Hitler 1936-1945: Nemesis (Allen Lane History)
Page 161
Lloyd George, David (later 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor) 29, 383
Lob, Lieutenant-Colonel Fritz 11
Locarno Treaty (1925) xxxvi, 4, 188
Lodz 319; German Jews deported to 482, 484; ghetto 249, 319–20, 479; renamed Litzmannstadt 482; Soviet troops take 758
Lohse, Hinrich 406, 486, 492, 838
London 58, 607, 622; the Blitz 309; East End 309; flying-bombs 641, 642; H order a major air-attack 638; Polish Government-in-Exile 725
Londonderry, Lord 12, 13
Lorenz, Heinz 678–9, 797, 816, 825
Lorraine 315
Los Angeles: Olympic Games (1932) 6
Loßberg, Lieutenant-Colonel Bernhard von 307, 408
Lower Bavaria 763
Lower Rhine 760
Lübeck 509, 818
Lublin 319, 321, 484, 493, 494, 520, 589, 725
Lubljanka prison 551
Ludwigshafen 760, 761
Luftwaffe 277, 278, 289, 293, 396, 452, 509, 747, 799, 801, 802; airlift to 6th Army 544, 545, 548, 549; armaments programme 284; attacks London’s East End 309; Baku oilfields 537; in ‘Barbarossa’ 409; the Blitz 309; bomb-proof bunkers 633–4; bomber shortage 535; and the bombing of Cologne 524; and ‘Citadel’ 592; creation of xxxviii, 38; death blow to 745–6; Dunkirk 295, 296; failure of 535, 570, 572, 587, 620, 629, 696, 717, 738, 825–6; fighter production 732; forces against Timoshenko 433; fuel shortages 717, 732, 739; and Göring 57, 413; Göring assures H of imminent improvements 535; H’s preoccupation with deficiencies of 543, 729; H’s threat 786; and I G Farben 18; ‘Kirschkern’ Programme 622; Me262 production 621, 635, 739; and Memel 176; and the Normandy landings 641; Operation Barbarossa 384, 409; preferential treatment 46; and a proposed invasion of Britain 301; reform 645; Udet scapegoated for failures 420
Lüneburg 836
Lutze, SA-Chief Viktor 584
Luxembourg 295, 315
Luzk, eastern Poland 463
McAuliffe, Brigadier-General Anthony 744
McLean, Donald 370
‘Madagascar solution’ 134–5, 320, 321–4, 324, 349–52, 383, 470, 521
Madeira xl
Magdeburg 761
Magdeburg-Anhalt 138
Maginot Line 265, 297
Magnuszev bridgehead 756
Maidanek 520
Main river 788
Mainz 761
Maisel, General Ernst 733
Malta 367, 514, 524
Manchester Guardian 124, 829
Mannerheim, Marshal Baron Carl Gustaf von 524,724
Mannesmann 132
Mansfeld, Erich 830
Manstein, Lieutenant-General Erich von 103, 290, 291, 452, 466, 514, 523, 524, 526, 531, 544–5, 549, 578–81, 592, 597, 599, 600, 603, 607, 616–19, 629, 630, 666
Manteuffel, General Hasso von 741, 744
Manziarly, Constanze 801, 804, 827
Mao Zedong xvii
Marburg 139
March, Werner 5
Mareks, General Erich 408
‘Marcks Plan’ 408
Margarethe I 626
Margarethe II 626
Margival (Führer Headquarters) 642
Markt Schellenberg 766
Marne river 722
Marseilles 722
Marx Brothers 371
Marxism 130; H’s use of the term xli–xlii
Marzahn 801
Maschmann, Melita 9, 142
Mastny, Dr Voytech 170
Masurian woods 395
Matsuoka, Yosuke 363–4, 444
Mauthausen concentration camp 604, 735, 768
Mayen 764
Mayer, Dr Joseph 259
Maykop 438, 497, 514, 529, 530, 536
Mediterranean 49, 50, 533, 539, 591; defence of 586; German supply difficulties 543; ‘an Italian sea’ 25; successful Allied landing 592–3
Meichner, Colonel Joachim 669
Meiser, Bishop Hans 28
Meissner, Otto 170, 218, 800
Memel district, Czechoslovakia 163, 166, 175–6
mentally ill patients 252–7, 259, 261, 317, 424, 427–8, 430, 484
mentally retarded children 257
Meran, South Tyrol 633
Mers-el-Kébir 301
Mertz von Quirnheim, Colonel Albrecht Ritter 676, 681, 682, 683, 689
Mesopotamia 537
Messerschmitt, Professor Willi 621, 635
Metz 642, 721
Meuse river 295, 744
Meyer, Gauleiter Alfred 483
Michael, King of Romania 723
Middle East 523, 537, 591
Mierendorff, Carlo 666
Miklas, President Wilhelm 77, 78, 80–1
Milan 26
Milch, Field-Marshal Erhard 75, 548, 621, 634, 635
Ministerial Council for the Defence of the Reich (Ministerrat für die Reichsverteidigung) 219, 312, 541, 568, 570, 573, 709
Minsk 394, 398, 399, 466, 483, 486, 647, 661
Mischlinge (part-Jews) 148, 474, 486, 492
Mitford, Diana (later Mosley) 13
Mitford, Unity Valkyrie 13
Model, Colonel-General Walter 579–80, 592, 630, 650, 721, 754, 784, 786, 792
Mogilev 483, 647
Mohnke, SS-Brigadeführer Wilhelm 813, 814, 826, 827
Möllendorf, Rittmeister Leonhard von 673
Molotov, Vyacheslav 192, 195, 196, 204–5, 210, 331, 332–4, 336, 342, 360–1, 734
Moltke, Helmuth James Graf von 665, 666
monasteries, closing of the 427, 428, 430
Mönichkirchen 366, 368
Montgomery, General Bernard 535, 538, 546, 600, 721
Montoire (H/Pétain/Laval discussions, 1940) 330–1
Moravia 46, 164, 165, 172, 318, 479
Moravská-Ostrava 165
Morell, Dr Theodor 36, 171, 411, 612, 674, 694, 726, 727, 728, 798, 801, 803
Morgenthau Plan (1944) 784
Morocco 14, 348
Moscow 397, 400, 416, 435, 477, 534, 536, 769; air-raids 409; the drive to 417, 442, 499; German Embassy 195, 205; and Guderian’s panzer army 437; ‘Marcks Plan’ 408; non-aggression pact signed 210–11, 228; ‘of no great importance’ 335, 345, 346; Operation Typhoon 415, 431; plans to take 408–11, 412, 414, 438, 439, 440
Mosley, Sir Oswald 13, 302
Mühldorf am Inn 78
Müller, General Friedrich-Wilhelm 758
Müller, SS-Gruppenführer Heinrich 464, 492, 758
Munich: Americans reach 834; Artists’ Club 140; bombing of 535, 761; Bürgerbräukeller 137, 271–4, 656; Chamberlain in no; Circus Krone 526; Deutsches Künstlerhaus (‘German Artists’ House’) 37, 38, 132; Feldherrnhalle 140, 840; Hofbräuhaus 614, 623–4, 779, 781; H’s flat in 34, 535; Jewish community 132, 485; Löwenbräukeller 436, 539, 565, 606, 739; Old Town Hall 137, 138, 149; Putsch commemoration 420; ‘Rally of German Art 1939’ 197–8; rebuilding 567, 709; Reich Food Estate’s Agricultural Exhibition (1937) 37; Stoétrupp Hitler wreaks havoc in 138, 149; synagogues demolished 132, 138, 139, 140, 149; Technische Hochschule 258
Munich Agreement (1938) 91, 105, 121–5, 157, 158, 159, 164, 172, 175, 208, 272, 291, 655; the basis of 113; cynical demolition of 173; Göring pushes for peace 89; H’s regrets 163, 230; legacy of 125
Munich University: White Rose opposition-group 552
Münster 427, 429, 791
Müritzsee, Mecklenburg 36
Mussert, Anton 518
Mussolini, Benito xvii, 48, 207, 276, 314, 597, 671; and anti-Bolshevism 285; and antisemitism 285; and Austria 66, 68, 75, 76, 78, 80; Baldwin on 4; and ‘Barbarossa’ 287; Brenner Pass talks 291–2, 327–8, 382–3; captured and executed 826; coins ‘Axis’ term 26; and Czechoslovakia 98, 99, 119, 120–1, 193; desperate to stop the war spreading 222; discusses the French armistice request 297–8; ‘discussions’ with H at Klessheim Castle 513–14; fall of (25 July 1943) 559, 594, 598, 599, 609; freed by SS 602, 689, 734; H loses confidence in 588; H on 25, 601; health 541, 586, 594; and the Heé affair 372, 375, 382–3; and H’s cancell
ed invasion of Poland (August 1939) 214–16; loss of prestige 347; meeting with H at Feltre 593; and the Munich Agreement 121; prepared to intercede with Britain 219, 222; on Ribbentrop 98; sets up ‘Repubblica di Salò’ in northern Italy 602; and the Spanish Civil War 14; Special Train 291; state visit to Germany (1937) 38, 44–5, 98; talks with H (May 1938) 133; talks with H (January 1941) 346–7; talks with H (April 1943) 581; talks with H (22 April 1944) 633; told of the ‘Madagascar solution’ 322; visits FHQ after the assassination attempt 683, 684
Mutschmann, Martin 779
Naples 600
Napoleon Bonaparte xvi, xvii, 188, 384, 385, 393, 400, 412, 453, 455, 470, 499, 561, 644, 713
Narev river 238, 756, 757, 769
Narvik, Norway 286, 288, 289
National Committee of Free Germany 772, 793
‘national community’ xlv, 424
National Labour Day (1 May) 5
‘national rebirth’ xlii, xliv
‘national redemption’ xliv
‘national salvation’ xlii, xliv, xlvi
National Socialist Doctors’ League 254
National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) aesthetics of power 5; aims to force Jews out 146; antisemitism xliii; attacks on the Church xxxvi, 29, 40; Bormann restructures 790; business closures 575; and Christianity 424; the crucifix issue 425–6; ‘elections’ of 29
March 1936 xxxv; and the First World War 233; Foreign Organization see Auslandsorganisation; functionaries leave for safer havens (1945) 763; the ‘good old times’ 611; grandiose Party buildings 185; H praises 537; and the Heé affair 374; ‘Horst-Wessel-Lied’ anthem 6, 561; H’s ultimatum demanding the Party leadership (1921) 283; ideological drive 314, 343, 395; Leadership crisis (July 1921) 648; membership xlii; the Nazi calendar 37; nazified Memel population 175; Party Chancellery 372, 421, 424, 568, 709; Party Rally of 1929 255; Party Rally of 1934 6; Party Rally of 1936 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 22–3; Party Rally of 1937 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, 45; Party Rally of 1938 108, 109–10; Party Rally of 1939 (cancelled) 197, 214; penal law 256; programme 37, 42, 65; Propaganda Department 474; Putch commemoration 37, 46, 51, 137, 139, 272, 273, 420; Reichsleitung 258; reserves of hard-core Nazi support for H 556; triumphalism 136; ‘world-view’ 40
National Socialist Leadership Officers 616
National Socialist Racial and Political Office (NS-Rasse-und Politisches Amt) 257
nationalism: H galvanizes the nationalist masses xli; Ukrainian 158, 165, 166
Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt (NSV) 424
Naumann, Werner 729, 823
Naval Agreement 189
Nazi Party see National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP)
Nebe, SS-Gruppenführer Arthur 318, 466
Neckar River 139
Neisse river 793
Nemmersdorf 738
Nero, Emperor 594
Netherlands 405, 434, 745, 834; bombing of Rotterdam 295; German invasion plans 659; Jews flee to 145–6; neutrality 277; the Queen and government flee to exile 294
Neumann, Ernst 166
Neurath, Konstantin Freiherr von 4, 25, 26, 43, 47, 49, 50, 58, 59, 67, 68, 69, 76, 90, 120, 121, 481, 586, 599, 837
Neustadt 261
‘New Order’ 404, 407, 603
Nice 328
Nicolson, Harold 211
Niemöller, Pastor Martin 41
Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm 597
‘Night of the Long Knives’ (30 1934) xxxvii
Nijmegen 723, 760
Nikopol 603, 617
Nile river 524
Nisko district, south of Lublin 318
Non-Aggression Pact 189, 191
Normandy 639–41, 696, 699, 707
North Africa 328, 346, 347, 348, 439, 448, 513, 514, 535, 538–42, 546, 553, 554, 580–81, 609, 668
North Schleswig 288
North Sea 369, 375
Norway xl, 194, 286, 287–9, 293, 332, 405, 759
November 9th 1918 127, 151, 298–9, 697
November Pogrom (1938) 136–47, 148, 249
November Revolution 150
NSDAP see National Socialist German Workers’ Party
NSV see Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt
Nuremberg: air-raids on 573, 761, 764; compared with Fürth 582; demolition of the main synagogue 132; Party Rallies see under National Socialist German Workers’ Party; prison 58, 377, 836
Nuremberg International Military Tribunal 574, 836, 837
Nuremberg Laws 148
Nußdorf (Bouhler’s country house) 571
Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH) see German Army: High Command
Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW) see Wehrmacht: High Command
Obersalzberg, near Berchtesgaden 107, 110, 168, 199, 207, 301, 306, 373, 556, 570, 587, 636, 637, 639, 644, 651, 799, 800, 810
Occupied Eastern Territories 478, 483
Oder front 782, 793
Oder river 160, 756, 759, 793
Odessa 630
Oertzen, Major Hans Ulrich von 690
Ohlau 759
Okamoto, General 443
OKH (Oberkommando der Heeres) see German Army: High Command
OKW (Oberkommando des Wehrmacht) see Wehrmacht: High Command
Olbricht, Major-General Friedrich 86, 659, 660, 667, 668, 671, 676, 681, 682, 682–3, 689
Oldenburg 508
Olympic Games (Berlin, 1936) 5–9, 379
Olympic Games (Los Angeles, 1932) 6
Omaha Beach 640, 641
Operation Anton 542
Operation Autumn Mist 741, 743–7
Operation Axis 599, 600
Operation Bagratian 646
Operation Barbarossa 335, 339, 343, 344, 348, 353, 360, 361, 363, 367–8, 371, 377, 380, 382, 462, 463, 466, 468, 469, 525, 566, 646; aim of 384; Barbarossa-Decree (13 May 1941) 357; and Bolshevism 387, 388, 389; ‘Commissar Order’ 357–9; Directive No.21 (‘Barbarossa Directive’) 335, 408; Directive No.34 410; escalating problems 419; German military leaders’ confidence 369; H provides the driving force 368–9; H’s intervention in military matters 407, 417, 419, 499; H’s letter to Mussolini 387–8; H’s proclamation 386, 387; initial reactions of the German people 422; initial territorial gains 398, 400; the invasion begins (22 June 1941) 393; and the invasion of Yugoslavia 365; the long front 579; operational plan fails 407, 417; partisan war 395, 405; postponed 362–3; Soviet captives 394–5; Soviet counter-attack begins (5 December 1941) 442; ‘special announcements’ 398; spiralling barbarization 395; ‘Study’ 413; ‘Supplement to Directive No.33’ 409, 410; Supplement to Directive No.34 411; toll on the German army and Luftwaffe 309; transport statistics 393; winter provisions for the troops 435, 439
Operation Blue 514–15, 523, 524, 526–8; Directive No.41 (5 April 1942) 528, 529
Operation Braunschweig 528; Directive No.45 (23 July 1942) 528–9
Operation Citadel 591, 592, 647; plans for 579–80; postponed 580, 587
Operation Cobra 718
Operation Dragoon 722
Operation Felix 348
Operation Gomorrha 597
Operation Magic Fire (Unternehmen Feuerzauber) 16
Operation Marita 361, 364–5
Operation Market Garden 723
Operation Mercury 367
Operation North Wind 744, 745
Operation Overlord 641
Operation Panzerfaust (‘Bazooka’) 735
Operation Sealion 302–3, 310
Operation Thunderclap 545