The Third Reich
Page 82
Braun, Eva, 154, 558–59, 562–64
Braunau, 398
Brecht, Bertolt, 134, 293
Bredow, Ferdinand von, 283, 288
Breker, Arno, 295
Britain, see Great Britain
Brown House, 132, 148, 283, 284
Brown Shirts, see Storm Troopers
Bruckmann, Elsa, 45, 46
Brüning, Heinrich, 108–9, 118, 123, 124, 126, 131, 155, 157, 158, 205, 317
austerity program of, 119, 121, 130–31, 157, 172, 299
elections of 1932 and, 141, 142, 144, 145, 148, 150
Hindenburg’s dismissal of, 158
Nazis and, 157
Buchenwald, 321, 554, 555
Bückeberg, 316
Bühler, Josef, 504, 506
Bullock, Alan, 54
Bund Oberland, 52
Burgdorf, Wilhelm, 559
Bürgerbräukeller, 77–79, 455–56
Busse, Theodor, 559
BVP (Bavarian People’s Party), 262, 264
Canaris, Wilhelm, 404, 453, 536, 537, 540
cancer, 341
capitalism, 31, 85, 88, 111, 113, 121, 169, 192, 197, 230, 236, 268, 463
Carlyle, Thomas, 557
cars, 311
Casablanca Conference, 513
Catacombs cabaret, 330
Catherine the Great, 557
Catholics, Catholic Church, 122–23, 169, 171, 173, 258, 262–64, 323–27, 349, 400, 533
alleged sex scandals in, 324, 326
Catholic Action, 283–84
Concordat with papacy, 263–64, 323, 325
Goebbels and, 324, 326, 329
Himmler and, 323, 324, 329
Schönerer’s campaign against, 9
Zentrum, see Zentrum
Caucasus, 514–16
Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 45
Chamberlain, Neville, 406–8, 411–16, 421, 425, 433, 434, 440, 457
Munich Agreement, 414–17, 420
charities, 275, 312
Chelmno, 508
China, 379
Christianity, 122–23, 254, 303, 323, 324, 329, 400
Catholics, see Catholics, Catholic Church
Church Law and, 327
German Christians, 262–63, 323, 327, 328
Hitler and, 232, 263, 325–26, 329
Hitler Youth and, 303, 324–25
Protestants, 118, 169, 173, 262, 263, 323, 327–28, 533
Reich Church, 263, 327, 328
Churchill, Winston, 424, 462–64, 466, 469, 477, 501, 513, 544, 549
Church Law, 327
Chvalkovsky, Frantisek, 422
civil service, 130, 308
Civil Service Law, 257, 292–93
Aryan Paragraph in, 257, 263, 298, 327, 328, 337, 338, 347
Clemenceau, Georges, 32
Colonial Society, 17
Comintern, pact against, 381, 386
Communists, Communism, 85, 86, 88, 91, 92, 94, 104, 109, 111, 121, 122, 124–26, 134, 138, 149, 162, 167, 169, 170, 171, 175, 180–82, 185, 191–93, 197, 203, 213, 230, 232–34, 238, 242, 247, 254, 328, 527, 532, 537
anti-Semitism and, 167
in Berlin, 532–33
Berlin strike and, 187, 192
Boxheim Documents and, 136
in elections of 1932, 144, 168
and German attack on Soviet Union, 469, 471, 473
Gestapo and, 532–33
Hindenburg’s decree suppressing, 234
Karl Liebknecht House headquarters raided, 240, 245–46
KPD, 122, 125, 149, 170, 171, 242, 247, 254
Nazi government’s suppression and imprisonment of, 234, 235, 237, 240, 247, 251, 253, 254–55, 258, 261
Red Front, 88, 124, 125, 152, 155, 160, 161, 163
Reichstag fire and, 241–45
Storm Troopers and, 240, 254–55
strike protesting Hitler’s chancellorship, 234
concentration camps, 253, 268–69, 320–21, 328, 329, 399, 400, 493, 508, 553–55
Aktion Reinhard, 508, 522
Allied troops’ discovery of, 554–55
Auschwitz, 492–93, 522–57, 553, 554
Belzec, 492, 493, 506–8
Birkenau, 523, 527
Boxheim Documents and, 136
Dachau, 253, 269, 320, 365, 456, 533, 554, 555
evacuation of, 553–54
Himmler and, 320, 321, 526, 553–54
Mauthausen, 321, 399
Nuremberg Laws and, 354
Ravensbrück, 321, 511
Sachsenhausen, 321, 456, 523
SA’s makeshift prisons, 246, 247, 261, 266–69
SS direction of, 320
of SS men in Stettin, 275
Theresienstadt, 506, 524
Treblinka, 508, 524, 527
Confessing Church, 328
Conservatives, 17, 48, 71, 73, 74, 80, 100–101, 109, 120, 162, 164, 167, 168, 204, 213–15, 219, 220, 229, 248, 275, 278
DNVP, 106, 107, 109, 120, 123, 134, 135, 139, 144, 157–59, 161, 185, 186, 191, 198, 204, 538
Conti, Leonardo, 346
Coulondre, Robert, 433–34
Councils Republic, 25–26
Crete, 476
culture, 291–97
art, see art
in Berlin, 292
books, see books
“cultural Bolshevism,” 292, 295, 296
exodus of Jewish artists, musicians and writers, 293–94
Goebbels and, 293, 294, 296–97, 301
morality and, 292, 295
motion picture industry, 293
music, 133, 293, 297
of Weimar era, 133–34, 292, 294
Volk and, 297
writers, 293–94, 299
Czechoslovakia, 359, 372, 378, 387, 388, 395, 396, 400, 422
German annexation of Sudetenland, 315, 401–16, 420, 421, 423, 424, 535, 536
German invasion of, 420–27, 425–27, 429, 440, 446
Heydrich assassination and, 511
Munich Agreement and, 414–17, 420
Dachau, 253, 269, 320, 365, 456, 533, 554, 555
Dahlerus, Birger, 436–37
Daladier, Edouard, 406, 407, 412–15, 440, 457
dance, 294
Danzig, 33, 424, 425, 429, 433, 435, 436, 438, 439, 442, 447
DAP (German Workers’ Party), 30–32, 35–36, 40, 43–44
Hitler and, 31–32, 35–37
Dawes, Charles, 70
Dawes Plan, 70–71, 74, 99, 107
DDP (Democratic Party), 73, 134, 167–68, 213
Delmer, Sefton, 153, 241, 244
Denmark, 457
denunciations, 319, 355
Depression, Great, 74, 99–101, 103, 106, 107, 110, 119, 129, 174, 204, 225, 232, 299, 368, 401
Diels, Rudolf, 235, 241–42, 245, 246, 267
SA prisons and, 267–69
Dietrich, Otto, 145, 282, 489, 518
Dietrich, Sepp, 281–82
Dimitrov, Georgi, 245–46
disarmament conference, 272–73, 370–71, 373
Dnieper River, 470
DNVP (German National People’s Party), 106, 107, 109, 120, 123, 134, 135, 139, 144, 157–59, 161, 185, 186, 191, 198, 204, 538
doctors, 257–58, 341–43, 357
Dodd, Martha, 321
Dollfuss, Engelbert, 373
Dönitz, Karl, 557, 565–66
Dresden, 548, 550
Drexler, Anton, 30, 31, 35, 38, 40, 42, 63
Duesterberg, Theodor, 135, 144, 149, 221, 222
Dunkirk, 458–59
Düsseldorf Industrial Club, 138
DVFP (German Völkisch Freedom Party), 69, 72, 76, 80–81
NSDAP alliance with, 72–73, 75, 82
DVP (German People’s Party), 107, 139, 159, 161, 185, 191, 198, 213
Eaker, Ira, 513
Eastern Aid program, 205–6
Eberswalde, 165–66
Ebert, Friedrich, 22, 79, 80
Eckart, Dietrich, 40–41, 43
education and s
chools:
Jewish students, 258, 367–68
racial studies in, 342–43
religious instruction in, 326
universities, 297–302, 533
Eichmann, Adolf, 358, 360, 504, 523
Eicke, Theodor, 285, 320
Einsatzgruppen, 442–46, 480–81, 483, 485, 488, 489, 527
Einstein, Albert, 178, 293, 298
Eisenhower, Dwight, 549, 562, 566
Eisner, Kurt, 25
Elser, Georg, 455–56
Enabling Act, 231, 254–55, 258, 262, 263, 266, 289, 291
England, see Great Britain
Epp, Franz Ritter von, 71–72, 249, 284
Erzberger, Matthias, 16, 49
Essen, 521
Esser, Hermann, 41–42, 44, 57, 69, 72, 74, 83, 89
Eternal Jew, The, 358–59
Ethnic German Self-Defense Militia, 443
eugenics, 336, 338, 341, 342, 347
euthanasia in, 336, 345–46, 486, 492, 533
gas vans in, 346, 486
“life unworthy of life” and, 345
sterilization in, 336, 338–40, 343–46
euthanasia, 336, 345–46, 486, 492, 533
Evian-les-Bains conference, 360–61
Fallada, Hans, 294
family, 306, 308
Fascism, 121, 386, 434, 528, 534
Fatherland Party, 17
Faulhaber, Michael Cardinal von, 325
Feder, Gottfried, 28, 29, 31, 60, 85, 137
feeble-mindedness, 339
Feldherrnhalle, 61–62, 93, 95
Final Solution and Holocaust, 442, 443, 448, 481, 489, 490, 501, 503–11, 522–28, 534
Allied allegations about, 510, 526
casualties in, 567
deadliest year of, 511
gas chambers in, 492–93, 507, 508, 524–26, 553, 554
Heydrich as architect of, 442, 511
Hitler on, 508–9
massacres in Soviet invasion, 483–87
Wannsee Conference and, 354, 503–6, 508–9, 524
Zyklon B in, 492, 525
see also concentration camps
Finck, Werner, 330
Finland, 449
Flensburg, 275
Flossenbürg, 321
foreign policy, 369–417
Anglo-German Naval Agreement, 375–76, 391, 415, 427
Anti-Comintern Pact, 381, 386
Austria absorbed, 293–94, 315, 347, 357, 359–60, 391–402, 404, 440
competing institutions and individuals in, 376
Czechoslovakia invaded, 420–27, 425–27, 429, 440, 446
Czechoslovakia’s Sudetenland annexed, 315, 401–16, 535, 536
expansion (Lebensraum), 41, 96, 139, 333, 276, 359, 369–70, 373, 387–88, 401, 403, 416, 428, 429, 442, 469–70
Hitler on necessity of force in, 417
Hitler’s assertions of peaceful intentions in, 272, 273, 370–72, 374, 378, 417, 419, 423, 451
Hossbach Memorandum and, 388
League of Nations withdrawal, 273, 347, 370, 371, 379, 400
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 430–32, 434, 449, 481
Munich Agreement, 414–17, 420
Pact of Steel, 428, 434
Poland invasion, 424–49, 451, 452, 471
radical phase entered, 391
rearmament and, 233, 307, 400
and resistance among army commanders, 536
Rhineland remilitarization, 357, 378–79, 400, 440
Versailles Treaty and, see Versailles Treaty
World Disarmament conference and, 272–73, 370–71, 373
Forward, 125
Fourteen Points, 32, 395
France, 21, 33, 50, 86, 99, 130, 273, 371–74, 377–79, 387–89, 419, 439
African colonies of, 448, 459, 520
Allied Normandy landings in, 529–31, 542–43
Austria and, 397, 440
casualties in, 567
Czechoslovakia and, 401–5, 407, 408, 410, 412–16, 440
Dunkirk, 458–59
Hitler’s defiance toward, 272–74, 371
Maginot Line in, 453–54
military leadership in, 461
Mussolini and, 377
Poland and, 425, 433–34, 440–41, 449
Rhineland and, 379, 440
Soviet pact with, 377–78
Vichy regime in, 460
war against Germany declared by, 440, 449, 451
in World War II, 452–55, 458–62, 464
see also Paris
Franco, Francisco, 377
François-Poncet, André, 158, 208, 226, 251, 391, 412
Franconia, 212, 217
Franck, James, 298
Frank, Hans, 284, 447, 504–5, 566
Frank, Karl Hermann, 511
Frankfurter Zeitung, 203, 230
Franz Joseph I of Austria, 10
Frederick the Great, 250, 387, 530, 557
Frederick William I of Prussia, 250
Free Corps, 26–27, 37, 44, 48, 71–72, 87, 217, 249, 276
Freedom Law, 106, 107
free love, 340
Freisler, Roland, 350, 504, 534–35, 540
Freud, Sigmund, 8, 293, 299
Frick, Wilhelm, 216, 243, 257, 269, 338–39, 566
Friedrich I, Emperor, 471
Fritsch, Werner von, 378, 386–91
Fromm, Friedrich, 538
Frontbann, 81–82
Funk, Walther, 137, 566
Furtwängler, Wilhelm, 294
Galen, Clemens Cardinal von, 324, 325, 346
Galicia, 508
Gamelin, Maurice, 457, 461
Gemlich, Adolf, 29
genetic health, 339, 340
see also eugenics
Gercke, Achim, 337
German Christians, 262–63, 323, 327, 328
German Conservative Party, 17
German Day, 52, 93
German Labor Front, 272, 303, 304, 306, 310, 311, 318, 444
German Socialist Party, 42
German Women’s Welfare (NS Frauenwerk), 306
Germany:
banking crisis in, 129
bankruptcies in, 119
Brüning’s austerity program in, 119, 121, 130–31, 157, 172, 299
collapse of Great Coalition in, 107–8
Dawes Plan and, 70–71, 74, 99, 107
Depression and, 74, 99–101, 103, 106, 107, 110, 119, 129, 204, 225, 232, 299
disarmament and dismantling of paramilitary groups in, 33, 48–49, 272
dissolution of moderate politics in, 203
elections of 1924, 70–74
elections of 1925, 79–81
elections of 1928, 98–101, 103–4, 106
elections of 1929, 109–10
elections of 1930, 109–10, 117–19, 123, 124, 134
elections of 1931, 134
elections of 1932, 141–52, 155–57, 168, 175–76, 180, 182, 183, 185, 188–92, 194–95, 198–200, 202, 225
elections of 1933, 231, 234, 236–37, 239, 243, 247–48
electoral system of, 169
farmers in, 119–20, 168
Golden Twenties in, 99, 100, 124
Government of National Concentration in, 231, 234, 248
Hitler’s identification with, 19, 23, 561
inflation crisis in, 50–51, 70, 71, 99, 119, 133, 232
international council overseeing economy of, 70–71
in Kellogg-Briand Pact, 99
in League of Nations, 99
in Locarno Pact, 99
middle class in, 105, 119, 120, 169, 170, 180, 182, 185, 186, 190–93, 195
political murders in, between 1919 and 1922, 49
political violence in 1920s and 1930s, 124–27, 152, 160–61, 180
politics driven by large-scale developments in, 204
popular culture in, 133–34
post-World War I chaos in, 12, 25–32
Prussian referendum and, 134–35
reparations obligations of, 33, 34, 46, 50, 70, 78, 106–7
, 130
small businesses in, 119
stabilization crisis in, 70, 71, 119, 232
territories ceded by, 33
unemployment in, 107, 120–21, 129, 130, 193, 204–5, 335
Versailles Treaty and, see Versailles Treaty
welfare programs in, 160, 172
working class in, 104, 120–22, 156, 167, 170–71, 186–87, 191–93, 195
in World War I, see World War I
Young Plan and, 106–8, 110, 112, 113, 117, 135
see also Nazi Germany; Weimar Republic
Gestapo, 235, 241, 261, 270, 277, 318, 319, 320, 322, 350, 389, 396, 400, 456, 478, 486, 504, 517, 520, 521, 529, 532, 546
and assassination plots against Hitler, 537, 538, 540, 541
churches and, 326–28, 533
Communists and, 532–33
denunciations and, 355
deportations and, 491–92, 510, 522
Fritsch and, 390
Scholls arrested by, 534
SS and, 357
ghettos, 445, 492, 506, 508, 524
Gisevius, Hans Bernd, 536
Gleiwitz, 437–38
Globocnik, Odilo, 492
Godesberg Memorandum, 407–8, 410, 411, 414
Goebbels, Joseph, 84–89, 110–11, 116, 123, 137, 154, 156, 160, 162, 165, 173, 174, 175, 176, 185, 192, 193, 195, 200–202, 210, 213, 221, 247, 250, 268, 270, 274, 316, 333, 366, 372, 386, 390, 409, 428, 496, 518, 532, 544, 546
age of, 171
All Quiet on the Western Front and, 132–33
Angriff newspaper of, 111, 126, 127, 134, 167
appointed head of Berlin NSDAP, 88–89
Berlin transportation strike and, 187
Blomberg and, 389–90
and boycott of Jewish businesses, 256
in bunker, 557, 562, 564
Catholic Church and, 324, 326, 329
culture and, 293, 294, 296–97, 301
Czechoslovakia and, 402, 405, 412, 423–24
death of, 565
diary of, 86, 111–12, 118, 143, 160, 174, 176, 189, 195, 211, 245, 256, 259, 260, 384, 463, 478, 509, 543
and elections of 1930, 118
and elections of 1932, 189–91
and finances of NSDAP, 218, 237
and Hess’s flight to Scotland, 478
Himmler and, 363, 366
Hitler and, 111, 201, 365–66
and Hitler’s candidacy in elections of 1932, 143–45, 147–50, 152
Hitler’s chancellorship and, 178–80, 222–26
on individuality and the Volk, 297, 331
Jews and, 336, 337, 359, 380–81, 463, 489, 491, 509–11, 519
Kristallnacht and, 362–63, 365, 366, 426
Lippe election and, 209, 213
Night of Long Knives and, 281–83
on NSDAP expansion efforts, 91–92
NSDAP program revised by Strasser and, 85–86
Papen’s Marburg speech and, 279
and plot against Hitler, 540, 541
propaganda efforts and, 92, 105, 110–13, 115, 145, 147, 162, 163, 186, 189, 268, 317–18