Hendriks, W., 1281-1282
Hensley, Bob, 990
heredity, 125n. See also gene
selectionism; inheritance; Mendelism
vibratory theory of, 67, 402n, 410-411, 412, 456
heterochrony
channeled directionality by constraint and, 80-81, 1037-1051
use in macroevolutionary theory, 1039-1040
hierarchy theory. See also levels of selection; punctuated equilibrium theory; species selection
allometric nature of hierarchies and, 636-637
as challenge to Darwinism, 168
classical arguments against, 646-652
criteria of individuality and, 72, 602-613
Darwin’s struggles with levels of selection and, 58, 135-136
De Vries and, 36, 51, 68, 197
distinctions between Lamarckism and, 190-192
dual hierarchies and, 642n
evolvability and, 1271-1272, 1274-1276
exaptation vs. adaptation and, 662, 671
German evolutionary thought and, 208-214 (see also germinal selection)
historical formulations and, 50-51, 174-175, 194n, 197
Kellogg and, 164
Lamarck as precursor and, 62, 64, 174-175, 181-189, 190-192, 249
logical validation of, 644-646
major properties of hierarchies and, 673-681
nineteenth century neo-Darwinians and, 199-200 (see also germinal selection)
parsimony and, 552-554
punctuated equilibrium and, 41-42, 783-784
relevance of Darwinian theory to, 96
[Page 1410]
hierarchy theory (continued)
replicators vs. interactors and, 72, 615-616, 642n
spandrels and, 1266-1270
terminological issues and, 599-602
tiers of time and, 1322, 1327-1330, 1339-1340
Weismann and, 36, 50-51, 63, 136, 197, 219-224, 249-250, 587
Zeitgeist and, 31-33
higher-level selection. See also hierarchy theory; levels of selection; species selection
classic arguments against, 646-652
criteria for definition of, 652-656
Darwin’s attitude towards, 133-136, 227
principle of divergence and, 227
stabilizing selection and, 878, 880-882
Weismann and, 63
higher taxa vs. species and genera antinomy, 191
Hilgendorf, K., 373, 374, 375
Hindley, K., 991-992
historical constraint, 49. See also channeling; miltons; parallelism; positive constraint
allometry and heterochrony and, 1037-1051
as channeling, 84, 1027-1032, 1037-1051, 1122-1142
channeling in bilaterian history and, 1161-1173
clumping and, 1055-1056, 1173-1178
nineteenth century archetypal theories and, 82-83, 1092-1095, 1106-1122 (see also archetypal theories)
parallelism as category of, 82, 83, 1122-1134
primacy of, 1061-1178
quirky functional shift and, 1227-1228
saltation down channels and, 1142-1147
setting in Cambrian explosion and, 1155-1161
theoretical importance of parallelism and, 1061-1089
validity of developmental constraint and, 1089-1092
historical method
Darwin and, 97-116, 158
Nietzsche and, 1214-1218, 1231, 1248, 1258
historical origin vs. current utility. See also exaptation; quirky functional shift
contingency and, 1225
Darwinism and, 1223-1224, 1246-1249, 1258
natural selection and, 85-86, 671-673
Nietzsche and, 1215-1218
spandrels and, 1258, 1264-1266
history, as field, 35-37, 46-47, 57, 978
historians and, 27-28, 35-37, 229
history of ideas
Agassiz’s ontogeny of theories and, 1021-1022
Hull’s approach and, 7-9, 11
Kuhn and, 967-970
patterns in development of, 960-962
hitchhiking, 78
Hofer, J., 1095
Hoffman, A., 55, 790
Hogben, L., 517
Holland, L. Z., 1111, 1115-1116
Holland, N. D., 1115-1116
Holland, P. W. H., 1113-1114
homeobox, 1095-1101, 1113
homeotic mutations, 82-83, 1096
hominid evolution
ancestral survival and, 796, 845-846
Darwin’s statement on, 151
rate of change and, 914-916
spandrels and, 1263-1266
speciational reformulation of, 79, 908-916
stasis in, 833-834, 909-911, 912-913
Homoeorhynchia species, 845
homogeny, as term, 82, 1073-1074, 1079
homologies across phyla. See also arthropod and vertebrate developmental homologies; deep homology
eye development and, 82, 83, 1123-1134
Modern Synthesis and, 84, 539, 1066-1067, 1088, 1092, 1122, 1175
stages in realization of, 1116-1117
underlying developmental regulators and, 82-83
homologous genes, 539. See also Hox genes
homology. See also arthropod and vertebrate developmental homologies; deep homology; homologies across phyla
across scales, 930-931
analogy and, 1077
[Page 1411]
Darwin’s correlated variability and, 337-339
debate over categories of, 81-82, 1069-1076
functionalism and, 26, 269-270
Geoffroy and, 308
homologous genes and, 539
I.ankester and, 82, 1069-1076
Owen and, 316-317, 1070-1073
stasis and, 884
as term, 81-82, 282n
homoplasy, 52, 82, 1069. See also convergence vs. parallelism
parallelism and, 52, 1073-1076, 1077-1079, 1083
Homo species, 909-911, 953. See also hominid evolution
homo unius libri argument, 1004-1006
Hooker, J., 567
Hooykaas, R., 27
“hopeful monster,” 68, 151, 452, 455, 457-464, 988
as term, 460, 462
Hopson, J. L., 996
horses, 540, 580, 581, 733, 760, 762
inference of cladogenesis and, 846-847
speciational reformulation of, 905-908
as textbook example, 895, 905, 906
Howells, W., 577, 579-580
Hox genes
A-P axis differentiation and, 82-83, 1103, 1106, 1107, 1163, 1169-1170
archetypal theories and, 82
channeling and, 1161-1173
common ancestor and, 84, 1147-1155
conservation of, 1163
contingency and, 1160
in Crustacea, 1133-1134
deletion of, 1163
discovery of arthropod homologs and, 1098-1101, 1133-1134
discovery of vertebrate homologs of, 1101-1117
overexpression of, 1164-1165
Pax-6
system and, 82, 83, 1123-1134
regionalization of expression of, 1132-1134, 1165-1173
saltational inferences and, 1142-1147
“Hoxology,” 82-83, 1095-1117
Hubbard, B., 28
Hughes, N. C., 1155
Hull, D., 7-9, 11, 174
definition of individuality and, 600, 601, 602, 607-608
replicators vs. interactors and, 615-616
human artifacts, patterns in development of, 952-956
human body, and concept of individual, 603
human evolution. See hominid evolution
human genome, 553n, 627
human institutions, development of, 957-962
“human nature,” and spandrels, 1264-1266
human reasoning
fallacies in, 619-622, 635, 643, 911-913, 1077
“fruitful error” and, 614, 616, 632
limitations of conceptual space and, 10
13
modes of, 598n
Hummelinck, P. W., 1047-1051
humor, and punctuated equilibrium, 978, 979
Hutchinson, G. E., 1183
Hutton, J., 1337-1338
Huxley, A., 1016
Huxley, J., 70, 190
Evolution, The Modern Synthesis, 503-504, 516-518
hardening of Modem Synthesis and, 558, 560-561, 562-563, 565, 570, 572, 574
review of Mayr, 535
Huxley, T. H., 143, 146, 151, 313n, 326, 470-471, 1070, 1220
Kelvin and, 496, 499-500
Hyatt, Alpheus, 353, 355, 365-383, 1038
hybridism, Darwin’s argument about, 130-132
Hydractinia polyps, 1153-1154
hyenas, spotted, 1261-1263
Hymenoptera, sterile castes in, 129-130
Hyopsodus species, 833
Hyracotherium species, 1156-1157
ideal order vs. disruption antinomy, 190
“idols of the theater” metaphor, 887-888, 969n
imagery in structure of theory, 11-12, 15-22, 54. See also aptive triangle; architectural metaphor; coral model; Galton’s polyhedron; tree of life metaphor; tripod model
Imbrie, J., 760, 773, 980
impact model, 88, 1306-1312
[Page 1412]
imperfection, argument from, 755-765, 794, 1296-1303
empirical issues and, 75, 758-761
individuality, meaning of concern with, 598-599
cultural influences on Darwinian theory and, 595-597
Darwinian criteria for, 71-72, 608-613
ecological units and, 919-920
hierarchy theory and, 72, 602-613
macroevolutionary criteria and, 717, 721
scaling in nature and, 674-677, 704
species as individuals and, 604-608, 612, 703-704, 781
units of selection and, 599-602
vernacular criteria for, 71, 602-608
inherent potentials. See franklins
inheritance
“blending inheritance” and, 622
as criterion for individuality, 609, 704
Darwin and, 336, 622
Eimer’s orthogenetic theory and, 360-361
in Lamarckism, 62, 63, 157, 177-179, 182, 201-203
Roux’s theory and, 211-212
Weismann’s concept of, 63, 214
inheritance of acquired characteristics, 157, 177-179, 366-367
Inner Space (science fiction film), 675
insinuations, 1280, 1282-1284
interactions among levels. See also species selection; synergism
levels of selection and, 73, 677-679
tiers of time and, 1329-1330
interaction with environment, as criterion
distinction between replicators and interactors and, 72, 615-616, 642n
emergent characters vs. emergent fitnesses and, 73, 656-666, 671-673
for individuality, 611, 799-802
for selective agency, 615-616, 622-625
species as interactors and, 704-709
interdemic selection. See also group selection
classic arguments against, 646-652
efficacy of, 72-73, 920
explanation of stasis and, 881-885
interdisciplinary communication, 1308-1309
intermediary forms. See also discontinuities among species; imperfection, argument from
de Vries’ elementary species and, 436
fossil record and, 491, 492
punctuated anagenesis and, 840-841
Simpson and, 528-531
viviparity and, 943-945
internal constraint. See also channeling; directionality of variation; historical constraint; positive constraint
concept of, 80, 168, 251, 323, 1025-1027
Cuvier and, 296-297
Darwin’s interest in, 65-66, 330-341
as enrichment of theory, 355
Galton’s polyhedron metaphor and, 344-351
Geoffroy and, 299
Goldschmidt and, 461
historical vs. structural constraint and, 49
macroevolutionary theory and, 739-741
Owen and, 323-324
positive vs. negative constraint and, 80, 1025-1027
primacy of adaptation for Darwin and, 65-66, 255-260, 279
species selection on variability and, 666
internalism. See formalist tradition internal vs. external antinomy, 190, 1179-1180, 1211. See also structuralist-functionalist dichotomy
intracellular pangenesis, theory of. See pangenesis
intracorporeal struggle, theory of, 210-214
invasibility, and higher-level selection, 646-647, 649-650
“invisible hand” metaphor, 124
iridium measurement, and impact model, 1306-1312
Ischyromys species, 847-850
“island model,” 525-526 ”isolating mechanisms,” 650
isotropy of variation, 60, 61, 168, 413, 444-445, 1027-1028. See also channeling; directionality of variation; progress
as Darwinian requirement, 144-146, 468-469
evolvability and, 1275-1276
Lyell and, 481-482
Ivany, L. C., 919
[Page 1413]
Jablonski, D., 705, 709-710, 713, 892-893, 949-950, 1317-1319
Jablonski, N. G., 1241
Jackson, J. B. C., 786-789, 843, 856, 867-870, 875, 1034
Janzen, D., 130, 808, 1024
Jeffery, W., 1145
Jehovah’s Witnesses, 988
Jenkin, F., 105, 142, 217-218, 431
“jigsaw constraint,” 1046-1047, 1048-1052
Johnson, A. L. A., 826-827
Johnson, J. G., 753, 871
Jones, D. S., 824-825, 1040-1045
Jones, K. C, 578-579
Jordan, D. S., 163
jordanons, 432-433
Jordon, A., 432
journalism, 990-994. See also mass media
“junk DNA,” 1269-1270
Kammer, T. W., 891
Kammerer, P., 410
“karass,” 382
Kauffman, Stuart, 85, 926-927, 1054, 1182, 1273
contingency and, 1335-1337
“order for free” and, 1180, 1208-1212, 1213-1214
Kazazian, H. H., 1274
K-cuts (killing cuts), 19, 20
Keeton, W. T., 995
Kelley, P. H., 854, 857-859
Kellogg, V. L., 61, 206, 211, 216-217, 344, 585
alternatives to Darwinism and, 353-354, 383, 439, 506, 507, 589
Darwinism Today, 163-166
Headquarters Nights, 163
Kelly, D. C., 733
Kelvin, Lord. See Thomson, W. Kennedy, D., 578
Kennett, J. R., 831, 842
Kenyon, M., 974
Kerr, R. A., 949, 951
Kessel, M., 1104
Kettle, C., 1144
Kilgour, F. G., 962-964
Kimmel, C. B., 1122
Kimura, M., 22, 143, 167, 521n, 676-677, 684, 685-689
King, M.-C., 1061
King, Stephen, 974
kin selection, 653
Kinsella, W. P., 1051
Kinsey, A., 1263
Kirby, W., 173
Kirschner, M., 1271
Kitchell, J. A., 1319
Knoll, A. H., 1143
Kobayashi, M., 1150-1151
Koestler, A., 410
Kohn, D., 234n, 235
Korey, K., 1024
Kottler, M. J., 249
Kraus, D., 997
Kropotkin, P., 136, 471, 706
Krumlauf, 1114-1115
Kruuk, H., 1262
K-T (Cretaceous-Tertiary) transition, 1304-1308. See also catastrophic mass extinction
“different rules” model and, 1318
earth-based explanations for, 1303-1306
extinction patterns in, 1318
impact model and, 88, 1306-1312
“killing scenario” in, 1311-1320
mammalian clade and, 1320, 1330
punctuational models and, 948
random model and, 1314-1315
Kucera, M., 836-839
Kuhn, T. S., 761, 922, 1033
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 967-970
laissez-faire economics, 59, 121-125, 193, 595
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 170-192. See also Lamarckism
Floréal lecture (1800), 186-187
Goethe and, 287n Histoire naturelle, 187
as influence on Darwin, 194-197
myths about, 62, 170-174
Philosophie zoologique, 173, 177, 178, 183, 185, 187-189, 195
Recherches (1802), 178, 187
vilification of, 571
Lamarckism, 181-186, 383
antinomies of two-factor theory and, 189-192, 896
Darwin’s response to, 192-197, 478-479
direction of variation and, 74, 145
distinctions between modern hierarchy theory and, 190-192
distinctness of concepts in, 181-186
Eimer’s orthogenetic theory and, 360-361
hierarchy of factors in, 186-189, 587
[Page 1414]
Lamarckism (continued) ideas on adaptation and environment in, 176-179
ideas on progress and taxonomy in, 179-181, 183-186
inheritance in, 62, 63, 157, 177-179, 182, 201-203
Lamarckian paradox and, 62-63, 116, 478-479
macroevolutionary analogy and, 74, 722-724
Modern Synthesis and, 507, 509, 571
nature of Darwin’s revolution and, 62, 93-94, 97-99
Paley and, 267
as precursor for hierarchy theory, 62, 64, 174-175, 181-189, 190-192, 249
sources of ideas in, 175-186
Weismann and, 201-203
Lande, R., 835, 836
Lang, W. D., 365
Lankester, E. R., 25, 52, 82, 1069-1076, 1197
Laurencet, M., 306-308
Lavoisier, A. L., 180
Lawless, J. V., 961-962
“Law of the Unspecialized,” 902-903. See also Cope's Law “laws” in evolutionary theory, 901-905
laws of form. See also formalist tradition; structuralist-functionalist dichotomy
Agassiz and, 64
continental formalism and, 118
Owen and, 324
pre-Darwinian evolutionary debates and, 260n (see also Cuvier, Georges; Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Etienne) “laws of variation,” 333, 339
leaf archetype, Goethe’s notion of, 284-286, 1064
evo-devo results and, 82, 1064, 1091, 1092-1095
Leakey, R., 909
learning, patterns in, 957
lec mutation, 1093-1094
Lee, S. E., 1139
Le Guyader, H., 1160
Leigh, E., 665
Leman, C. A., 813-814
Le Mouellic, H., 1103
lens crystallins, 1242-1246, 1282
Lenski, R. E., 77, 809-810, 931, 932-934, 935-936
The Structure of Evolutionary Theory Page 233