The Rise and Fall of a Palestinian Dynasty
Page 54
al-Husayni, Tahir III: 148, 228; family of, 221, 227
al-Husayni, Tawfiq: 169; career of, 180; education of, 131–2; family of, 180
al-Husayni, Tawfiq Salih: 316; arrest of (1951), 360; career in British Immigration Department, 308
al-Husayni, Umar: 52, 68–9, 75; arrest of, 64–5; death of, 86; family of, 46, 48, 53–4; naqib al-ashraf, 52; sheikh al-haram, 58
al-Husayni, Umar Fahmi: 96, 100, 153, 178; death of, 96; family of, 88–9, 100, 116; member of Ottoman Parliament, 92; sixth mayor of Jerusalem, 88–9, 92
al-Husayni, Yunis: writings of, 358
Husayni family: 31, 44–5, 59, 63, 72, 96, 99, 108, 121, 132, 157, 213, 220, 262, 269, 281, 349, 367; Al-Jamaa’ al-Arabiyya, 271; allies of, 34; conflict with al-Khalidi family, 89; formerly Ghudayya clan, 25–7; income sources of, 39, 103, 106; Literary Club members, 214; presence in Damascus, 300; presence in Gaza, 128; property owned by, 351; Tahiri branch, 53, 89, 100, 109, 115, 129, 138, 140, 155, 199, 227, 298, 334, 342; Umari branch, 53, 56, 89, 116, 139, 144, 148, 223; Wafa’i, 29, 41
Hussein: family of, 29
Hussein, Faysal: family of, 175; military ruler of Syria, 175–6,
Hussein, King: 162, 297; conflict with PLO, 361
Hussein, Saddam: supporters of, 363
Hussein, Salim: family of, 89; seventh mayor of Jerusalem, 89; al-Shaqir, 89
Hussein, Sharif: 350, 355; family of, 165, 175; role in establishing the Hijaz, 176
Hycraft Commission: 228; findings of, 227
Iran: 265; Tehran, 322–3
Iraq: 149, 171, 307, 313, 317, 346, 352; Baghdad, 298, 301, 316–17, 321–2, 326, 348; British Mandate, 210; Golden Square, 321; Hashemite presence in, 320; Mosul, 192; al-Muntafaq region, 115; Office for Palestinian Exiles, 317; population of, 178
al-Isa, Isa: delegate of Palestinian Congress, 182
Islam: 38, 58; bureaucratic, 110; five pillars of, 35–6; Hajj, 35, 50, 153; Ramadan, 212; Shari‘a law, 41, 95; Shi‘i, 264, 266; Sunni, 264; zakat, 109
Islamic Liberation Party: founding of, 360
Israel: 20–1, 342, 353, 358; Tel Aviv, 341, 354
Istanbul, 14, 16, 24–5, 31, 43, 50, 71, 84, 94, 98, 109, 126–7, 130, 133–40, 142–3, 148, 151, 153, 159–60, 163, 168, 181, 285, 323–4; German embassy, 319; Ottoman Ministry of Education, 102; Roberts College, 188; Tel Aviv, 120, 269; Topkapi Palace, 69, 105
Italy: 14, 311; Foreign Ministry, 324; Rome, 229, 314, 321, 324
Jaballiya: communities of, 47; supporters of, 47
Jabotinsky, Ze’ev: influence of, 205
Jacobson, Victor: representative of Zionist Federation, 151
Jaffa: 91, 132, 136, 230, 269, 275, 305, 332; financial investments in, 57; Muslim-Christian Association, 181; Port of Jaffa, 24, 211, 278, 285; roads to, 97
al-Jaluli, Alim al-Din al-Sinjar: Governor of Gaza and Jerusalem, 295
al-Jama’I family: members of, 31, 46
Janissaries: opponents of, 59
Jarallah, Ali: 226
Jarallah, Husam: 226; background of, 222
Jarallah, Muhammad Fadhl: death of (1856), 85
Jarallah family: 31, 221; allies of, 34; members of, 29; properties of, 105
al-Jarar family: presence in Nablus, 73
al-Jazairi, Amir Said: 299
al-Jazzar, Ahmad: 40; background of, 39; conflict with Abu Maraq, 48–9; death of (1804), 49; supporters of, 50
Jenin: 230
Jewish Agency: 339–40, 346, 354; members of, 344–5; representatives of, 303, 350
Jewish Colonization Association (ICA): employees of, 125
Jerusalem: 8–9, 14, 16, 18–19, 23, 31, 40, 59, 80, 88, 109, 127, 132, 144, 167; al-Aqsa mosque, 50–1, 57, 65, 174, 210, 246, 266, 291; Chain Gate, 114; Christian communities of, 46, 51, 61, 94, 96; Church of the Holy Sepulchre, 51, 59, 61, 69, 175, 202–3, 205, 207; Customs House, 256; Dome of the Rock, 25, 53, 57, 111, 114, 158, 174, 225, 244, 264, 295, 361; economy of, 118; English College, 306; Flowers Gate, 99; General District Council, 152; Hadassah Hospital, 351; Hebrew University, 303, 351; impact of 1760 earthquake on, 36; Jaffa Gate, 113, 142, 158, 203, 205–6; Jewish communities of, 46, 67, 96, 118, 125, 215, 275–6, 354; Majils al-Shura, 77; mawlid, 26; Maydan Quarter, 300; Old City, 25, 56, 142, 194, 214, 223, 252, 291, 354; part of British Mandate of Palestine, 118; population of, 71, 310; presence of Muslim Brotherhood in, 345; sanjaq of, 80, 101, 107; Sheikh Badr neighbourhood, 102; Temple of Solomon, 223, 243; Wailing Wall, 201, 223, 243; walls of, 91; Western Wall, 121, 243, 246, 251–2
Jordan: flag of, 264; parliament, 359
Judaism: 37, 105, 125, 259; Ashkenazi, 46; attempts to convert, 62; European, 64; presence in Bulgaria, 123; presence in Damascus, 148; presence in Jerusalem, 67, 96, 118, 125; presence in Romania, 123; presence in Russian Empire, 123; presence in USA, 320; restrictions placed on right to purchase land, 120; Sephardic, 46, 136, 245; Yom Kippur, 245
Kalvarisky, Haim: 236; head of Zionist Federation’s Arab Department, 233; ideology of, 189; influence of, 343
Kamala, Sheikh Abd al-Ghani: speeches of, 246
Kanj, Yusuf: Governor of Damascus, 60
al-Karmi, Sheikh Said: delegate of Palestinian Congress, 182
Kazim, Musa: relationship with al-Hajj Amin al-Husayni, 100
Keith-Roach, Edward: deputy governor of Jerusalem, 245, 253; Governor of Jerusalem, 33
Kemal Ataturk, Mustafa: organizer of Homeland and Freedom Association, 132
Khafiya: members of, 134
al-Khalidi, Ghalib: 136, 149; background of, 135
al-Khalidi, Dr Hussein: 283; background of, 276; supporters of, 276
al-Khalidi, Muhammad Yusuf: presiding over Shaw Commission, 256
al-Khalidi, Mustafa: family of, 333; Mayor of Jerusalem, 333
al-Khalidi, Ruhi: 136
al-Khalidi, Sheikh Khalil: president of Shari‘a Court of Appeal, 221
al-Khalidi, Sheikh Musa: background of, 43
al-Khalidi, Yusuf Daya’: representative of Jerusalem in Ottoman Empire, 106
Khalidi, Yusuf: Mayor of Jerusalem, 113
Khalidi family: 31, 45, 69, 77, 79, 83, 98, 117, 174, 316; conflict with Husayni family, 89; lineage of, 42–3; members of, 29, 50, 88
al-Khalili, Sheikh Muhammad: Shafi’i mufti of Jerusalem, 104
al-Khattab, Umar ibn: 71
Klausner, Yosef: 251
Kook, Abraham: Chief rabbi, 251
Labib, Mahmud: expulsion of (1947), 341
al-Latif, Abd: 29, 33, 35, 57; character of, 30; death of (1775), 40; family of, 26–8, 33–4, 37, 40; influence of, 35; naqib al-ashraf of Jerusalem, 28–9, 33, 40
al-Latif, Abdullah: 40, 42; death of (1797), 44; family of, 44, 46; naqib al-ashraf of Jerusalem, 40; sheikh al-haram, 40
al-Latif, Budriya: family of, 37
al-Latif, Hassan: 40; family of, 37
al-Latif II, Abd: 94
al-Latif III, Abd: family of, 175
Latifallah, Michel: 229
League of Nations: 188, 229; approval for British Mandate, 216; Refugee Settlement Commission, 260
Lebanon: 19, 142, 188, 299, 331; Akkar, 115; Beirut, 14, 19, 39, 57, 81, 121, 127, 129, 133, 139, 155, 233, 290, 307, 313; Christian Maronites, 325; French Mandate, 210; al-Duq, 301; French military presence in, 195; Palestinian exiles in, 312; Sofar, 340
Lévi, Sylvain: criticisms of Zionism, 187
Literary Club: 220; members of, 180, 191, 200, 214
Lloyd, Lord: British Colonial Secretary, 318
Lloyd George, David: British Prime Minister, 163, 184
Lock, Sir Harry Charles: 254; Chief Government Secretary, 247, 252
MacDonald, Ramsay: administration of, 251; British Prime Minister, 261; Colonial Secretary, 312
MacMichael, Sir Harold: British High Commissioner, 310, 312
Macid II, Abdul: 80
Madrid Conference (1991): delegations present at, 363
al-Maghrabi, Abu Zari’a: Governor of Acre, 60
Magnes
, Yehuda: representative of Jewish Agency, 303–4
Maher, Ali: Egyptian Prime Minister, 313
Mahfouz, Naguib: writings of, 7
Mahmud, Muhammad: Egyptian Prime Minister, 312
Mahmud II, Sultan: 60, 66; opponents of, 71; orders for restoration work expansion, 57, 59
Majid III, Abdul: 265
Malini, Count Alberto: Italian special emissary, 322
Mann, Thomas: writings of, 7
al-Maqdasi: background of, 48; leader of revolt against Napoleonic forces (1798), 48
Maraq, Abu: assassination of (1807), 51; conflict with Ahmad al-Jazzar, 48–9; Governor of Gaza, 47, 48; Governor of Jerusalem, 49; taxation policies of, 49
McCracken, William: 198–9, 206; family of, 198; head of American Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), 196; writings of, 195–6
McGrath, Gilbert: agents of, 292
McMahon, Sir Henry: Governor of Egypt, 162
McQuin, Elizabeth: 198, 206; honorary secretary of Welfare Enterprises, 196–7; speeches of, 197
Mecca: 158, 175; pilgrimage routes to, 35, 153
Medina: 173
Morocco: Rabat, 365
Movement for Unity and Progress: 133
Mufti: 28, 34, 53, 89, 145, 198, 206, 263; Grand, 43, 49, 57, 85, 163, 174, 199, 212, 217, 221, 226, 237, 266; Haifa, 215; Hanafi, 173; of Acre, 352; of Beirut, 161; of Damascus, 35, 38, 41, 161; of Gaza, 128, 162; of Haifa, 161; of Homs, 161; of Istanbul, 28, 51, 85; of Jerusalem, 41, 52, 54, 69, 73, 77, 92–3, 104, 119, 122, 124, 161–2, 171, 173, 183, 186; Shafi’i, 104
Muhammad, Prophet: 30, 126; commandments of, 52; family of, 23, 29, 43; veneration of, 27–8
Murad, Muhammad: Haifa’s mufti, 215
al-Muradi, Khalil: mufti of Damascus, 38, 41
Muslim Brotherhood: 269, 278, 360, 363; Al-Jamaa’a al-Islamiyya, 271; branches of, 345; founding of (1928), 242; presence in Egyptian military, 354
Muslim-Christian Association (MCA): 185, 220; influence of, 145; opposition to, 189
Mussolini, Benito: 325, 327; foreign policy of, 325
Mustafa: arrest of key religious leaders, 63–4; Governor of Damascus, 63, 65
Mustafa II, Sultan: court of, 23
Mutawali: 18
al-Muzafir, Sheikh Abd al-Qadir: 160, 195, 297; deportation of, 180; influence of, 235
al-Nabhani, Sheikh Taqi al-Din: founder of Islamic Liberation Party, 360
Nabi Musa: 27, 256; celebrations, 98, 107, 148, 200–2, 204, 210, 225, 238, 251, 267, 333; properties, 105; sanctuary of, 34; tomb of, 57, 202–3
Nablus: 23, 65, 79, 81, 127, 134, 136, 161, 230, 232, 362; al-Jarar presence in, 73; part of British Mandate of Palestine, 118; roads to, 97; Tuqan presence in, 66, 73, 274; youth population of, 269
Nabut, Muhammad Aga Abu: uprising led by, 56, 60
Najjar, Ibrahim Salim: 150
Nakbah (1948): 357; events of, 349–51; impact of, 366
Naqib al-ashraf: 23, 51, 53; of Istanbul, 34; of Jerusalem, 24, 28–9, 33, 40, 64; veneration of, 15
al-Nashashibi, Ali: 141
al-Nashashibi, Fakhri: influence of, 274; leader of opposition in Palestinian Congress, 266; murder of, 326; opposition to presence of al-Hajj Amin al-Husayni at St James Conference, 311
al-Nashashibi, Fatima: 306
al-Nashashibi, Musa Asaaf: influence of, 194
al-Nashashibi, Ragib: 208, 224, 231, 250, 258, 262, 283, 311; Mayor of Jerusalem, 207, 221, 240
al-Nashashibi, Zahiya: 306
Nashashibi family: 117, 162, 175, 207, 214, 221, 238, 254, 262, 269, 276, 281, 288, 298, 345, 367; influence of nationalism on, 312; Literary Club members, 214, 220; members of, 180; properties of, 105; role in creation of National Defense Party (1934), 278
Nassar, Jamal: 338
Nassar, Najib: editor of Al-Karmil, 139, 146
al-Nasser, Gamal Abd: 361, 363; death of (1970), 274; role in founding of PLO, 360
National Defense Party: founding of (1934), 269, 278; members of, 278
National Liberation League: founding of, 338
National Muslim Association: founding of, 237
National Palestinian Arab Association: founding of (1923), 237
National Youth Party: supporters of, 269
Nationalism: 20, 78, 82, 108–9, 141, 190, 221, 312, 334; Arab, 19, 137, 139–41, 154, 156, 158, 165, 184, 284; critiques of, 20; Egyptian, 209; Ottoman, 127; Palestinian, 61, 81, 134–5, 145, 273–4, 276, 364–5; relationship with Zionism, 20; Turkish, 140
Nazareth: 35, 117, 144
Nazi Party: 292, 311; ideology of, 273, 320; Propaganda Ministry, 329; rise of, 275; Schutzstaffel (SS), 330; supporters of, 302; vocabulary of, 329
Newcomb, Stewart: ideology of, 302
Nikolai II, Tsar: 113
Nuqrashi, Mahmud: Egyptian President, 355
Ottoman Empire: 12, 19, 24, 30, 39, 53, 60, 66, 71, 75, 87, 106, 108, 116, 140, 150, 157, 175, 186, 320; culture of, 42; Department of Education, 102, 115, 124; economy of, 40; elites of, 8; military forces of, 112, 132, 162, 166; Sublime Porte, 48–9; taxation system of, 15-16; territory of, 8–9, 13, 19, 137
Pahlavi, Muhammad Reza: 323
Palestine: 7, 11, 20, 27, 47, 49, 70, 142, 188; British Mandate, 118, 147, 180, 193–4, 213, 217, 228, 232, 235, 337; Central Zionist Archives, 21; Christian population of, 210, 260, 331, 346; Declaration of Independence (1988), 355; sijilat, 2
Palestine Commercial Bank: 334
Palestine Communist Party (PCP): 261; factions of, 338; opposition to, 240
Palestinian Congress: 185, 210, 214, 220, 229, 232–4, 238; members of, 182
Palestine Jewish Colonization Association (PJCA): aims of, 315
Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO): 161, 350; conflict with King Hussein, 361; founding of, 360; proclamation of Palestinian Independence (1964), 361; supporters of, 365
Palestinian National Council: formation of (1949), 355; members of, 306, 361
Palin Commission: findings of, 209
Pan Islamic Conference (1931): executives of, 279
Pan Islamic Congress: 264, 267
Pasha, Abdullah: 66
Pasha, Azzam: secretary general of Arab League, 335
Pasha, Darwish: Governor of Damascus, 61
Pasha, Enver: Ottoman Minister of War, 157, 162
Pasha, Ibrahim: 70, 79; besiegement of Acre, 68; family of, 68; invasion of Syria (1831), 67
Pasha, Jamal: 159, 163; founder of al-Salhiyya College, 165; military forces of, 164; Military Governor of Syria, 133, 157, 189; planning of Operation Lightning, 163
Pasha, Mustafa Surayya: Governor of Jerusalem, 81
Pasha, Nahas: leader of Wafd Party, 315
Pasha, Othman: army routed by Dahir al-Umar (1771), 38; Governor of Damascus, 35, 37–8
Pasha, Rauf: distrust of Husayni clan, 117; Governor of Jerusalem, 97, 117
Pasha, Sidqi: Egyptian Prime Minister, 265
Pasha, Suleiman: 56; Governor of Jerusalem, 63; rumours regarding religious background, 63
Pasha, Talat: member of Young Turks, 141
Pasha, Yusuf Kanj: Governor of Pasha, 51
Peel, Lord: head of Peel Commission, 287
Peel Commission: 286; boycotting of, 288; findings of (1937), 237, 290, 293–4, 304; formation of (1936), 287
Pétain, Marhal: leader of Vichy France, 329
Popham, Colonel: senior aide to chief administrator of Mandatory Palestine, 200
Protocols of the Elders of Zion: 257
Qadi: 93; of Jerusalem, 57; position of, 17
Qasr al-Mufti: residents of, 104
al-Qassam, Izz al-Din: 275; background of, 222, 275; shooting of (1935), 280; speeches of, 289; supporters of, 278, 281
al-Qayati, Abd al-Jawad: visit to Jerusalem, 106–7
al-Qawuqji, Fawzi: family of, 324
al-Qawuqji, Nabih: family of, 324
Qur’an: 48, 53, 107, 114, 321, 362; ahl al-kitabi, 61; verses of, 27, 263
al-Quwalti, Shuqri: influence of, 241
Rashad V, Sultan Mehmet: reign of, 159
Rashid, Ahmad: Governor of Jerusalem, 108
Rawdat al-Ma’arif: staff of, 111
Raziel, David: released from prison, 322
Richardson, Richard: first European admitted to Haram al-Sharif, 58
al-Rida, Sheikh Rashid: 142, 154; Al-Manar, 127–8; education of, 141; influence of, 265; involvement with Decentralization Party, 141
Rokah, Eliezer: founder of Neveh Zedek, 126
Rokah, Yitzhak: property owned by, 120
Roman Catholicism: 61
Romania: Jewish population of, 123
Ruppin, Arthur: property development plans, 155
Russian Empire: expansionist aims of, 39; February Revolution (1917), 186; Jewish population of, 123
Russo-Turkish War (1768–74): Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774), 40
Rutenberg, Pinhas: electrical grid, 241
al-Said, Isam: Mayor of Jerusalem, 241
al-Said, Nuri: 320; Iraqi Prime Minister, 317
al-Sakakini, Dumiyya: secretary for al-Husayni, al-Hajj Amin, 352
al-Sakakini, Khalil: 135, 158, 164–5, 182, 185, 190, 205; background of, 143; diary of, 350; imprisonment of, 165; property owned by, 175; role in opening of Ottoman Constitutional School (1908), 143–4; Silk House, 190
al-Salam II, Abd: family of, 54, 89
al-Salam III, Abd: 288
Salim, Khalil: property owned by, 112
Samuel, Sir Herbert: 234; background of, 211; first British High Commissioner of Mandatory Palestine, 186, 192, 211–12, 217, 224–5; support for Zionism, 237
San Remo Conference (1920): decisions of, 210
Sanjaq: concept of, 83
al-Sanusi, Ahmad al-Sharif: leader of Sanusi movement, 235
al-Saud, Hassan Abu: 181; role in first Palestinian Congress (1919), 182
al-Saud, Mahmud Abu: leader of Majils al-Shura, 77
al-Saud, Sheikh Abu: speeches of, 246
Saudia Arabia: 313
Saunders, Alan: acting commander of Jerusalem police, 253
Schwartz, Rabbi Yehoseph: arrival in Jerusalem, 67
Second World War (1939–45): 9, 230, 301–2, 312, 334, 340, 348; Holocaust, 322, 338–9; outbreak of, 315, 320; theatres of, 328
Selim III, Sultan: accession of (1789), 45; reformations of, 51, 67; reign of, 45
al-Sha’arawi, Huda: influence of, 305–6; role in founding of Women’s Palestine Defense Committee, 306
Shafi’i: 173; mufti, 104