshevik Leaders in the Russian Revolution: Social Realities and Political Strategies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989.

  GARF. See Abbreviations.

  Gatrell, Pater. Russia’s First World War: A Social and Economic History. Harlow, Eng.: Pearson Longman, 2005.

  ———. A Whole Empire Walking: Refugees in Russia during World War I. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999.

  Gatrell, Peter, and Mark Harrison. “The Russian and Soviet Economies in the Two World Wars: A Comparative View.” Economic History Review 46, no. 3 (1993), 425–52.

  Gaudin, Corrine. Ruling Peasants: Village and State in Late Imperial Russia. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2007.

  GDSO. See Abbreviations.

  Geifman, Anna. Thou Shalt Kill: Revolutionary Terrorism in Russia. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993.

  Gessen, Iosif (I. V.). V Dvukh vekakh: Zhiznennyi otchet [In two centuries: A life’s account]. Arkhiv Russkoi Revoliutsii 22 (1937). Berlin: Speer and Schmidt.

  GIM. See Abbreviations.

  Ginsburg, Tom, and Tamir Moustafa, eds. Rule By Law: The Politics of Courts in Authoritarian Regimes. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

  Gleason, William. “Alexander Guchkov and the End of the Russian Empire.” Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 73, part 3 (1983). Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.

  Goldenbeizer, A. A. “Vospominaniia o V. A. Maklakove.” Novoe Russkoe Slovo [New Russian word], July 28, 1957, 2.

  Goldman, L. I. Politicheskie protsessy v Rossii, 1901–1917 [Political trials in Russia, 1901–1917]. Moscow: [Publishing House of the All-Union Society of Political Prisoners and Exiles], 1932.

  Gregory, Paul. Before Command. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994.

  Greif, Avner. Institutions and the Path to the Modern Economy: Lessons from Medieval Trade. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

  Gruzenberg, O. O. Yesterday: Memoirs of a Russian Jewish Lawyer. Translated by D. Rawson and T. Tipton. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981.

  Guchkov, Alexander. “Iz Vospominanii.” Poslednie Novesti, nos. 5647 and 5651, September 9 and 13, 1936.

  Haimson, Leopold, ed. The Politics of Rural Russia, 1905–1914. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1979.

  ———. “‘The Problem of Political and Social Stability in Urban Russia on the Eve of War and Revolution’ Revisited.” Slavic Review 59, no. 4 (Winter 2000), 848–75.

  ———. “The Problem of Social Stability in Urban Russia, 1905–17.” Slavic Review 23 (1964), 619–42, and 24 (1965), 1–22.

  Hamm, Michael F. “Liberalism and the Jewish Question: The Progressive Bloc.” Russian Review 31, no. 2 (April 1972).

  Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi. “The Duma Committee, the Provisional Government, and the B
irth of ‘Triple Power’ in the February Revolution.” In A Companion to the Russian Revolution, edited by Daniel Orlovsky. Chichester, UK, and Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, forthcoming 2018.

  ———. The February Revolution: Petrograd, 1917. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1981.

  ———. “The Problem of Power in the February Revolution in Russia.” Canadian Slavonic Papers 14, no. 4 (1972), 622–32.

  Hassell, James E. Russian Refugees in France and the United States between the World Wars. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1991.

  Heretz, Leonid. Russia on the Eve of Modernity: Popular Religion and Traditional Culture under the Last Tsars. New Studies in European History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

  Heywood, Anthony. “Socialists, Liberals and the Union of Unions in Kyiv during the 1905 Revolution: An Engineer’s Perspective.” In Smele and Heywood, The Russian Revolution of 1905, 177–95.

  Hickey, Michael C. “Discourses of Public Identity and Liberalism in the February Revolution: Smolensk, Spring 1917.” Russian Review 55, no. 4 (October 1996), 615–37.

  Holquist, Peter. “Violent Russia, Deadly Marxism? Russia in the Epoch of Violence, 1905–21.” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History n.s. 4, no. 3 (Summer 2003), 627–52.

  Hoover. See Abbreviations.

  Hosking, Geoffrey A. “P. A. Stolypin and the Octobrist Party.” Slavonic and East European Review 47, no. 108 (January 1969), 137–60.

  ———. Russia: People and the Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997.

  ———. The Russian Constitutional Experiment: Government and Duma, 1907–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.

  Johnston, Robert Harold. “The Great Patriotic War and the Russian Exiles in France.” Russian Review 35, no. 3 (July 1976), 303–321.

  ———. New Mecca, New Babylon: Paris and the Russian Exiles, 1920–1945. Kingston, Canada: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1988.