The Structure of Evolutionary Theory

Home > Other > The Structure of Evolutionary Theory > Page 233
The Structure of Evolutionary Theory Page 233

by Stephen Jay Gould


  Hendriks, W., 1281-1282

  Hensley, Bob, 990

  heredity, 125n. See also gene

  selectionism; inheritance; Mendelism

  vibratory theory of, 67, 402n, 410-411, 412, 456

  heterochrony

  channeled directionality by constraint and, 80-81, 1037-1051

  use in macroevolutionary theory, 1039-1040

  hierarchy theory. See also levels of selection; punctuated equilibrium theory; species selection

  allometric nature of hierarchies and, 636-637

  as challenge to Darwinism, 168

  classical arguments against, 646-652

  criteria of individuality and, 72, 602-613

  Darwin’s struggles with levels of selection and, 58, 135-136

  De Vries and, 36, 51, 68, 197

  distinctions between Lamarckism and, 190-192

  dual hierarchies and, 642n

  evolvability and, 1271-1272, 1274-1276

  exaptation vs. adaptation and, 662, 671

  German evolutionary thought and, 208-214 (see also germinal selection)

  historical formulations and, 50-51, 174-175, 194n, 197

  Kellogg and, 164

  Lamarck as precursor and, 62, 64, 174-175, 181-189, 190-192, 249

  logical validation of, 644-646

  major properties of hierarchies and, 673-681

  nineteenth century neo-Darwinians and, 199-200 (see also germinal selection)

  parsimony and, 552-554

  punctuated equilibrium and, 41-42, 783-784

  relevance of Darwinian theory to, 96

  [Page 1410]

  hierarchy theory (continued)

  replicators vs. interactors and, 72, 615-616, 642n

  spandrels and, 1266-1270

  terminological issues and, 599-602

  tiers of time and, 1322, 1327-1330, 1339-1340

  Weismann and, 36, 50-51, 63, 136, 197, 219-224, 249-250, 587

  Zeitgeist and, 31-33

  higher-level selection. See also hierarchy theory; levels of selection; species selection

  classic arguments against, 646-652

  criteria for definition of, 652-656

  Darwin’s attitude towards, 133-136, 227

  principle of divergence and, 227

  stabilizing selection and, 878, 880-882

  Weismann and, 63

  higher taxa vs. species and genera antinomy, 191

  Hilgendorf, K., 373, 374, 375

  Hindley, K., 991-992

  historical constraint, 49. See also channeling; miltons; parallelism; positive constraint

  allometry and heterochrony and, 1037-1051

  as channeling, 84, 1027-1032, 1037-1051, 1122-1142

  channeling in bilaterian history and, 1161-1173

  clumping and, 1055-1056, 1173-1178

  nineteenth century archetypal theories and, 82-83, 1092-1095, 1106-1122 (see also archetypal theories)

  parallelism as category of, 82, 83, 1122-1134

  primacy of, 1061-1178

  quirky functional shift and, 1227-1228

  saltation down channels and, 1142-1147

  setting in Cambrian explosion and, 1155-1161

  theoretical importance of parallelism and, 1061-1089

  validity of developmental constraint and, 1089-1092

  historical method

  Darwin and, 97-116, 158

  Nietzsche and, 1214-1218, 1231, 1248, 1258

  historical origin vs. current utility. See also exaptation; quirky functional shift

  contingency and, 1225

  Darwinism and, 1223-1224, 1246-1249, 1258

  natural selection and, 85-86, 671-673

  Nietzsche and, 1215-1218

  spandrels and, 1258, 1264-1266

  history, as field, 35-37, 46-47, 57, 978

  historians and, 27-28, 35-37, 229

  history of ideas

  Agassiz’s ontogeny of theories and, 1021-1022

  Hull’s approach and, 7-9, 11

  Kuhn and, 967-970

  patterns in development of, 960-962

  hitchhiking, 78

  Hofer, J., 1095

  Hoffman, A., 55, 790

  Hogben, L., 517

  Holland, L. Z., 1111, 1115-1116

  Holland, N. D., 1115-1116

  Holland, P. W. H., 1113-1114

  homeobox, 1095-1101, 1113

  homeotic mutations, 82-83, 1096

  hominid evolution

  ancestral survival and, 796, 845-846

  Darwin’s statement on, 151

  rate of change and, 914-916

  spandrels and, 1263-1266

  speciational reformulation of, 79, 908-916

  stasis in, 833-834, 909-911, 912-913

  Homoeorhynchia species, 845

  homogeny, as term, 82, 1073-1074, 1079

  homologies across phyla. See also arthropod and vertebrate developmental homologies; deep homology

  eye development and, 82, 83, 1123-1134

  Modern Synthesis and, 84, 539, 1066-1067, 1088, 1092, 1122, 1175

  stages in realization of, 1116-1117

  underlying developmental regulators and, 82-83

  homologous genes, 539. See also Hox genes

  homology. See also arthropod and vertebrate developmental homologies; deep homology; homologies across phyla

  across scales, 930-931

  analogy and, 1077

  [Page 1411]

  Darwin’s correlated variability and, 337-339

  debate over categories of, 81-82, 1069-1076

  functionalism and, 26, 269-270

  Geoffroy and, 308

  homologous genes and, 539

  I.ankester and, 82, 1069-1076

  Owen and, 316-317, 1070-1073

  stasis and, 884

  as term, 81-82, 282n

  homoplasy, 52, 82, 1069. See also convergence vs. parallelism

  parallelism and, 52, 1073-1076, 1077-1079, 1083

  Homo species, 909-911, 953. See also hominid evolution

  homo unius libri argument, 1004-1006

  Hooker, J., 567

  Hooykaas, R., 27

  “hopeful monster,” 68, 151, 452, 455, 457-464, 988

  as term, 460, 462

  Hopson, J. L., 996

  horses, 540, 580, 581, 733, 760, 762

  inference of cladogenesis and, 846-847

  speciational reformulation of, 905-908

  as textbook example, 895, 905, 906

  Howells, W., 577, 579-580

  Hox genes

  A-P axis differentiation and, 82-83, 1103, 1106, 1107, 1163, 1169-1170

  archetypal theories and, 82

  channeling and, 1161-1173

  common ancestor and, 84, 1147-1155

  conservation of, 1163

  contingency and, 1160

  in Crustacea, 1133-1134

  deletion of, 1163

  discovery of arthropod homologs and, 1098-1101, 1133-1134

  discovery of vertebrate homologs of, 1101-1117

  overexpression of, 1164-1165

  Pax-6

  system and, 82, 83, 1123-1134

  regionalization of expression of, 1132-1134, 1165-1173

  saltational inferences and, 1142-1147

  “Hoxology,” 82-83, 1095-1117

  Hubbard, B., 28

  Hughes, N. C., 1155

  Hull, D., 7-9, 11, 174

  definition of individuality and, 600, 601, 602, 607-608

  replicators vs. interactors and, 615-616

  human artifacts, patterns in development of, 952-956

  human body, and concept of individual, 603

  human evolution. See hominid evolution

  human genome, 553n, 627

  human institutions, development of, 957-962

  “human nature,” and spandrels, 1264-1266

  human reasoning

  fallacies in, 619-622, 635, 643, 911-913, 1077

  “fruitful error” and, 614, 616, 632

  limitations of conceptual space and, 10
13

  modes of, 598n

  Hummelinck, P. W., 1047-1051

  humor, and punctuated equilibrium, 978, 979

  Hutchinson, G. E., 1183

  Hutton, J., 1337-1338

  Huxley, A., 1016

  Huxley, J., 70, 190

  Evolution, The Modern Synthesis, 503-504, 516-518

  hardening of Modem Synthesis and, 558, 560-561, 562-563, 565, 570, 572, 574

  review of Mayr, 535

  Huxley, T. H., 143, 146, 151, 313n, 326, 470-471, 1070, 1220

  Kelvin and, 496, 499-500

  Hyatt, Alpheus, 353, 355, 365-383, 1038

  hybridism, Darwin’s argument about, 130-132

  Hydractinia polyps, 1153-1154

  hyenas, spotted, 1261-1263

  Hymenoptera, sterile castes in, 129-130

  Hyopsodus species, 833

  Hyracotherium species, 1156-1157

  ideal order vs. disruption antinomy, 190

  “idols of the theater” metaphor, 887-888, 969n

  imagery in structure of theory, 11-12, 15-22, 54. See also aptive triangle; architectural metaphor; coral model; Galton’s polyhedron; tree of life metaphor; tripod model

  Imbrie, J., 760, 773, 980

  impact model, 88, 1306-1312

  [Page 1412]

  imperfection, argument from, 755-765, 794, 1296-1303

  empirical issues and, 75, 758-761

  individuality, meaning of concern with, 598-599

  cultural influences on Darwinian theory and, 595-597

  Darwinian criteria for, 71-72, 608-613

  ecological units and, 919-920

  hierarchy theory and, 72, 602-613

  macroevolutionary criteria and, 717, 721

  scaling in nature and, 674-677, 704

  species as individuals and, 604-608, 612, 703-704, 781

  units of selection and, 599-602

  vernacular criteria for, 71, 602-608

  inherent potentials. See franklins

  inheritance

  “blending inheritance” and, 622

  as criterion for individuality, 609, 704

  Darwin and, 336, 622

  Eimer’s orthogenetic theory and, 360-361

  in Lamarckism, 62, 63, 157, 177-179, 182, 201-203

  Roux’s theory and, 211-212

  Weismann’s concept of, 63, 214

  inheritance of acquired characteristics, 157, 177-179, 366-367

  Inner Space (science fiction film), 675

  insinuations, 1280, 1282-1284

  interactions among levels. See also species selection; synergism

  levels of selection and, 73, 677-679

  tiers of time and, 1329-1330

  interaction with environment, as criterion

  distinction between replicators and interactors and, 72, 615-616, 642n

  emergent characters vs. emergent fitnesses and, 73, 656-666, 671-673

  for individuality, 611, 799-802

  for selective agency, 615-616, 622-625

  species as interactors and, 704-709

  interdemic selection. See also group selection

  classic arguments against, 646-652

  efficacy of, 72-73, 920

  explanation of stasis and, 881-885

  interdisciplinary communication, 1308-1309

  intermediary forms. See also discontinuities among species; imperfection, argument from

  de Vries’ elementary species and, 436

  fossil record and, 491, 492

  punctuated anagenesis and, 840-841

  Simpson and, 528-531

  viviparity and, 943-945

  internal constraint. See also channeling; directionality of variation; historical constraint; positive constraint

  concept of, 80, 168, 251, 323, 1025-1027

  Cuvier and, 296-297

  Darwin’s interest in, 65-66, 330-341

  as enrichment of theory, 355

  Galton’s polyhedron metaphor and, 344-351

  Geoffroy and, 299

  Goldschmidt and, 461

  historical vs. structural constraint and, 49

  macroevolutionary theory and, 739-741

  Owen and, 323-324

  positive vs. negative constraint and, 80, 1025-1027

  primacy of adaptation for Darwin and, 65-66, 255-260, 279

  species selection on variability and, 666

  internalism. See formalist tradition internal vs. external antinomy, 190, 1179-1180, 1211. See also structuralist-functionalist dichotomy

  intracellular pangenesis, theory of. See pangenesis

  intracorporeal struggle, theory of, 210-214

  invasibility, and higher-level selection, 646-647, 649-650

  “invisible hand” metaphor, 124

  iridium measurement, and impact model, 1306-1312

  Ischyromys species, 847-850

  “island model,” 525-526 ”isolating mechanisms,” 650

  isotropy of variation, 60, 61, 168, 413, 444-445, 1027-1028. See also channeling; directionality of variation; progress

  as Darwinian requirement, 144-146, 468-469

  evolvability and, 1275-1276

  Lyell and, 481-482

  Ivany, L. C., 919

  [Page 1413]

  Jablonski, D., 705, 709-710, 713, 892-893, 949-950, 1317-1319

  Jablonski, N. G., 1241

  Jackson, J. B. C., 786-789, 843, 856, 867-870, 875, 1034

  Janzen, D., 130, 808, 1024

  Jeffery, W., 1145

  Jehovah’s Witnesses, 988

  Jenkin, F., 105, 142, 217-218, 431

  “jigsaw constraint,” 1046-1047, 1048-1052

  Johnson, A. L. A., 826-827

  Johnson, J. G., 753, 871

  Jones, D. S., 824-825, 1040-1045

  Jones, K. C, 578-579

  Jordan, D. S., 163

  jordanons, 432-433

  Jordon, A., 432

  journalism, 990-994. See also mass media

  “junk DNA,” 1269-1270

  Kammer, T. W., 891

  Kammerer, P., 410

  “karass,” 382

  Kauffman, Stuart, 85, 926-927, 1054, 1182, 1273

  contingency and, 1335-1337

  “order for free” and, 1180, 1208-1212, 1213-1214

  Kazazian, H. H., 1274

  K-cuts (killing cuts), 19, 20

  Keeton, W. T., 995

  Kelley, P. H., 854, 857-859

  Kellogg, V. L., 61, 206, 211, 216-217, 344, 585

  alternatives to Darwinism and, 353-354, 383, 439, 506, 507, 589

  Darwinism Today, 163-166

  Headquarters Nights, 163

  Kelly, D. C., 733

  Kelvin, Lord. See Thomson, W. Kennedy, D., 578

  Kennett, J. R., 831, 842

  Kenyon, M., 974

  Kerr, R. A., 949, 951

  Kessel, M., 1104

  Kettle, C., 1144

  Kilgour, F. G., 962-964

  Kimmel, C. B., 1122

  Kimura, M., 22, 143, 167, 521n, 676-677, 684, 685-689

  King, M.-C., 1061

  King, Stephen, 974

  kin selection, 653

  Kinsella, W. P., 1051

  Kinsey, A., 1263

  Kirby, W., 173

  Kirschner, M., 1271

  Kitchell, J. A., 1319

  Knoll, A. H., 1143

  Kobayashi, M., 1150-1151

  Koestler, A., 410

  Kohn, D., 234n, 235

  Korey, K., 1024

  Kottler, M. J., 249

  Kraus, D., 997

  Kropotkin, P., 136, 471, 706

  Krumlauf, 1114-1115

  Kruuk, H., 1262

  K-T (Cretaceous-Tertiary) transition, 1304-1308. See also catastrophic mass extinction

  “different rules” model and, 1318

  earth-based explanations for, 1303-1306

  extinction patterns in, 1318

  impact model and, 88, 1306-1312

  “killing scenario” in, 1311-1320

  mammalian clade and, 1320, 1330
r />   narrative mode of explanation and, 1337

  punctuational models and, 948

  random model and, 1314-1315

  Kucera, M., 836-839

  Kuhn, T. S., 761, 922, 1033

  The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 967-970

  laissez-faire economics, 59, 121-125, 193, 595

  Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 170-192. See also Lamarckism

  Floréal lecture (1800), 186-187

  Goethe and, 287n Histoire naturelle, 187

  as influence on Darwin, 194-197

  myths about, 62, 170-174

  Philosophie zoologique, 173, 177, 178, 183, 185, 187-189, 195

  Recherches (1802), 178, 187

  vilification of, 571

  Lamarckism, 181-186, 383

  antinomies of two-factor theory and, 189-192, 896

  Darwin’s response to, 192-197, 478-479

  direction of variation and, 74, 145

  distinctions between modern hierarchy theory and, 190-192

  distinctness of concepts in, 181-186

  Eimer’s orthogenetic theory and, 360-361

  hierarchy of factors in, 186-189, 587

  [Page 1414]

  Lamarckism (continued) ideas on adaptation and environment in, 176-179

  ideas on progress and taxonomy in, 179-181, 183-186

  inheritance in, 62, 63, 157, 177-179, 182, 201-203

  Lamarckian paradox and, 62-63, 116, 478-479

  macroevolutionary analogy and, 74, 722-724

  Modern Synthesis and, 507, 509, 571

  nature of Darwin’s revolution and, 62, 93-94, 97-99

  Paley and, 267

  as precursor for hierarchy theory, 62, 64, 174-175, 181-189, 190-192, 249

  sources of ideas in, 175-186

  Weismann and, 201-203

  Lande, R., 835, 836

  Lang, W. D., 365

  Lankester, E. R., 25, 52, 82, 1069-1076, 1197

  Laurencet, M., 306-308

  Lavoisier, A. L., 180

  Lawless, J. V., 961-962

  “Law of the Unspecialized,” 902-903. See also Cope's Law “laws” in evolutionary theory, 901-905

  laws of form. See also formalist tradition; structuralist-functionalist dichotomy

  Agassiz and, 64

  continental formalism and, 118

  Owen and, 324

  pre-Darwinian evolutionary debates and, 260n (see also Cuvier, Georges; Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Etienne) “laws of variation,” 333, 339

  leaf archetype, Goethe’s notion of, 284-286, 1064

  evo-devo results and, 82, 1064, 1091, 1092-1095

  Leakey, R., 909

  learning, patterns in, 957

  lec mutation, 1093-1094

  Lee, S. E., 1139

  Le Guyader, H., 1160

  Leigh, E., 665

  Leman, C. A., 813-814

  Le Mouellic, H., 1103

  lens crystallins, 1242-1246, 1282

  Lenski, R. E., 77, 809-810, 931, 932-934, 935-936

 

‹ Prev