The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian Dynasty
Page 48
3. The text is taken from Abu-Manneh, The Husaynis. He bases it on the Jerusalem sijjilat. It stands to reason that the sijjil did not record precisely the things that had been said, but I presume this is a reasonable reconstruction of the exchange, if indeed it was said.
4. The Jerusalem Sijjil, vol. 269, document 92, pp. 102–4, 1203 hijjra (1788). I wish to thank Dr Mahmoud Yazbak, who guided me in working on these documents in the Haram.
5. This passage is reconstructed with the help of a genealogical tree given to Philip Mattar by Dr Mahmoud al-Naqib al-Husayni, Amin’s physician and relative. See P. Mattar, The Mufti of Jerusalem, New York 1988, p. 6, note 23. See also M. Khadduri, Arab Contemporaries: The Role of Personalities in Politics, Baltimore 1973, p. 69; G. al-Jabarti, The Wonders of Biographies and Chronicles, Cairo 1879, vol. 1, pp. 374–5 (Arabic).
6. Quoted in al-Asali, Jerusalem, p. 38.
7. Al-Muradi, Guide, vol. 3, p. 90.
8. On Dahir al-Umar, see U. Heyd, Daher al-Umar, Jerusalem 1963; C. P. Volney, Travels in Syria and Egypt in the years 1783, 1784 and 1785, London 1787. Other sources used as background are M. N. al-Dabagh, The History of Shaykh Dahir al-Umar al-Zaydani, Harisa 1927 (Arabic); B. Doumani, Rediscovering Palestine, Berkeley 1995, pp. 95–7; and Thomas Philipp, Acre: The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian City, 1730–1831, New York 2001.
9. On al-Umar’s wish to occupy Jerusalem, see A. Cohen, Palestine, p. 92. I assume that not only the family had thought to contact al-Umar.
10. This description is based on documents in A. Cohen, A. Simon-Picali and O. Salameh (eds), Jews in the Muslim Court, Jerusalem 1996, pp. 14, 163 (Hebrew).
11. Based on the biography of the family as it appears in H. A. Abd al-Latif, The Jerusalemite Biographies in the 12th Hijjra Century, no date (Arabic).
12. A. Rafeq, The Province of Damascus, Beirut 1970, p. 21.
13. Al-Asali, Historical Documents from Jerusalem, Amman 1989, vol. 3, p. 45 (Arabic). There he quotes in full from the sijjil of Jerusalem, vol. 271, p. 4, 1204 hijjra. In page 48, note 31, al-Asali brings in the record in the sijjil and reports that in 1202 hijjra, the governor of Damascus imposed an unregistered tax on the population of Jerusalem (Sijjil, vol. 269, p. 33). See also S. Pamuk, ‘Money in the Ottoman Empire’ in H. Inalcik (ed.), An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1914, Cambridge 1994, pp. 966–7.
14. The funeral rites are described in K. Salibi and Y. K. Khoury (eds), The Missionary Herald: Reports from Ottoman Syria, 1819–1870, Washington 1991, p. 267.
15. Abu-Manneh dealt extensively with that period as well: Abu-Manneh, The Husaynis. Inspired by this article, others researchers as well as myself have read the manuscript of Abd al-Latif. See Abd al-Latif, Biographies.
16. At the end of the nineteenth century, the American consul reported that the genealogical tree was hung in the notables’ houses. See E. S. Wallace, Holy Jerusalem, New York 1898, p. 341.
17. In the following chapters, I used valuable information found in the biographical lexicon composed by Adel Manna. The information here is taken from A. Manna, The Worthies of Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period, Beirut 1995, p. 109 (Arabic).
18. Manna, ibid., p. 87. It is argued that Hassan was appointed as mufti in 1773.
19. Al-Asali, Documents, p. 34, document 19; the proclamation of the Damascus governor, the Shari‘a court sijjilat of Jerusalem, vol. 271, p. 56, 1201 hijjra (1789).
20. Ibid., p. 34, document 20; Sijjil, vol. 287, p. 41, 1211 hijjra (1797).
21. Ibid., p. 35, document 21; Sijjil, vol. 287, p. 70.
22. Ibid., p. 33, document 17. According to Abu-Manneh, the decision on the name was taken in 1790. Abu-Manneh, The Husaynis.
23. Ibid.
24. Manna, Worthies, p. 87.
25. Al-Asali, Documents, p. 53, document 38: Sijjil, vol. 272, pp. 7–8, 1205 hijjra (1790). The document mentions Saliyat bint Khalil, a Mutawali (appointed) woman for the endowment (waqf). See also ibid., p. 83, Sijjil, vol. 270, p. 118, document 60: Sijjil, vol. 270, p. 118, 1204 hijjra (1789).
26. Cohen, Simon-Picaly, Salameh, Jews, pp. 111, 163.
27. Sijjil Jerusalem, vol. 267, p. 3, 1200 hijjra (1785).
28. A. Shihabi, The History of Ahmad Pasha Al-Jazzar, Beirut, no date (Arabic).
29. Manna, Worthies, pp. 104–8.
30. We do not posses confirmed information on the Husaynis in this context. But in the sijjil, the reference is to the A‘ayans who were headed by the Husaynis. See al-Jabarti, The Wonders, vol. 3, pp. 527–8.
31. Sijjil Jaffa, vol. 15, 1216 hijjra (al-Muharram 1801). I wish to thank Dr Said Hassan for providing me with copies from the sijjil.
32. A. al-Awda, The History of Suleyman Pasha the Noble, Tyre 1936, pp. 77, 88–9 (Arabic).
33. Sijjil Jaffa, vol. 5, 1219 hijjra (Safar 1804).
34. Sijjil Jaffa, vol. 29, 1219 hijjra (Rajab 1804).
35. Al-Awda, The History, p. 83.
36. L. M. al-Yassui, The History of Syria and Lebanon, 1782–1841, Beirut 1912, p. 20 (Arabic).
37. Al-Asali, Documents, vol. 3, p. 38, document 25; Sijjil Jerusalem, vol. 293, p. 210, 1224 hijjra (1809).
38. On al-Kanj’s camp see al-Arif, Jerusalem, p. 309.
39. R. Curzon, Visits to Monasteries in the Levant, London 1851.
40. Al-Asali, Documents, p. 37, document 22; Sijjil Jerusalem, vol. 293, p. 210, 1224 hijjra (1809).
41. This account of Tahir’s piety is derived from a fusion of what can be found on him in Abu-Manneh, The Husaynis, and the travelogues collected in al-Asali, Jerusalem.
CHAPTER TWO
1. Abu-Manneh, The Husaynis, p. 23, note 13.
2. Abu Nabut’s revolt is described in R. A. S. Macalister and E. W. G. Masterman, ‘Occasional Papers on the Modern Inhabitants of Palestine’, The Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly (1906), pp. 34–6. On al-Jazzar’s heirs, see al-Nimr, The History, vol. 1; al-Awda, The History; F. A. Chateaubriand, Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem, Paris 1811; and J. Crane, Letters from the East, New York 1996, p. 126.
3. G. Baer, ‘Jerusalem’s Families of Notables and the Waqf in the Early 19th Century’, in D. Kushner (ed.), Palestine, ibid., and B. Abu-Mannah ‘Jerusalem in the Tanzimat Period, the New Ottoman Administration and the Notables’, Die Welt des Islams, 30 (1990).
4. Al-Awda, The History, pp. 202–97.
5. Manna, Worthies, pp. 113–6.
6. This description appears in her husband’s book; see G. Belzoni, Narrative of the Operations and Recent Discoveries in Egypt, London 1882, p. 285.
7. Al-Arif, Jerusalem, p. 127. For a general article on the period, see Mordechai Abir, ‘Local Leadership and Early Reforms in Palestine, 1800–1834’ in Moshe Maoz (ed.), Studies on Palestine in the Ottoman Period, Magnes: Jersualem 1975, pp. 20–35.
8. Khoury, The Missionary, pp. 182–4.
9. Manna, Worthies, ibid.
10. S. N. Spyridon (ed.), Annals of Palestine, 1821–1841: Manuscript of Monk Neophytos of Cyprus, Jerusalem 1938, pp. 674–83.
11. Al-Arif, Concise History, p. 197.
12. B. Kimmerling and J. S. Migdal, Palestinians: The Making of a People, New York 1993, pp. 3–36.
13. Al-Dabagh, The History, vol. 10, part 2, p. 15.
14. Salibi and Khoury, The Missionary, vol. 1, pp. 395–7.
15. Al-Arif, Jerusalem, p. 359.
16. On the debt owed to Abdullah in 1824, see S. N. Spyridon (ed.), Annals of Palestine, 1821–1841; Manuscript of Monk Neophytos of Cyprus, Jerusalem 1938, pp. 674–83.
17. Salibi and Khoury, The Missionary, p. 396.
18. Al-Arif, Jerusalem, p. 109.
19. We assume that Abd al-Samad carried the letter, but we do not know for sure. Also its content has been surmised from other sources.
20. Y. Schwartz, The Harvest, London 1845, pp. 450–1 (Hebrew).
21. Based on al-Arif, Jerusalem, p. 277. With him came 40,000 soldiers.
22. L. M. Salem, The Egyptian Rule in Syria, 1831–1841, Cairo
1989. This book by an Egyptian scholar includes many documents from Dar al-Watha’iq, the Egyptian archive. This document is from file 56, vol. 1 (al-Sham), correspondence 6, Rajjab 1247 hijjra (1831), p. 248, note 20. It appeared in the British Public Record, FO 78/803, Finn to London, 19 May 1949. On the issue of Hussein Abd al-Hadi’s to Ibrahim, see Schwartz, The Harvest.
23. On Ibrahim’s visit with the mufti in the Holy Sepulchre, see Spyridon, Annals, pp. 87–8.
24. R. Asad, The Egyptian Royal Archives, Cairo 1946, vol. 2, p. 391 (Arabic).
25. Al-Arif, Jerusalem, p. 280.
26. Asad, The Egyptian, vol. 1, p. 724.
27. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 233, puts Tahir’s signature on the document. On the peasants’ revolt in the days of Muhammad Ali, see A. Kinglake, Eothen, London 1845. On the revolt in Egypt in 1834, see al-Arif, Jerusalem, p. 112. On the letter captured by Muhammad Ali and according to which the sultan planned to attack him, see S. J. Shaw, Between Old and New: The Ottoman Empire Under Sultan Selim 3, 1789–1807, Cambridge 1971, pp. 32–3.
28. Abu-Manneh, Jerusalem, p. 6; Finn, Stirring, vol. 2, pp. 188–9.
29. Q. Pasha al-Muhis edited an anonymous memoir, Historical Memoirs (Harisa Lebanon, no date), p. 95; the information was also drawn from a series of lectures given at the University of Damascus, which were published in A. Ghariba, Syria in the 19th Century, 1840–1876, Damascus 1969 (Arabic).
30. Another anonymous writer composed ‘The Wars of Ibrahim Pasha’, vol. 2, p. 38.
31. Asad, The Egyptian, vol. 2, pp. 191–391.
32. Kimmerling and Migdal, Palestinians, and S. Abu Izz al-Din, Ibrahim Pasha in Syria, Beirut 1929, p. 169.
33. Kimmerling and Migdal, ibid.
34. Al-Arif, Jerusalem, p. 113.
35. Abu Izz al-Din, Ibrahim, pp. 173–4.
36. Al-Arif, Jerusalem, p. 114.
37. A. Paton, History of the Egyptian Revolution, London 1870.
38. ‘The Wars of Ibrahim’, vol. 2, pp. 100–1.
39. Asad, The Egyptian, vol. 2, pp. 404–24.
40. Abu Izz al-Din, Ibrahim, p. 174.
41. On Tahir’s connections with al-Azhar, see A. Manna, ‘Cultural Relations between Egyptian and Jerusalem “Ulema” in the Early Nineteenth Century’ in G. Gilbar and G. Warburg (eds), Studies in Islamic Society, Haifa 1974, p. 141.
42. Asad, The Egyptian, vol. 2, file 188.1, quoted on p. 9.
43. Ibid., vol. 3, p. 230.
44. Ibid., vol. 4, pp. 294–309.
45. Ibid., vol. 4, p. 336, file 330.2.
46. Al-Arif, Jerusalem, p. 116.
47. As comes out from the description in M. al-Abadi, Foreigners on Our Land, Amman 1947 (Arabic), and in Z. Gorgi, The Famous Personalities of the East in the 19th Century, Cairo, no date, vol. 2, p. 52 (Arabic).
48. Abu-Manneh, Jerusalem, p. 2, note 6.
CHAPTER THREE
1. Abu-Manneh, Jerusalem, p. 2, note 6; al-Arif, Jerusalem, p. 119.
2. Al-Arif, Jerusalem, p. 118.
3. B. Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey, Princeton 1961, p. 95.
4. B. Abu-Manneh, ‘The Rise of the Sanjak of Jerusalem in the Late 19th Century’ in I. Pappé (ed.), The Israel/Palestine Question, London and New York 1999, p. 43, note 13.
5. The discussion is in Abu-Manneh, ibid.
6. M. Russel, Palestine, London 1834, pp. 17–8.
7. B. Anderson, Imagined Communities, London 1991, pp. 1–9.
8. Al-Dabagh, The History, vol. 10, p. 35.
9. Adel Manna relies on documents of the al-Khalidi family; see Manna, Worthies, pp. 141–2.
10. Manna, Worthies, p. 118; Abu-Manneh, Jerusalem, pp. 19–20; PRO, FO 78/540, Consul Young to Consul Rose in Beirut, 15 July 1843, 4 August 1843 and 2 October 1843; PRO, FO 78/625, Consul Young to London, 21 April 1844.
11. Manna, ibid., p. 115.
12. Ibid., p. 112.
13. Ibid., p. 118.
14. Abu-Manneh, Jerusalem, p. 22.
15. Y. Porath, The Emergence of the Palestinian National Movement, 1918–1929, Tel Aviv 1976, pp. 1–17 (Hebrew).
16. PRO, FO 78/839, Jerusalem to London, 27 September 1850.
17. Abu-Manneh, Jerusalem, p. 30, note 141.
18. PRO, FO 78/839, Finn to London, 13 September 1848.
19. Z. al-Peleg, The Grand Mufti, Tel Aviv 1989, p. 8 (Hebrew).
20. Spirydon, Annals, p. 124.
21. PRO, FO 78/874, Jerusalem to London, 15 July 1851.
22. Kimmerling and Migdal, Palestinians, pp. 36–64; see PRO, FO 78/755, Finn to London, 5 February 1848.
23. Al-Arif, The Concise, p. 259.
24. Al-Arif, Jerusalem, p. 119.
25. S. Landman, The Jerusalem Notables’ Neighborhoods Outside the Wall in the 19th Century, Jerusalem 1984, pp. 66–8 (Arabic).
26. Al-Dabagh, The History, part 2, vol. 10, p. 210.
27. Landman, The Jerusalem, p. 17; Abu-Manneh, Jerusalem, p. 3, note 12.
28. Ha-Magid, July 1860, p. 116 (Hebrew).
29. Manna, Worthies, p. 119.
30. On clashes with Europeans, see A. Scholch, ‘European Penetration and the Economic Development of Palestine, 1856–1872’ in R. Owen (ed.), Studies in the Economic and Social History of Palestine in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, Oxford 1982, pp. 10–87, and A. Scholch, Palestine in Transformation, 1856–1882, Washington 1993.
31. A. Droyanov (ed.), Letters on the History of the Love of Zion and the Settlement of the Palestine, Odessa 1919, part 1, chapter five (Hebrew).
32. A. Hourani, ‘Ottoman Reform and the Politics of Notables’, in W. R. Polk and R. L. Chambers (eds), Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East: The Nineteenth Century, Chicago 1968, p. 52.
CHAPTER 4
1. A. Hourani, ‘Ottoman Reform and the Politics of Notables’, in W. R. Polk and R. L. Chambers (eds), Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East: The Nineteenth Century, Chicago 1968, p. 52.
2. Uthman Taba’, The Strong Men of Gaza, part 1 (Arabic). This manuscript is in the Jerusalem Shari‘a court and is quoted in part in Manna, Worthies, p. 119.
3. D. Kushner, ‘The “Foreign Relations” of the Governors of Jerusalem Toward the End of the Ottoman Period’, in D. Kushner (ed.), Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period, Jerusalem 1986, p. 316, note 32.
4. See Rokah’s letter to Pinsker, 24 Nissan [Hebrew Calendar] 1886, in Droyanov, Letters, part one, pp. 768–70.
5. H. Spoer, ‘Das Nabi Musa Fest’, Zeitschrift der Deutshen Palestine-Vereins, vol. 32 (1909), p. 215.
6. Ibid.
7. Al-Arif, Jerusalem, vol. 4, p. 224.
8. Doryanov, Letters.
9. I. M. al-Husayni, Abd al-Latif al-Husseini’s Treasure, Jerusalem 1985, the introduction (Arabic).
10. M. I. Darwazza, Memories and Notes: One Hundred Palestinian Years, Damascus 1986, vol. 1, p. 109 (Arabic).
11. This information was collected by Dr Mazen Qatatu from the family’s women for this research in the year 1994.
12. Landman, The Jerusalem, p. 90.
13. Al-Dabagh, The History, part 2, vol. 10, p. 210.
14. Y. Shiryon, Memoirs, Jerusalem 1943, p. 177 (Hebrew).
15. Manna, Worthies, p. 120, based on an interview by the author with Ishaq Musa al-Husayni.
16. R. Karak and M. Oren-Nordheim, Jerusalem and Its Environs, Jerusalem 1993, p. 274 (Hebrew).
17. Ibid., p. 163.
18. Ibid., p. 114.
19. S. al-Khalidi, Visits in al-Sham, Jerusalem 1946, p. 107 (Arabic).
20. Landman, The Jerusalem, p. 8.
21. Karak and Oren-Nordheim, Jerusalem, pp. 120–9, and Ben-Aryeh, Palestine, p. 476.
22. Darwazza, Memories, vol. 1, p. 47.
23. Al-Qayatli did not mention in which year he visited the city, but he did visit more than once. But as he mentions Mustafa al-Husayni it must have been around 1890 to 1893. See M. A. al-Qayatli, The Flavors of al-Sham in the Al-Sham Travelogues, Beirut 1981, pp. 96–7 (Arabic); Al-Arif, Concise, p. 308.
24. J. Qatul, The Education in Palestine, Jerusalem 1974, part 1 (Arabic).
25. R. Khalidi, Palestinian Identity, Berkeley 1997, p. 69.
26. Karak-Oren Nordheim, Jerusalem, pp. 120–9.
27. B. Spafford Vester, Our Family in the Holy City: 1881–1949, Jerusalem 1950, pp. 192–4; S. Mardin, ‘Religion and Secularism in Turkey’ in A. Hourani, P. S. Khoury and M. C. Wilson (eds), The Modern Middle East, London 1993, pp. 347–74.
28. Spafford Vester, Our Family, p. 179.
29. According to ‘The Report of the Ottoman Education Ministry’ of 1898, pp. 1,246–9, there were five classes. The report is brought in full in al-Dabagh, The History, part 2, chapter 10, p. 135.
30. Y. Al-Hakim, Syria in the Ottoman Period, Damascus 1950, pp. 190–201 (Arabic).
31. This was in fact reported in Al-Hilal, vol. 22 (1913–14), pp. 1, 603–5 (Arabic).
32. A. Yelin, The Memoirs of a Jerusalemite, Jerusalem 1924, pp. 172–3 (Hebrew).
33. From A. al-Aswad, The Imperial Visit to the Ottoman Empire, B’abada 1898 (Arabic).
34. Ibid., p. 113.
35. Ben-Aryeh, Palestine, p. 481.
36. Al-Aswad, The Imperial, p. 129.
37. Spafford Vester, Our Family, pp. 246–7.
38. Porath, The Emergence, p. 11.
39. Mattar, The Mufti, p. 46.
40. A. Yaari, Memories of Palestine, Ramat Gan 1974, part 1, pp. 198–203 (Hebrew).
41. A. al-Husayni, Diwan Shi’r, Anthology of Poems: a manuscript in al-Aqsa without a date (Arabic).
42. Porath, Hajj Amin, p. 226.
43. Ibid., note 11.
44. Y. Porath, ‘Social Aspects of the Emergence of the Palestinian National Movement’ in M. Milson (ed.), Society and Regime in the Arab World, Jerusalem 1977, p. 13 (Hebrew).
45. J. McCarthy, The Population of Palestine, New York 1988, pp. 7, 15.
46. PRO, FO 78/5285, Dickson to London, 14 November 1903.
47. Al-Dabagh, The History, part 2, vol. 10, p. 49.
48. I. Agmon, ‘Foreign Trade as a Transforming Factor in the Arab Economy in Palestine, 1897–1914, Cathedra 41 (1986), pp. 107–32 (Hebrew).