225 売
u-ru, bai
う・る、バイ
sell
売 derives from 賣, which combines 士, a simplified form of 出 take out or show (cf. 108), and 買, which usually means buying (cf. 234), but here means something to do with business. Thus 売 suggests selling. (Imagine a man 士 standing 儿 behind a showcase in a shop 冖.)
売る うる uru to sell
冗場 うりば uriba counter in a shop, vending area
特売 どくばい tokubai special/bargain sale
売店 ばいてん baiten stand, stall
________
大売(り)出し おおうりだし ōuridashi big sale
発売日 はつばい び hatsubai bi the day of release for sale
新発売 しん はつばい shin hatusbai newly on sale
226 肉
niku
ニク
meat
肉 derives from a pictograph of meat. When 肉 is used as a part of other kanji, it is written 月.
肉 にく niku meat
______
ひきにく hiki niku minced/ground meat
にくりょうり niku ryōri meat dishes
やきにく yakiniku grilled meat
227 牛
ushi, gyū
うし、ギュウ
cow, bull
牛 derives from a pictograph of a cow or bull’s head.
牛 うし ushi cattle, cow, bull
牛肉 ぎゆうにく gyūniku beef
________
ぎゆうにゆう gyūnyū cow's milk
ぎゅうどん gyūdon a bowl of rice topped with cooked sliced beef
水牛 すいぎゆう suigyū water buffalo
228 豚
buta, ton
ぶた、トン
pig
豕 derives from a pictograph of a pig. 月 meat (cf. 226 肉) was added in order to specify a pig which is eaten, namely, pork.
豚 ぶ、た buta pig
豚肉 ぶ、广こ（こく butaniku pork
豚カツ どんカツ tonkatsu breaded pork cutlet
________
やきぶた yakibuta roast pork
すぶた subuta sweet-and-sour pork
229 鳥
tori, chō
とり、チョウ
bird; chicken
鳥 derives from a pictograph of a bird.
鳥 どり tori bird
鳥肉 どりにく toriniku chicken meat
小鳥 こどり kotori small bird
________
やきどり yakitori grilled chicken on a stick
はくちよう hakuchō swan
230 魚
sakana, (zakana), uo, gyo
さかな、（ざかな）、うお、ギョ
fish
魚 derives from a pictograph of a fish.
角、 さかな sakana fish
魚つり さかなつり sakana tsuri fishing
焼魚 やきざかな yakizakana grilled fish
______
魚屋 さかなや sakana ya fish store
魚市場 うおいちば uo ichiba fish market
金魚 きんぎょ kingyo goldfish
231 割
wa-ru, katsu
わ・る、カツ
divide; proportion
割 combines sword and 害, a basketlike mask over a mouth, indicating an obstacle. 割 formerly meant cutting an obstacle, and then came to mean divide and proportion. 害 by itself means harm.
割る わる waru to divide, to break, to split
二割 にわり ni wari 20%
割(り)引き わりびき waribiki discount
学割 がくわり gaku wari student discount
______
わりあい wariai rate, ratio; comparatively
分割する ぶんかつする bunkatsu suru to divide, to partition
232 品
shina, hin, (pin)
しな、ヒン、（ピン）
goods, article; quality
品 derives from a pictograph of goods piled up.
品 しな shina goods; quality
しながわ Shinagawa Shinagawa (place)
食料品 しよ〈りようひん shokuryō hin foodstuff, groceries
スポーツ用品 スポーツようひん supotsu yohin sporting goods
全品 ぜんぴん zempin all items/goods
________
品切れ しなぎれ shinagire out of stock, sold out
食品 しよ〈ひん shokuhin food, foodstuff
さくひん sakuhin piece of work, product
日用品 にちようひん nichiyō hin daily necessities
でんきせいひん denki seihin electrical appliance
233 安
yasu-i, an
やす・い、アン
peaceful; inexpensive, cheap
安 represents a woman 女 in a house 宀, which suggests a peaceful household. Inexpensive is an associated meaning, perhaps coming from the idea of staying at home and making things oneself.
安い やすい yasui inexpensive, cheap
安売り やすうり yasu uri bargain sale
円安 えんやす en'yasu low value of the yen
安全な あんせんな anzen na safe, secure
______
あんしんする anshinsuru to feel easy/relieved
不安な ふあんな fuan na uneasy, restless
234 買
ka-u, bai
か・う、バイ
buy
買 combines net and 貝 money (cf. 200 費). In old times, people used net bags when buying goods.
買う かう kau to buy
______
こうばいぶ kōbai bu cooperative store
売買する ばいばいする baibai suru to buy and sell, to deal to trade
235 物
mono, butsu, motsu
もの、ブツ、モツ
object, thing
物 combines or 牛 cattle (cf. 227) and 勿 elephant’s tusks and trunk. The Chinese chose these animals to represent the concept of things.
物 もの mono thing
品物 しなもの shinamono goods, article
買(い)物する かいものする kaimono suru to shop
見物する けんぶつする kembutsu suru to sightsee
________
わすれもの wasuremono things left behind lost property
動物 どうぶつ dōbutsu animal
にもつ nimotsu baggage, cargo
236 業
gyō
ギョウ
occupation, business
業 represents a musical instrument that is difficult to play, hanging from a rack. From this, 業 has come to mean job or business, which can also be difficult.
工業 こうぎよう kōgyō (manufacturing) industry
本日休業 ほんじつ きゅうぎょう honjitsu kyūgyō Closed Today
営業中 えいぎょうちゅう eigyō chū open for business, Open
営業時間 えいぎょうじかん eigyō jikan business hours
________
じゅぎょうりょう jugyō ryō tuition
そつぎょう する sotsugyō suru to graduate
産業 さんぎょう sangyō industry
しょくぎょう syokugyō job, profession
4 Practice
I. Write the readings of the following kanji in hiragana.
1. 北 山 店
2. 大 特 売
3. 牛 肉
4. 豚 肉
5. 鳥 肉
6. 魚
7. 1 割 引 き
8. 売 場
9. 食 料 品
10. 全 品
11. お 買 い 物
12. 営 業 時 間
13. 定 休 日
14. 書 店
15. 特 売
16. 肉
17. 牛
18. 豚 カ ツ
19. 学 割
20. 品
21. 安 全 な
22. 休 業
23. あ の 店 に は 、 品 物 が た く さ ん あ り ま す 。
24. ケ ー キ を つ く り ま す か ら 、 た ま ご を 三 つ 、 割 っ て く だ さ い 。
25. 安 く て よ い セ ー タ ー が 買 え て 、 う れ し い で す 。
II. Fill in the blanks with appropriate kanji.
5 Advanced Placement Exam Practice Question
When you went into a supermarket, you heard the following announcement. Read the below, and answer the questions.
いらっしゃいませ、いらっしゃいませ！ 文京スーパー、三丁目店へようこそ！
本日は大特売！
肉売り場では、牛肉、鳥肉は 2 割引、豚肉、ソーセージはなんと 3 割引！
魚売り場では、お魚が安いよ！ 4 割引！
やさい、くだものも今日は全品1割引！
ほかの食料品も、大特売！
食料品は、みんなまとめて文京スーパー三丁目店でどうぞ！
本日、営業時間はいつもより 1 時間ながく、午後 10 時まで！
お買い物は文京スーパー、三丁目店で！！
明日、3 月曜日は、定休日だよ、お買い物は今日のうちに！！
1. Which has the biggest discount?
A. beef
B. pork C. fish
D. tomatoes
2. How much is an apple discounted?
A. 40% discount
B. 30% discount
C. 20% discount
D. 10% discount
3. Which one is not discounted?
A. さしみ
B. コーヒー
C. くすり
D. ハム
4. What time does this supermarket usually close?
A. 9:00 P.M.
B. 10:00 P.M.
C. 10:30 P.M.
D. 11:00 P.M.
5. What day of the week is it today?
A. Saturday
B. Sunday
C. Monday
D. Tuesday
LESSON 20
Eating Out
食堂に入りましょう
At lunch time many restaurants offer low-priced set meals. Japanese noodles or rice dishes served in bowls are an even cheaper and simpler alternative. Japanese tea and water are served free of charge, and in many company and university cafeterias, self-serve machines for cold water, hot water, and tea are available. In this lesson, you will learn how to read words commonly used in cafeterias, in restaurants, and on menus.
1 Introductory Quiz
Look at the illustrations below and refer to the words in Vocabulary. Then try the following quiz.
I. Restaurants display signs to tell the public if they are open or not. Which of the following signs allows you to enter? Choose the correct answer.
II. Read the signs on the tables below, and then choose the correct answers.
1. よやくしてあります。 (a. b. c.)
2. たばこをすってもいいです。 (a. b. c.)
3. たばこをすってはいけません。 (a. b. c.)
III. Understanding the meaning of kanji in a menu will help you order. While reading the menu on the following page, write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.
1. ( ) この店の肉は牛肉です。
2. ( ) 牛は定食です。
3. ( ) 豚汁は和食です。
4. ( ) みそ汁は洋食です。
5. ( ) 鳥肉からあげは飲み物です。
6. ( ) 茶は飲み物です。
7. ( ) おゆは 350 円です。
In university cafeterias and other less expensive restaurants, you will often find self-service tea, hot water, or ice water free of charge.
Samples from the Menu on the Previous Page
2 Vocabulary
Study the readings and meanings of these words to help you understand the Introductory Quiz.
1. しょくどう shokudō restaurant/cafeteria
2. じゅんびちゅう jumbi chū Preparing to Open
3. ていきゅうび teikyū bi Shop Holiday, regular holiday
4. えいぎようちゆう eigyō chū Open for Business
5. 予約席 よやくせき yoyaku seki reserved table
6. きんえんせき kin'en seki nonsmoking table
7. (お）しよくじ (o)shokuji meal
8. やきにく yakiniku grilled meat
9. てい しよく teishoku set meal
10. みそ汁 みそ しる misoshiru miso soup
11. つけもの tsukemono pickles
12. ぎゆうどん gyūdon a bowl of rice topped with sliced beef
13. てんぷらそば tempura soba soba with tempura
14. どりにくからあげ toriniku karaage fried chicken
15. (お）のみもの (o)nomimono beverage
16. ちゅう か chūka Chinese style
17. マーボどうふ mābo dōfu tofu with chili pepper
18. こうちや kōcha black tea
19. (お）湯 (お）ゆ (o)yu hot water
20. (お）茶 (お）ちゃ (o)cha Japanese tea
21. れいすい reisui ice water
22. (ご）予約 (ご）よやく (go)yoyaku reservation
23. うける ukeru to receive
24. ぶたじる/どんじる butajiru/tonjiru miso soup with pork and vegetables
25. わしょく washoku Japanese food/meal
26. わていしよく wa teishoku Japanese-style set meal
27. やきざかな yaki zakana grilled fish
28. に もの nimono cooked vegetables seasoned with soy sauce
29. よう しよく yōshoku Western food/meal
30. べんどう bentō meal in a box
31. ェビフライ ebifurai fried prawns
32. コロッケ korokke croquette
3 New Characters
Ten characters are introduced in this lesson. Use the explanations to help you understand and remember the characters. Study the compound words to increase your vocabulary.
和 洋 汁 飲 茶 湯 予 約 席 備
237 和
wa
ワ
peace, harmony; Japan
和, which combines 禾 grain (cf. 45 科) and 口 mouth, indicates peace, because eating makes people happy and peaceful. In addition, 和 is often used to mean Japan, because ancient Japan was called 倭, pronounced wa.
平和 へいわ heiwa peace
和室 わしつ washitsu Japanese-style room
和食 わしょく washoku Japanese food/meal
和定食 わていしょく wa teishoku Japanese-style set meal
______
わふう wafū Japanese style
わえいじてん waei jiten Japanese-English dictionary
かんわ じてん kanwa jiten dictionary of kanji in Japanese
238 洋
yō
ヨウ
ocean; foreign, Western
洋 combines water and 羊 sheep’s head, meaning beautiful or correct and by extension, splendid and big (cf. 130 着 ; 188 義). A big, splendid body of water is an ocean. Beyond the ocean, there are foreign lands.
東洋 どうよう tōyō the East, the Orient
西洋 せいよう seivō the West
洋食 ようしょく yōshoku Western food/meal
洋室 ようしっ yōshitsu Western-style room
________
たいへいよう taiheiyō the Pacific Ocean
洋書 ようしょ yōsho Western book
洋式 ようしき yōshiki Western style
ようふく yōfuku Western clothes
239 汁
shiru, (jiru)
しる、（じる） soup
汁 combines water and 十 add (cf. 184 協). In order to cook
soup, various ingredients are added to water.
みそ汁 みそしる misoshiru miso soup
豚汁 ぶたじる/どんじる butajiru/tonjiru miso soup with pork and vegetables
________
240 飲
no-mu, in
の・む、イン
drink
飲 combines eat or meal (cf. 180 食) and 欠 wide open mouth, and refers to opening one’s mouth wide to drink. 欠 by itself means lack or absence.
飲む のむ nomu to drink
飲（み）物 のみもの nomi mono beverage
飲（み）水 のみみず nomi mizu drinking water
飲料水 いんりようすい inryo sui drinking water (formal)
________
飲食店 いんしよくてん inshoku ten eating house, restaurant
241 茶
cha, sa
チャ、サ
tea
茶 derives from 荼. The radical represents plant, and 余 indicates dividing 八 a piled up 十 mound to make space, implying extra space, time, etc. 荼 thus means tea (the plant for brewing the drink, or the drink itself), which people enjoy in their spare time.
(お)茶 (お）ちゃ (o)cha (Japanese) tea
こうちゃ kōcha black tea
________
ちゃいろ chairo brown color
茶道 さどう sado art of tea ceremony
きっさてん kissa ten tearoom, coffee shop
242 湯
yu, tō
ゆ、トウ
hot water
湯, which combines water and 昜 sun rising up high (cf. 197 場), indicates hot water with steam rising up out of it.
(お)湯 (お）ゆ (o)yu hot water
________
〜湯 〜ゆ ~yu suffix for bathhouses or hot springs
250 Essential Japanese Kanji Characters Volume 1 Page 17