Lepidoptera. See butterflies
Lerner, M., 570-571, 879
Leroi-Gourhan, A., 953-954
levels of selection. See also germinal selection; hierarchy theory; organismal selection; punctuated equilibrium theory; selective agency; species selection
cell-individual and, 695-700
characteristic properties of, 73-74, 683-714
clade-individual and, 712-714
Darwin’s struggles with, 135-136
Dawkins and, 136
deme-individual and, 603-604, 701-703, 882-883, 920
differences in causal mechanisms and, 73
Dobzhansky and, 545-546
ecological units and, 612-613, 916-922
expansion of individuality to, 599-602
focal level and, 674, 807-810, 887
gene-individual and, 683-695
Haeckel and, 209-210, 223
hardening of Modern Synthesis and, 544-556
higher-level extensions and, 916-922
independence of, 221-222
interactions among, 73, 677-679
Mayr and, 546
meaning of parallelism and, 1078-1079
nesting property of, 682-683
number of, 73, 681-682
organism-individual and, 700-701
scaling in nature and, 674-677, 704
spandrels and, 1266-1270
tiers of time and, 1322, 1327-1330, 1339-1340
Levin, H. L., 995
Levine, D., 978
Levinton, J., 789, 792, 793
Levi-Setti, R., 844-845
Levi-Strauss, C., 598n, 1265
Lewin, R., 877, 983, 1022
Lewis, E. B., 84, 1096-1098, 1099, 1102, 1143, 1148, 1163
Lewontin, R. C., 27, 43, 86, 657, 659-666, 707, 1027, 1054
lice, 265
Lidgard, S., 892-893
Lieberman, B. S., 78, 865, 881-883, 884
Liem, K. F., 740
life, conceptualization of history of catastrophic mass extinctions and, 1314-1320
[Page 1415]
as “paradox of the first tier,” 1320-1332
punctuated equilibrium and, 893-894, 895, 897-901, 948
life, origin of, 1211
Life on Earth (text), 583-584
“life’s little joke,” 905-908, 909
Lillie, F. R., 383
Limulus (horseshoe crab), 816
Lindberg, D. R., 1259-1260
lineages. See also mammalian lineages
punctuational analogs in, 939-946
similarities in (see convergence vs. parallelism; deep homology; evolutionary developmental biology; homologies across phyla)
stasis in unbranched segments of, 824-839
Linepithema humile (Argentine ant), 52, 1282-1284
Linnaean Society journal, 228
Linnaean system
nesting of levels of selection and, 682-683
species for de Vries and, 431-433
linneons, 432-433
Lapps, J. H., 1309-1310
Lister, A. M., 832, 852
literary criticism, 978
literature
contingency in, 1340-1342
punctuated equilibrium in, 973-974
living fossils, 815, 816-817
living organisms, as data for Darwin, 102-103
lizards, 1235-1238
Lloyd, F., 29, 663, 671, 705
emergent fitness approach and, 657, 659-666, 667
“Lloyd-Vrba Debate,” 656-666
logical coherence gene selectionism and, 625-632
nineteenth-century critiques and, 588-589
organismal exclusivity and, 596-597
loi de balancement, 300-301
Lombard, G. F. F., 978
longitudinal stripes, law of, 362, 363
Lorenz, K., 547
Louisiana creationism law, 989
Lowe, C. J., 1122, 1162
“Lucy.” See Australopithecus Lufkin, T., 1104, 1164
Lull, R. S., 1331-1332
Lumsden, 1114-1115
lungs, evolution of, 560
Lyell, C., 228, 455. See also uniformitarianism on Cuvier, 292
Darwin’s methodology and, 468-470, 491-492
geological data and, 485-486
Kelvin and, 494-496
Lamarckism and, 93, 174, 176, 195-196
missing interval hypothesis and, 1304-1305
natural selection and, 139-140
The Principles of Geology, 174, 175, 195-196, 468, 480
rhetorical features of, 479-484
uniformitarianism and, 94, 176, 757-758, 1304-1305
Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth), 453, 459
MacGillavry, H. J., 752-753
Mach, E., 482
MacLeod, N., 831
macroevolution, 22-23. See also hierarchy theory; macroevolutionary theory; paleontology; scope, as Darwinian principle
chart for distinctiveness of, 716, 718-720
conceptual development and, 26-29
Darwinian minimal commitments and, 167-168
De Vries and, 446-451
hardening of Modern Synthesis and, 556-566, 579-584
small-scale mechanics and, 22-23
speciational basis for, 714-744, 781, 78.3-784, 796-802
speciational reformulation of, 893-916
as term, 38n
macroevolutionary theory. See also hierarchy theory; paleontology; punctuated equilibrium theory
criteria for individuality in, 717, 718, 721
debate about species selection in, 661-666, 704-709
decoupling of levels and, 715-716
“grand analogy” and, 74-75, 716, 718-720, 885-886
implications of punctuated equilibrium for, 781-784
internal constraint and, 739-741
key features of, 716-744
Modern Synthesis and, 566, 699-700
modes of change in, 718-719, 721-722
[Page 1416]
macroevolutionary theory (continued)
ntogenic drive and, 722-724
reproductive drive and, 724-731
scaling of external and internal environments and, 738-741
structural basis of, 716-717, 718
use of heterochrony in, 1039-1040
macromutationism, 68, 383, 391
Maddux, J., 924
Maizels, N., 1240-1241
male preponderance, law of, 362-363
Malmgren, B. A., 831, 836-839
mammalian lineages. See also hominid evolution; horses
gradualist claims and, 830, 832-834
punctuated equilibrium in, 845-846, 852, 861-864
success of, 1320, 1330, 1332
Mammuthus species, 845
Manak, J. R., 1100
Mandelbrot, B., 922
Mann, R. S., 1105
manumissions, 1280, 1281-1282
Markey, T., 1238-1239
Marrella, 1169
Marsh, O. C., 905, 907, 1331-1332
Marshall, A., 576, 956-957, 959
Marshall, C. R., 843
Martinez, D. E., 1152-1153
Marxism, 984-985, 1017-1019
mass extinction. See catastrophic mass extinction
mass media, 982-985, 1001-1002. See also journalism
“master control” gene data on, 1123-1127
theoretical issues and, 1127-1130, 1131-1132
mathematical modelling. See also complex systems theory
cladogenesis and, 813-822
duration of stasis and, 877
explanation of stasis and, 883
generality of punctuational modes of change and, 79, 922-928
higher-level selection and, 648, 663
of selection, and reductionism, 663-664
tests of punctuated equilibrium and, 812-822
Matthew, P., 137n-138n
Matthew, W. D., 905, 906
maximization of life, concept of, 229-232
Mayden, R. L., 812
Maynard Smith, J., 256n, 879, 994, 1023,
1321
Chicago Macroevolution meeting and, 1046, 1065-1066
“consensus paper” of, 1030, 1037
Szathmary, E., 1321
Mayr, E., 160, 227, 519, 1003-1004, 1123
allopatric speciation and, 992
Animal Species and Evolution, 535
de Vries and, 451
“founder effect” and, 535-736, 737, 797
“genetic revolution” in speciation and, 797-798, 879
hardening of Modern Synthesis and, 531-541, 546, 556-557, 559-560, 563-564, 571, 572-573
homology across phyla and, 84, 539, 1066, 1067, 1088, 1092, 1122, 1175
neutralism and, 521n
peripatric theory of speciation, 779-780, 791, 797
speciational reformulation of
macroevolution and, 893-894
“species” as term and, 599
stasis and, 760
Systematics and the Origin of Species, 70, 531-535
unity of science movement and, 503
Mazur, A., 953
MacFadden, B., 905, 907
McCosh, J., 116-117, 280
McCulloch, J. R., Principles of Political Economy, 123
McFall-Ngai, M. J., 1245-1246
McHenry, H. M., 796, 834, 845-846
McKinney, M. L., 824-825, 1039-1040
McLaren, D., 1306
McNamara, K. J., 1039
McPherson, J. M., 1338
McShea, D., 901
Medawar, P. B., 1183
Megaloceros giganteus (“Irish Elk”), 762-763, 1260, 1261
Meinke, D. W., 1093-1094
meiosis, 691
Mendelism. See also Modern Synthesis
Bateson and, 67, 409-410
copiousness and, 143
Darwinian minimal commitments and, 166
De Vries and, 417-418, 425
in Modern Synthesis, 506-507
segregation laws, 418-419
meristic variation, 400-401
Merton, R. K., 208
Merycoidodon, 862, 863
[Page 1417]
Mesozoa, 753-754, 1150
metaphor in science
Cuvier’s hostility to, 297-298
Darwin and, 340-341
Dawkin’s “selfish gene” and, 618-619
sieving and, 621-622
weightings and, 364-365
metastasis, concept of, 320
metazoan species, stasis in, 805-806, 807
methodology. See also dominant relative frequency; empirical issues; historical method; relative frequency; terminological issues
Bateson and, 399-400, 406-407, 408-409, 413
ease study approach and, 773, 803-805, 822-824, 830
catastrophists and, 484, 485-486, 489-490
choice of scale and, 934
components of higher-level selection and, 663-664
correlated variability and, 337
Cuvier and, 488, 489-490
Darwin’s approach and, 97-116, 557-558
Darwin’s procedures and, 59, 103-116
De Vries and, 420-421, 426
documentation of punctuation and, 769-772, 774, 859-861
estimation of biospecies by
paleospecies and, 790-792
explanatory modes in science and, 1332-1342
formalism and, 324-326
Lyellian uniformity and, 468-470, 481 -482 (see also uniformitarianism)
necessary vs. sufficient conditions and, 619-620
Origin as one long argument and, 97-99
paradoxes of gradualism and, 755-765
parsimony and, 552-554
problem of history and, 99-103, 158
spandrels and, 1254-1258
study of genetics and, 804-805
testability criterion and, 75, 790-791, 811, 839-840, 841
textual comparison as, 521-522, 625n
treatment of biases in science and, 791-792, 795
Metrarabdotos species, 78, 786-789, 796, 827, 843, 844, 867-870
Mettler, L. F., 996, 1016
Mexican axolotl, 360
Meyer, C. J. A., 793
Meyerowitz, E. M., 1093-1094
Meyranx, M., 306-308
Michaux, B., 786, 787
Michener, C. D., 1088
microevolutionary mechanics. See evolutionary mechanisms; natural selection; organismal selection
Mies van der Rohe, 2
migrational incursion of species, 748, 840, 841, 842, 852, 919
Milan Cathedral, 2, 3-6
Miller, A. I., 950-951
Miller, H., 116
Milne Edwards, H., 230-231
miltons. See also spandrels
inherent potentials vs. available things and, 1279-1280
subcategories of, 1280-1284
Mindel, D., 812
minimal commitments of Darwinism, 11, 12-24, 124-125. See also agency, as Darwinian principle; efficacy, as Darwinian principle; scope, as Darwinian principle
assessment of challenges to Darwinism and, 165-169, 439n-440n, 584-591
challenge of punctuated equilibrium for, 886, 970-971
defined, 14-15
as essence, 11, 12-24, 165-166
hardening of Modern Synthesis and, 521, 543-544 (see also Modern Synthesis, hardening of) history of debate and, 12-13, 35-36, 353, 585-586
inadequacy of defenses of, 585-587
persistence of critiques of, 586-591
revisions of, and Zeitgeist, 29-33
species selection on variability and, 666
thesis, antithesis, and synthesis and, 23-24, 590-591
twentieth century challenges to, 13, 584-591
Mivart, St. George, 107, 329, 344, 352
Darwin’s rebuttal of, 85, 342, 1218-1219, 1222-1224
The Genesis of Species, 342, 1219-1222
Modern Synthesis, 70-71, 503-591. See also Modern Synthesis, hardening of
Darwinian minimal commitments and, 160, 167
[Page 1418]
Modem Synthesis (continued)
data for, 564-566
“death” of, 1003-1004
demotion of internalist theories by, 70, 507-508
dismissal of Lamarckism by, 507
early pluralism of, 70, 514-518, 521, 533-535
formalist themes and, 395
fusion of Darwinism and Mendelism in, 504, 506-507, 508-514
gene selectionism and, 634-635
later goal of, 518-524
linking of subdisciplines and, 504
macroevolutionary theory and, 566, 699-700
naming of, 503-505
punctuated equilibrium and, 983
restriction phase of, 70, 505-518
structuralist-functionalist dichotomy and, 261
as two-phase process, 70, 503-505
Modern Synthesis, hardening of, 51, 70-71, 165, 312, 505, 518-543
agency and, 71, 544-556, 585
comparison of centennials and, 566-576
development of notion of, 522-523
Dobzhansky and, 524-528, 532-533, 541-542
efficacy of Darwinism and, 70-71, 518-543
exaptations and, 1232-1233
levels of selection and, 544-556
Mayr and, 531 -541
Olson’s critique and, 574-576
power of selection and, 518-524
reasons for, 541-543
scope and, 71, 556-566, 578-579
Sewall Wright and, 522-524
Simpson and, 522, 528-531, 578
textbooks and, 576-584
Mokyr, J., 959-960
mole, 268-269
“molecular clock,” 810-812
molecular evolution, exaptation as term in, 1239-1246
mollusks. See also African lake mollusks; Cerion; Gryphaea
clade selection and, 1318
larval strategies in, 659-661, 709-710, 729-730
morphometric analysis of, 853-854
orthogenesis and, 365-383
relative frequency studies and, 856-861
species selection and, 709-710, 729-730
stasis in, 763, 855
vertebral archetype and, 306-308
Montgomery, M. K., 1245-1246
Moore, J., 1107
morality, and Darwin, 133-136
“more-making.” See plurifaction
Moretti, F., 978
Morgan, B. A., 1104
Morgan, C. L., 553
Morgan, T. H., 203-208, 532-533, 569
morphology. See also arthropod and vertebrate developmental homologies; deep homology
in Darwin, 112
pace of change in, 939-946
properties of taxonomic groups and, 807-810
quantitative study of, 822-824
stability and, 347-350
as term, 283
morphotypes, 348-349
Morris, P. J., 920
Muller, M., 143, 1110-1111
“multiple adaptive peaks,” 348
multiregional hypothesis (“tendency theory”), 911-912
“mutable period,” 435-436
mutational variation, 430-431. See also Antennapedia mutant; bicalyx mutant
spandrels and, 1275-1276
mutation theory, 425-438
Darwinism and, 439-446
sources of, 417-425
Myriapoda, 1169
Nägeli, K. V., 358, 359
Nannippus, 907
Napoleon, 173-174
Nasonia vitripennis (parasitoid wasp), 692
National Center for Science Education, 976
national traditions, 65, 252-253
natural history. See also systematics
Dobzhansky and, 532-533
hypothesis testing in, 823, 854-856, 945-946
scientific modes of explanation and, 1333-1338
Natural History Magazine, 34, 46, 1002
Natural Inheritance (Galton), 344-346
natural law, 328
natural selection. See also adaptationism; Allmacht of selection; alternatives to natural selection; minimal commitments of Darwinism
[Page 1419]
aptive triangle applied to, 1052-1053, 1059
basic formulation of, 13-14
Bateson and, 402, 406, 412-415
categories of constraint and, 1027-1032
De Vries and, 427-428, 429, 442
gradualism as prior to, lor Darwin, 148-149, 154-155
hardening of Modern Synthesis and, 518-524, 577-579
historical origin vs. current utility and, 85-86, 671-673
lack of definition of, 545
large- vs. small-scale forces and, 23, 93-97, 175
levels in, as issue, 136 (see also agency, as Darwinian principle; hierarchy theory; levels of selection; organismal selection; species selection)
macroevolutionary change and, 15, 1322 (see also scope, as Darwinian principle)
as nonexclusive, 254-255
novelty and, 14 (see also efficacy, as Darwinian principle)
organismal locus of, for Darwin, 14, 60, 125-137, 597 (see also agency, as Darwinian principle; organismal selection)
origin of concept of, 122-125
The Structure of Evolutionary Theory Page 234