The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian Dynasty
Page 49
49. N. Gross, ‘Economic Reforms in Palestine at the End of the Ottoman Period’, Cathedra 2 (1977), pp. 102–25 (Hebrew).
50. Al-Arif, Jerusalem, p. 125.
51. A. Hyamson, The British Consulate in Palestine, London 1940, part 2, p. 461.
52. Landman, The Jerusalem, p. 68.
53. Central Zionist Archives, S/25, File 2911, Sokolov to Kish, London, 19 June 1930.
54. See ‘The Wailing Wall Trial, The Report of the International Wailing Wall Committee’ (Tel Aviv, 1931), p. 40, quoted in Ben-Aryeh, Palestine, p. 420.
55. Y. Yehoshua, The History of the Arabic Press in Palestine: The Ottoman Period, 1908–1918, Jerusalem 1974, p. 10 (Arabic).
56. PRO, FO 78/5497, Beirut to Istanbul, 12 January 1901.
57. For a discussion, see in I. Pappé, ‘Understanding the Enemy: A Comparative Analysis of Palestinian Islamist and Nationalist Leaflets, 1920s–1980s’ in R. L. Nettler and S. Taji-Farouki (eds), Muslim-Jewish Encounters: Intellectual Traditions and Modern Politics, Amsterdam 1996, pp. 223–63.
58. From Al-Muqtataf al-Mufida, part 4, issue 22, April 1897, Gaza (Arabic).
59. Appeared in Al-Manar, vol. 1, issue 6, no date, pp. 107–8 (Arabic).
60. Al-Manar, vol. 1, issue 41, p. 810.
61. M. Asaf, Arab-Jewish Relations in Palestine, 1860–1948, Tel Aviv 1970, p. 52, note 243 (Hebrew); Manna, Worthies, p. 131.
62. Ibid., p. 76, note 401.
63. Mattar, The Mufti, p. 14.
64. PRO, FO 78/5353, Jerusalem to London, July 1904, three letters.
65. Yehoshua, The History, p. 10; Manna, Worthies, p. 129; T. Jabara, Studies in the Modern History of Palestine, Jerusalem 1986, p. 33 (Arabic).
66. Central Zionist Archives, W/125, a letter from Hussein al-Husayni to the president of the Anglo-Palestine Society in London, 10 February 1905.
67. H. Ram, The Jewish Community in Jaffa, Jerusalem 1996, p. 168 (Hebrew).
68. H. Hamburger, Three Worlds, Jerusalem 1946, p. 74 (Hebrew).
69. Al-Manar, vol. 1, issue 3, April 1897–April 1898, p. 88, and also vol. 1, issue 17, pp. 312–3.
70. Abu-Manneh, Jerusalem, p. 25.
71. See A. C. Inchbold, Under the Syrian Sun, London 1906, pp. 412–35. A note on the reconstruction: according to their date of birth this could be valid for Jamal as well as for Amin, and maybe Inchbold was in someone else’s celebration. According to the testimony of Amina al-Husayni, such were the rites in her family and this why we used this description as an archetype.
72. Darwazza, Memories, part 1, pp. 114–7.
73. Manna, Worthies, p. 131.
74. An interview with Haidar al-Husayni, Amin’s aide, conducted by Philip Mattar; see Mattar, The Mufti, p. 7, note 26.
75. S. Graham-Brown, Palestinians and their Society, 1880–1946, London 1980, picture 154, pp. 29–30.
76. Ibid., picture 17, p. 17.
77. See Rokah’s letter to Pinsker, 24 Nissan [Hebrew Calendar] 1886, in Doryanov, Letters, part one, pp. 768–70.
CHAPTER 5
1. S. Hanioglu, ‘The Young Turks and the Arabs Before the Revolution of 1908’ in R. Khalidi et al. (eds), The Origins of Arab Nationalism, New York 1991, pp. 31–49.
2. Ibid.
3. Lewis, Emergence, p. 170.
4. I. Tannus, The Palestinians: A Glorious Past and a Wonderful Future, Beirut 1982, pp. 22–3 (Arabic).
5. Darwazza, Memories, p. 174. Muhamad Izzat Darwazza was born in Nablus to a middle-class family. Although he never graduated, he was well educated and learned. Some of the information here is taken from an interview with Darwazza in G. Abu Ghazzala, The National Culture in Palestine During the British Mandate, Beirut, no date, p. 37 (Arabic).
6. W. al-Khalidi, Before the Diaspora: A Photographic History of the Palestinian People, 1876–1948, Beirut 1987, pictures 6 and 7 (Arabic).
7. Darwazza testified that he loved reading papers; see Darwazza, Memories, vol. 1, p. 172.
8. Ibid., p. 171.
9. Filastin, third year, 26 November 1916.
10. A. al-Said, The Great Arab Revolt, Beirut, no date, vol. 1, pp. 7–6 (Arabic); A. Nuhayd, ‘A Man in Palestine: Khalil al-Sakakini’, Filastin 17 July 1995 (Arabic).
11. H. al-Sakakini, This Is Me, Gentlemen, Jerusalem 1990, diary entry: 12 November 1908 (Arabic).
12. Manna, Worthies, p. 127.
13. Darwazza, Memories, vol. 1, pp. 174–6.
14. K. al-Sakakini, This Is Me, Oh World!, Jerusalem, 1955, pp. 33–4 (Arabic).
15. Darwazza, Memories, p. 174.
16. Hanioglu, The Young, pp. 174–7.
17. Porath, The Emergence, p. 17.
18. Filastin, 4 May 1912.
19. Jabbara, Studies, p. 38.
20. Al-Karmil, vol. 19, issue 336, September 1913, p. 1.
21. Based on family material edited by Manna. See Manna, Worthies, p. 124.
22. Khalidi, Palestinian, p. 296.
23. Al-Karmil, vol. 186, third year, 18 October 1912.
24. Darwazza, Memories, p. 181.
25. See the appendix in B. N. al-Hut, The Political Leaderships and Institutions in Palestine, 1917–1948, Beirut 1981, p. 849 (Arabic).
26. Z. Mardini, Palestine and Hajj Amin al-Husseini, Beirut 1986, p. 28 (Arabic).
27. I. M. al-Husayni, I Learned from the People, Jerusalem 1968, p. 6 (Arabic).
28. Tannus, The Palestinians, p. 54.
29. Among them, ‘The Captain’s Daughter’ by Pushkin was published in Al-Manar in 1898. Anna Karenina by Tolstoy that was published in Al-Nafais. His most famous book was Al-Warith (The Inheritor), which was published in Al-Nafais al-Asriyya, forth year, and in 1921 appeared as a book printed by a Jerusalemite publisher.
30. Al-Sakakini, This Is, 21 September.
31. Manjala in Arabic, a pincher holding the coal for nargilehs and heating the water. This description was taken from Inchbold, Under, p. 213.
32. R. Memimel, The Remedy of My People, Berlin 1883 (Hebrew).
33. Asaf, Arab-Jewish, p. 62.
34. Y. Lamdan, ‘The Arabs and Zionism, 1882–1914’ in Y. Kolat (ed.), The History of the Jewish Settlement in Palestine since the First Aliya’, Jerusalem 1990, p. 233 (Hebrew).
35. R. Hichens, The Holy Land, London 1910, pp. 260–76.
36. Al-Dabagh, The History, p. 151.
37. M. H. Mansa, The History of the Modern Arab East, Beirut 1976, p. 150 (Arabic).
38. Darwazza, Memories, p. 188.
39. On 15 March 1911, Al-Ahram wrote on the connection between Jawdat Pasha and a French bank concerning the sale of land for Jewish owners. On 7 February 1913, Al-Ahram told its readers that the French-language paper The Young Turks was owned by the Jewish minister in charge of public affairs.
40. Lamdan, The Arabs, p. 231.
41. M. J. Mandel, The Arabs and Zionism Before WWI, Berkeley 1976, p. 112.
42. Porath, The Emergence, p. 19.
43. Al-Hut, The Political, p. 20.
44. Lamdan, The Arabs, p. 248.
45. H. Winner, ‘The Zionist Policy in Turkey until 1914’ in Y. Kolat (ed.), The History of the Jewish Settlement in Palestine since the First Aliya’, Jerusalem 1990, p. 338 (Hebrew).
46. Y. Yehoshua, The Fruit of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 1974, vol. 3, appendix on p. 128 indicates that the original document is to be found in the national library in the Hebrew University, Jerusalem (Hebrew).
47. On 9 and 10 April 1914, Al-Ahram reported the birth of Abd al-Qadir; see K. H. Muhsin, The Mother Palestine and her Noble Son Abd al-Qadir al-Husseini, Amman 1986, p. 135 (Arabic).
48. K. A. Salwadi, Dr Ishaq Musa al-Husseini, Jerusalem 1991, p. 35 (Arabic).
49. Al-Husayni, I Learned, p. 30.
50. Darwazza, Memories, vol. 1, p. 128.
51. Tannus, The Palestinians, pp. 14–7.
52. Amin al-Husayni’s file in the Central Zionist Archives, file 104999 in S25.
53. A. Rupin, My Life, Tel Aviv 1968, vol. 2, pp. 164–5 (Hebrew).
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br /> 54. Y. al-Awdat, Palestine’s Thinkers and Authors, Amman 1976, p. 109 (Arabic); for an interview by Philip Mattar with Zaynab al-Husayni, Amin’s daughter, see Mattar, The Mufti, p. 10, note 30.
55. Izzat Tanus, The Palestinians, p. 28.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid., p. 31.
58. Jamal’s memoirs are quoted in Tannus, The Palestinians, p. 218.
59. A. Palmer, The Decline and Fall of the Ottomans, London 1992, p. 234.
60. Al-Sakakini, Diary, 28 September 1914.
61. G. Antonius, The Arab Awakening, London 1961, pp. 178–200.
62. Mattar, The Mufti, p. 11, note 14.
63. Al-Peleg, The Mufti, p. 9.
64. P. Kahanov, ‘The Jerusalem Trade Fifty Years Ago’, From Early Days, 1 (1935), p. 142 (Hebrew).
65. Al-Awdat, Palestine.
66. Tannus, The Palestinians, pp. 212–4; Al-Peleg, The Mufti, p. 9.
67. Filastin, 15 May 1914, quoted in Y. Lunz, ‘The Sources and Origins of the Palestinian National Movement on the Eve of the First World War’ in M. Maoz and B. Z. Kedar (eds), The Palestinian National Movement: From Confrontation to Reconciliation?, Tel Aviv 1996, p. 35 (Hebrew).
68. Jamal’s memoirs as they are quoted in Tannus, The Palestinians, p. 218.
69. Filastin, 24 May 1913; Tannus, The Palestinians, pp. 258–9; and P. Brockelman, Geschichte der Arabischen Litteratur, vol. 3, Leiden 1970, p. 431.
70. T. A. Baru, The Arabs and the Turks in the Constitutional Ottoman Era, Cairo 1960, pp. 310–8 (Arabic).
71. George Antonius claims that young al-Hajj Amin played a crucial role in recruiting volunteers to the Arab revolt and that their numbers reached a few thousand. Dawn disagrees about the number. See the debate in Porath, The Emergence, p. 61. On Lloyd George, see D. Lloyd George, The Truth About the Peace Treaties, London 1938, pp. 1,027–40.
72. Mattar, The Mufti, p. 6.
73. The tale of Baydas’s escape is described in al-Awdat. The description of Said al-Husayni’s house is based on Landman, The Arabs, pp. 35–6. The rest of the descriptions are from al-Hut, The Political, p. 63.
74. Tannus, The Palestinians, p. 48.
75. Al-Sakakini, Diary, 2 February until 15 March 1915.
76. Tannus, The Palestinians, p. 54
CHAPTER 6
1. See P. Wavell, The Palestine Campaigns, London 1927, pp. 165–7.
2. The surrender is described in several sources. Izzat Tannus received the letter of surrender from Bishop Najib Qabain, who kept it after receiving it from Michail Abu Khatum in Jerusalem in December 1918. See Tannus, The Palestinians, p. 50.
3. E. al-Ghori, Palestine During Sixty Years, Beirut 1973, vol. 1, pp. 25–7 (Arabic).
4. This description of the people in the delegation was reconstructed with the help of a picture that appears in several sources. But only one book includes detailed information about them: N. al-Nashashibi, The Last Giant Came from Jerusalem: The Story of the Palestinian Leader Nasr al-Din al-Nashashibi, Jerusalem 1986, picture on p. 31 (Arabic). The tale on the two sergeants appears in several sources: al-Hut, The Political, p. 64; Khoury, The Modern, pp. 283–4; in British sources, it appears in Wavell, ibid., p. 66. See also T. Canan, ‘Two Documents on the Surrender of Jerusalem’, Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society, 10 (1930), p. 27.
5. Newton, Fifty, p. 120.
6. The description of Allenby’s entrance into Jerusalem was reconstructed with the help of al-Hut, The Political; Wavell, The Palestine; and pictures 15 and 16 from Walid Khalidi’s album (see al-Khalidi, Before, 1987).
7. The archbishop’s speech appears in Newton, Fifty, p. 109. It is possible that the sentence about ending the crusaders’ era was not said, as it appears in an unreliable source.
8. The description of the first meeting between Hussein and Kamil appears in R. Storrs, Orientations, London 1938, pp. 278–90. On Kamil’s attitude towards the British, see Porath, The Emergence, p. 61. The Arab Office’s memo on the Husaynis is mentioned in B. Wasserstein, The British in Palestine: The Mandatory Government and the Arab-Jewish Conflict, 1917–1929, London 1979, p. 15, note 57.
9. This description is based on sources mentioned in the previous note.
10. On the significance of passing so many posts to Kamil, see Porath, Al-Hajj, p. 227, note 16.
11. Karak and Oren-Nordheim, Jerusalem, p. 273.
12. The theory that Faysal was not the actual conqueror of Damascus was developed by Elie Kedourie, The Chatham Version and Other Middle Eastern Studies, New York 1984, pp. 33–51.
13. The remark on the nonprofessional members can be found in N. Ziyaddah, ‘Ishaq Musa al-Husayni’, Majalat al-Dirassat al-Filastiniyya, vol. 9 (1992) (Arabic).
14. The pieces on the military rule are based on Emery Papers, Private Papers Collection, The Middle East Centre, St Antony’s College, Oxford, box 1, file 1.
15. On the significance of the 8 November 1918 declaration, see Porath, Al-Hajj, p. 223.
16. Kamil’s first meeting with Ussishkin is described in I. al-Sifari, Arab Palestine Between the Mandate and Zionism, Jaffa 1937, vol. 1, p. 29 (Arabic).
17. Y. Eilam, ‘The Political History, 1918–1922’ in M. Lissak (ed.), The History of the Jewish Community in Palestine Since the First Aliya’, Jerusalem 1984, p. 148 (Hebrew).
18. Al-Peleg, The Mufti, p.10.
19. Porath, The Emergence, pp. 104–5.
20. The description of the various Palestinian organizations and their preparations for the first conference is based on al-Hut, The Political, pp. 87–100 (which is in turn based on an interview with al-Hajj Amin al-Husayni and the private collection of Akram Zuaytar); Porath, The Emergence, pp. 56–110; al-Sakakini, Diary, 2 February to 15 March 1915.
21. Z. Al-Peleg, From the Mufti’s Point of View, Tel Aviv 1995, p. 10 (Hebrew).
22. Al-Said, The Great, pp. 35–7.
23. The protest telegram of the first Palestinian Congress against the intention of making Palestine a Jewish national homeland was sent to the Paris Peace Conference on 3 February 1919 and appears in al-Kayali, The Documents of the Arab Palestinian Resistance, 1918–1939, Beirut 1988, document 2 (Arabic).
24. The suspicion that Storrs contributed to the agitation is mentioned in al-Sakakini, Diary, 22 March 1919.
25. This chronicle of the King-Crane Commission is based on al-Hut, The Political, pp. 110–1; Antonius, The Arab, pp. 276–325.
26. On Zionist activity at Versailles, see C. Weizmann, Trail and Error, New York 1949, pp. 240–52.
27. On the appointment of Palestinians in the Faysal government, see al-Said, The Great, pp. 35–7.
28. S. Schama, The House of Rothschild and Palestine, Jerusalem 1980, p. 166.
29. Ibid., p. 256.
30. Al-Sakakini, Diary, 4 April 1919.
31. Antonius, The Arab, pp. 149–64.
32. Ibid.
33. The description of Clemenceau’s meeting with Lloyd George in Deauville is taken from Z. N. Zeine, The Struggle for Arab Independence, Beirut 1960, pp. 85–107.
34. This is based on Philip Mattar’s interview with a member of the Nashashibi’s family; Mattar, The Mufti, p. 10, note 40.
35. Porath, The Emergence, p. 43.
36. I. M. al-Husayni, The Doyen of the Arabic Language: Muhammad Isaf al-Nashashibi, Jerusalem 1987, p. 55 (Arabic).
37. I. M. al-Husayni, I Learned, p. 16.
CHAPTER 7
1. Among other sources, I learned about the severe winter and early spring from pictures in S. Graham-Brown, Palestinians and their Society, 1880–1946, London 1980. All McCracken’s reports, including the photos, appear in W. D. McCracken, The New Palestine, Boston 1922, pp. 227–23.
2. McCracken, ibid.
3. Ibid.
4. The welfare organization of Madam Jamal al-Husayni is mentioned in M. E. T. Mogannam, The Arab Woman and the Palestine Problem, London 1936, p. 76.
5. On Kamil’s participation in the ceremony, see Asaf, Arab-Jewish, p. 84.
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sp; 6. On Said in Damascus, see al-Dabagh, The History, part 2, vol. 10, p. 381. The call for a peaceful demonstration against Zionism appeared in the paper Mirat al-Sharq, 10 March 1920.
7. On Jamil al-Husayni’s and Arif al-Arif’s objections to exploiting the Nabi Musa feast for a political protest, see Porath, The Emergence, pp. 71, 81.
8. Storrs, Orientations, pp. 350–400.
9. The story of the theft appears in Storrs, ibid., p. 400.
10. On the history of the Nabi Musa festival, see K. G. al-Asali, Nabi Musa, Jerusalem 1981 (Arabic); al-Peleg, The Mufti, p. 12, note 13. The festival’s description appears in Y. Drori, ‘The Origins of Nabi Musa’, Sali’t, vol. 1/5 (1972), pp. 203–8 (Hebrew). For the pictures and description in Walid Khalidi’s album, see al-Khalidi, Before, picture 58 and onwards; for Graham-Brown’s album, see Graham-Brown, Palestinians, pictures on p. 139.
11. The description of March and April 1920 is taken from Israeli documents found in the Central Zionist Archives, 3/L, file 222, an intelligence report, and the Palin Report in PRO, FO 371/5121, E9379, p. 4.
12. Whittingham’s report appears in G. N. Whittingham, The Home of Fadeless Splendor, London, no date, pp. 183–213.
13. All of Adamson’s observations are in an Easter report he wrote in 1920, found in his private collection: Private Papers Collection, Middle East Centre, St Antony’s College, Oxford.
14. Ibid.
15. Storrs, Orientations, 1938.
16. See Khalil al-Baydas’s speech in Awdat, Thinkers.
17. The bluntest accusation of Jabotnisky’s involvement is found in Newton, Fifty, p. 134.
18. Whittingham, The Home.
19. The reports of the American consul appear in G. Biger, ‘The American Consulate in Jerusalem and the Events of 1920–1921’, Cathedra 49 (September 1988), pp. 133–139 (Hebrew).
20. Izzat Tannus claimed that Musa Kazim was fired because he refused to declare Hebrew an official language in the county. This is also corroborated by Jewish sources from the period. See Tannus, The Palestinians, p. 100; Porath, The Emergence, p. 82.
21. On Storrs’s response to Allenby’s apology, see Storrs, Orientations, p. 332.
22. The Palin Commission was made up of Anglo-Egyptian officials; see Newton, Fifty, p. 134.