The Great Stain

by Noel Rae

  CHAPTER 6. For William Bull, Lord Campbell and Henry Laurens see Documents of the American Revolution edited by K. G. Davies, Irish University Press, Shannon, 1976; for Dunmore’s Proclamation and the counter-proclamation see Chronicles of the American Revolution by Hezekiah Niles and Alden T. Vaughan, Grosset and Dunlap, New York, 1956; for the Virginia Convention see previous entry; for Landon Carter see above; the letter to the Virginia Gazette was published on November 24, 1775; for deletions to the Declaration of Independence see The Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson, Library of America, New York, 1984; for the Rhode Island Regiment see The American Revolution: A Bicentennial Collection by Richard B. Morris, Harper and Row, New York, 1970; for An Act to Procure Recruits, etc. see The Statutes at Large of South Carolina, 1752-1786, Columbia, 1838; for Captain von Ewald see Diary of the American War: A Hessian Journal, edited by Joseph P. Tustin, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1979; for Joseph Martin see A Narrative of Some of the Adventures, Dangers etc. by, Joseph P. Martin, Arno Press, New York, 1962; for Baroness von Riedesel see her Journal, Omohundro Institute, Williamsburg, 2012; for George Washington see George Washington and Slavery: A Documentary Portrayal by Fritz Hirschfeld, Missouri University Press, Columbia, 1997; also An Imperfect God by Henry Wiencek, Farrar, Straus, New York, 2003; for Oney Judge see previous entry, also Washington’s Runaway Slave in The Granite Freeman, Concord, New Hampshire, 1845; also Slave Testimony, etc. edited by John W. Blassingame, Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, 1977; for David George and Sierra Leone see An Account of the Life of Mr. David George, given by himself etc., Annual Baptist Register, Birmingham, U.K., 1793; for Olaudah Equiano see above; for Anna Maria Falconbridge see Narrative of Two Voyages to the River Sierra Leone, etc. L. Higham, London, 1802; for Warwick Francis see Memoir of Paul Cuffe, Edmund Fry, London, 1840.

  CHAPTER 7. For the Constitution, the Northwest Ordinance, and the Fugitive Slave Act see Documents of American History edited by Henry Steele Commager, Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York,1958; for Quock Walker see History of Slavery in Massachusetts on Wikipedia; for William Wells Brown see Narrative of William Wells Brown, A Fugitive Slave, The Anti-Slavery Office, Boston,1848; also his The Black Man: His Antecedents, His Genius, and His Accomplishments, James Redpath, Boston, 1863; also his The Negro in the American Rebellion, Lee & Shepard, Boston, 1867; for overseers see Twelve Years a Slave by Solomon Northup, above; also, for article in South Carolinian see The Cotton Kingdom by Frederick Law Olmsted, The Modern Library, New York, 1984; also, How to Manage Negroes in Debow’s Review, New Orleans, March, 1851; for The Whip see Fifty Years in Chains by Charles Ball, Dover Publications, New York, 1970; for The Paddle see Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Henry Bibb, an American Slave, Written by Himself, Dover Publications, New York, 2005; for Dogs see A Key to Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe, John J. Jewett & Co., Boston, 1858; for Solomon Northup see above; for Francis Henderson see The Refugee: a North-Side View of Slavery by Benjamin Drew, in Four Fugitive Slave Narratives edited by Tilden G. Edelstein, Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1969; for Lewis Clark see Witness to Freedom by Peter C. Porter, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 1993; for Fannie Moore see The American Slave, edited by George P. Rawick, Greenwood, Westport, 1972; for poor whites see A Key to Uncle Tom’s Cabin above; for dueling see The Slave States of America by James Silk Buckingham, Fisher Son & Co., London, 1842; also Journal of a Residence on a Georgia Plantation in 1838-1839 by Frances Anne Kemble, University of Georgia Press, Athens, 1984; for Censorship see The Life of Benjamin Lundy above; for Samuel Green see The Underground Railroad by William Still, Dover Publications, New York, 2007; for Upbringing see Travels in the Confederation 1783-4 by Johan Schoepf, Burt Franklin, New York, 1968; for Jefferson see Notes on Virginia, Library of America, New York, 2003; for John Nelson see American Slavery As It Is by Theodore Dwight Weld, Arno Press, New York, 1968; for Harriet Beecher Stowe on religion see above; for Harriet Jacobs see Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1987; for Bishop Meade see Harriet Beecher Stowe above; for Bishop Elliott see Letters from the United States by Amelia Murray, G. P. Putnam & Co, New York, 1856; for the Mormons see The Book of Mormon, Translated by Joseph Smith, Jr. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, Salt Lake City, 1981; for Frederick Douglass see Appendix to Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Dover Publications, New York, 1996.

  CHAPTER 8. For Robert Sutcliff see Travels in Some Parts of North America in the Years 1804, 1805 & 1806, W. Alexander, York, 1814; for Alexis de Tocqueville see Democracy in America, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1945; for James Silk Buckingham see The Slave States of America, above; Mrs. Trollope’s Domestic Manners of the Americans, edited by Donald Smalley, was reissued by Vintage Books, New York, in 1944; Susan Dabney Smedes’ Memorials of a Southern Planter was reissued by Alfred A. Knopf, New York, in 1965; for Fanny Kemble see above; for Frederick Law Olmsted see above; for Fredrika Bremer see The Homes of the New World, Negro Universities Press, Westport, 1968; for Sarah Grimké see American Slavery As It Is above; for Mary Livermore see My Story of the War, Da Capo Press, New York, 1998.

  CHAPTER 9. For Solomon Northup see Twelve Years a Slave above; for Josiah Henson see The Life of Josiah Henson, Formerly a Slave, Applewood Books, Carlisle, 2003; also An Autobiography of the Rev. Josiah Henson (“Uncle Tom”), Schuyler Smith & Co. London, Ontario, 1881; for Delia Garlic see Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers’ Project 1936-1938, Library of Congress Digital Collection; for Thomas Jones see The Experience of Thomas H. Jones, E. Anthony & Sons, New Bedford, 1885; for Rose Williams see Born in Slavery above; for William Johnson see William Johnson’s Natchez: The Ante-bellum Diary of a Free Negro, Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, 1951; for Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass see above; for Narrative of William Wells Brown see above; for Mary Reynolds, Lucretia Alexander, Wes Brady, Carey Davenport, Richard Carruthers, Mrs. Sutton and May Satterfield see Born in Slavery above; for Harriet Jacobs see Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl above; for Ophelia Jemison and Henrietta King see Born in Slavery above.

  CHAPTER 10. For Theodore Dwight Weld’s American Slavery As It Is see above; for William Wells Brown’s Narrative see above; Uncle Tom’s Cabin was first published in book form by John P. Jewett & Co, of Boston in 1852; for A Key to Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe see above; for Levi Coffin see Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, Forgotten Books, London, 2013; for Alexander Ross see Recollections and Experiences of an Abolitionist, Leopold Classic Library, London, 2015; for Harriet Tubman see Harriet Tubman, the Moses of her People by Sarah Bradford, Applewood Books, Carlisle, MA., 1993; for Troy Whig, Martin Townsend and Thomas Garrett see Appendix to Harriet Tubman, above; for James Pennington see The Fugitive Blacksmith in Great Slave Narratives edited by Arne Bontemps, Beacon Press, Boston, 1969; for Frederick Law Olmsted’s Cotton Kingdom see above.

  CHAPTER 11. For Bryan Edwards see The History, Civil and Commercial, of the British West Indies, AMS Press, New York, 1966; for Gabriel Prosser see American Negro Slave Revolts by Herbert Aptheker, International Publishers, New York, 2013; also A Documentary History of Slavery edited by Willie Lee Rose, see above; for the Negro Fort story see Colonel Clinch’s report in Appendix to Sketches, Historical and Topographical, of the Floridas by James Grant Forbes, University of Florida Press, Gainesville, 1964; for Denmark Vesey see The Trial Record of Denmark Vesey edited by John Oliver Killens, Beacon Press, Boston, 1970; also Denmark Vesey: The Slave Conspiracy of 1822 edited Robert S. Starobin, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. J., 1970; for David Walker see Walker’s Appeal in Four Articles, Ayer Company, Boston, 1848; for Nat Turner’s Confession see A Documentary History of Slavery in North America edited by Willie Lee Rose, above; for J. D. Green see Narrative of the Life of J. D. Green, A Runaway Slave, Henry Fielding, Huddersfield (U. K.), 1864; for the story of Praying Jacob see A Narrative of the Life and Labors of the Rev. G. W. Offley, Hartford, 1859; for Elle
n Cragin, Leonard Franklin, John Henry Kemp, Wes Turner, Charlie Crawley, Delicia Patterson, Fanny Cannaday, Gus Feaster see Library of Congress Slave Narratives above; for Christiana story see A Full and Correct Report of the Christiana Tragedy compiled by J. Franklin Reigart, printed by John W. Pearson, Lancaster, PA, 1851; for Frederick Douglass see Freedom’s Battle at Christiana in Frederick Douglass’ Paper, Rochester, 1851; for Theodore Parker, the Rochester Advertiser and Lancaster Saturday Express see Resistance at Christiana by Jonathan Katz, Thomas Y. Crowell, New York, 1974.

  CHAPTER 12. For the Rev. Adams see A Southside View of Slavery by Nehemiah Adams, T. R. Marvin, Boston, 1854; for George Fitzhugh see Sociology for the South A. Morris, Richmond,1854; for Chancellor Harper see Cotton is King, and Pro-Slavery Arguments edited by E. N. Elliott, Pritchard, Abbott, and Loomis, Augusta, 1860; for Hammond’s “Mud-sill” speech see his Speech on the Admission of Kansas U. S. Senate, March 4, 1858; see also his Slavery in the Light of Political Science in Cotton is King, above; see also Secret and Sacred, The Diaries of John Hammond, edited by Carol Blessed, Oxford University Press, New York, 1988; Black Diamonds Gathered in Darkey Homes by Edward Pollard was published by Pudney & Russell, New York, 1859, and his The Lost Cause by G. W. Carleton, New York, 1868; for the Rev. Thornton Stringfellow see Cotton is King above; for Stringfellow’s Statistical Views in Favor of Slavery see Cotton is King above; for Amelia Murray see Letters from the United States, Cuba and Canada, G. P. Putnam & Co, New York, 1856; for John Bigelow see Jamaica in 1850, George P. Putnam, New York, 1851; also The Southern Quarterly Review, Vol 7, Columbia, S. C., 1854; for Dr. Cartwright see Report on the Diseases and Physical Peculiarities of the Negro Race, The New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal, New Orleans, 1851;for Calhoun see U. S. Senate, February 6, 1837. Works, II, D. Appleton, New York, 1856; for Professor Dew see Review of the Debates in the Virginia Legislature, T. W. White, Richmond, 1832; for Theodore Weld and the Huntsville Democrat see American Slavery As It Is, above; for Dred Scott see Documents of American History, edited by Henry Steele Commager, above; see also Battle Cry of Freedom by James McPherson, Oxford University Press, New York, 1988; for Dr. J. H. Van Evrie see The Dred Scott Decision, Books on Demand, 2014.

  CHAPTER 13. For Lundy see The Life, Travels and Opinions of Benjamin Lundy by Thomas Earle, Augustus M. Kelley, New York, 1971; for William Lloyd Garrison’s Declaration of Sentiments of 1833 see The Abolitionists by Louis Ruchames, Capricorn Books, New York, 1963; also All on Fire by Henry Mayer, W. W. Norton, New York, 1998; for Frederick Douglass see The Complete Autobiographies of Frederick Douglass, Wilder Publications, Radford, VA., 2008; also Frederick Douglass by William S. McFeely, W. W. Norton, New York, 1991; for American Slavery As It Is by Theodore Dwight Weld see above; for Uncle Tom’s Cabin see above; for A Key to Uncle Tom’s Cabin see above; Aunt Phillis’s Cabin by Mary H. Eastman was published by Lippincott, Grambo & Co, Philadelphia, 1852; for the review of Uncle Tom’s Cabin by George Frederick Holmes see Southern Literary Messenger, Richmond, VA., 1852; Fanny Wright’s Plan for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery was published in the Genius of Universal Emancipation in 1825; for Harriet Jacobs see Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl above; Hinton Rowan Helper’s The Impending Crisis of the South was published by Burdick Brothers, New York, in 1857; for Wendell Phillips see his Speeches, Lectures and Letters Lee and Shepard, Boston, 1896; Angelina Grimké’s Appeal was published by the American Anti-Slavery Society, New York, in 1836; The Gun and the Gospel by the Rev. H. D. Fisher was published by the Library of Congress in 1897; for James Townsley see History of the State of Kansas by William G. Cutler, Atchison County Historical Society, Atchison, 1976; for Shadrach see Shadrach Minkins by Gary Collinson, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1997; also Cheerful Yesterdays by Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1898; also The Journal of Richard Henry Dana, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1968; for Thomas Sims see The Trial of Thomas Sims on an Issue of Personal Liberty, Library of Congress, 1851; also Thomas Wentworth Higginson above, and his Letters and Journals, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1921; for Anthony Burns see Trial of Anthony Burns, the Alleged Fugitive, Fetridge & Co., Boston, 1854; for Burns’ correspondence with the Baptist church see Front Royal Gazette, Nov. 8. 1855; for William Lloyd Garrison see The Liberator, above.

  CHAPTER 14. For Sam Word see Slave Narratives, Library of Congress, above; for the Mississippi Declaration see University of Tennessee Microfilm Collection; for Republican platform see Documents of American History, by Henry Steele Commager, above; for Abraham Lincoln see Speeches, Letters, Miscellaneous Writings, etc., Library of America, New York, 1989; also “What Shall We Do with the Negro?” by Paul Escott, University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville, 2009; for the Emancipation Proclamation see Documents of American History, by Henry Steele Commager, above; for Frederick Douglass see The Complete Autobiographies above; for William Tillman see The Negro in the American Rebellion by William Wells Brown, Lee & Shepard, Boston, 1867; for Robert Smalls see House Report No. 3505, Forty-Ninth Congress, Second Session; also The Negro in the American Rebellion by William Wells Brown, above; for Thomas Cole see Slave Narratives, Library of Congress, above; for Union generals see The Negro in the American Rebellion by William Wells Brown, above; for Thomas Wentworth Higginson see Army Life in a Black Regiment, W. W. Norton, New York, 1984; for the Massachusetts 54th, see A Brave Black Regiment, by Luis F. Emilio, Da Capo Press, New York, 1995; see also Freedom’s Soldiers by Ira Berlin, Joseph Reidy and Leslie Rowland, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998; for Port Hudson see Black Soldiers in Blue by John David Smith, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 2002; also The Negro in the American Rebellion, by William Wells Brown, above; for Sergeant Johnson see Freedom’s Soldiers by Ira Berlin, Joseph Reidy and Leslie Rowland, above; for Fort Pillow see House of Representatives 38th Congress, 1st Session, Report Numbers 65 and 67, Fort Pillow Massacre and Returned Prisoners, Johnson Reprint Corp. New York, 1970; also The Negro in the American Rebellion by William Wells Brown, above; for Battle of Saltville see Freedom’s Soldiers by Ira Berlin et al., above; also The Saltville Massacre by Thomas D. Mays, McWhiney Foundation Press, Abilene, 1998; also Kentucky Cavaliers in Dixie by George Dallas Mosgrove, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, 1999; for Colonel Tattnall see Freedom’s Soldiers by Ira Berlin et al., above; for Corporal Gooding see On the Altar of Freedom edited by Virginia A. Adams, University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, 1991; for Sergeant Walker see The Negro in the American Rebellion by William Wells Brown, above; for wives’ letters see Families and Freedom by Ira Berlin, The New Press, New York, 1997; also Freedom’s Soldiers, by Ira Berlin, above; also Autobiography of a People by Herb Boyd, Doubleday, New York, 2000; for anonymous soldier of the 54th see A Brave Black Regiment by Luis F. Emilio, above; for the unsigned letter to Lincoln and for the report by the Adjutant General see Freedom’s Soldiers by Ira Berlin, above; for the New York Riots and the battles at Honey Hill and Milliken’s Bend see The Negro in the American Rebellion by William Wells Brown, above; for the editorial in the Mississippian see the Montgomery Weekly Mail, September 9, 1863; for the stories of Old Gabe, Levi Miller, black labor battalion, and General Cleburne’s plan see Black Southerners in Confederate Armies by J. H. Segars and Charles Kelley Barrow, Pelican Publishers, Gretna, LA, 2007; also “What Shall We Do with the Negro?” by Paul D. Escott, above; for Katie Rowe, Eda Harper, Cheney Cross, Margaret Hughes, Sarah Debro, Martha Colquist, William Colbert and Primus Smith see Slave Narratives, Library of Congress, above; for Annie Burton see Memoirs of Childhood’s Slavery Days in Six Women’s Slave Narratives, edited by William Andrews, Oxford University Press, New York, 1988; for the 54th Massachusetts Regiment see A Brave Black Regiment by Luis F. Emilio, above; for the 1st South Carolina Volunteers see A Black Woman’s Civil War Memories by Susie King Taylor, Markus Wiener Publishers, Princeton, 1988; for the constitutional amendments see Documents of American History edited by Henry Steele Commager, above; for Frederick D
ouglass see The Complete Autobiographies of Frederick Douglass, above.

  BIBLIOGRAPHY

  Aptheker, Herbert, A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States, Citadel Press, New York, 1990. Also, American Negro Slave Revolts, International Publishers, New York, 1963.

  Astley, Thomas, A New Collection of Voyages and Travels, Four Volumes, Frank Cass & Co., London, 1968.

  Austen, Ralph A., Trans-Saharan Africa in World History, Oxford University Press, New York, 2010.

  Baptist, Edward E, The Half Has Never Been Told, Basic Books, New York, 2014.

  Beckert, Sven, Empire of Cotton, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 2014.

  Berlin, Ira, Many Thousands Gone, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1998; also Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861-1867, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 1982; also Freedom’s Soldiers, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 1998; also Generations of Captivity, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 2003; also Families and Freedom, The New Press, New York, 1997.

  Billings, Warren, The Old Dominion in the Seventeenth Century, University of North Carolina Press, Charlotte, 2007.

  Blassingame, John, Slave Testimony, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, 1977.

  Blockson, Charles, The Underground Railroad, Berkeley Books, New York, 1987.

  Breen, T.H. and Stephen Innes, “Myne Owne Ground,” Race and Freedom on Virginia’s Eastern Shore, Oxford University Press, New York, 1980.

  Collins, Robert O., Documents of the African Past, Markus Wiener, Princeton, 2001.