inequalities, economic and social: and division of labor, 185; increase in, 42–45; necessary to capitalist development, 257. See also asymmetries; division of learning in society; neoliberalism
inevitabilism, 195; as driver of surveillance capitalist growth, 224, 225, 238; and Google city, 231; as ideology, 221–223, 225–227; and instrumentarian power, 395, 515–516; and internet of things, 221–225; a reason for success of surveillance capitalism, 343; rejection of, 522; and resistance to vehicle telematics, 216–217; and search engines, 15; Silicon Valley as axis mundi of, 223, 225–227; and Spanish conquest, 177–178; and utopianism, 222
information, volume of production vs processing, 187–188
informational privacy: vs physical privacy, 480; right to be forgotten, 27, 57–61, 485. See also decision rights
information capitalism: foreclosure of alternatives as one reason for success of surveillance capitalism, 343; forms of, 195, 347, 395; as liberating/democratic social force, 67; surveillance capitalism as dominant form of, 12, 13, 52–53; surveillance exceptionalism shaping course of, 120
information civilization, emergence of, 4, 11–12, 515
information warfare, 281
Ingress game (augmented reality), 150, 312–313
Inktomi search engine, 71
In-Q-Tel, 116, 117
Instagram, 276, 457–458, 484
Institute of the Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation, 391
instrumentalization: definition of, 352; of digital social connection, 455–457; gamification as form of, 216, 313–314, 317, 325; Pentland’s work on, 420, 436
instrumentarianism, 376–395; and Big Other, 376–379; in China, 388–394; compared with totalitarianism, 20, 360–361, 396f–397f, 399; definition of, 8, 352; and division of learning, 443–444; intent of, 353; and market project of total certainty, 379–382; market solution to problems of second modernity, 383; mistakenly equated with totalitarianism, 352; moral agnosticism of, 381; operates from viewpoint of Other-One, 382; Pentland’s theory of, 416–419, 426–429; rise of, 20, 381; social relations patterned on machines in, 411–415, 426; as solution to societal uncertainty, 383–388, 403, 514–516; state power’s engagement with, 386–387, 394; stealth of, 381; surveillance capitalism’s use of, 374–375; as unprecedented form of power, 352; and Walden Two, 374. See also Big Other; instrumentarianism, principles of social relations in
instrumentarianism, principles of social relations in, 431–441; as applied utopistics, 437–438; as controlled behavior for the greater good, 431–432; as death of individuality, 438–441; normalization of, 469; as replacement of politics with plans, 432–435; as social pressure for harmony, 435–437
instrumentation, 434; definition of, 352; Pentland’s work on, 420
insurance companies, 212, 213–218, 275, 316
Intel, 209, 240
intelligence community, 386, 387; and Google, 115–120
intelligent edge, 408, 410
International Monetary Fund, 42
internet of things: and actuation/behavioral modification, 293–294; and animal tracking, 204–207; and auto insurers, 213–218; and behavioral modification, 295–296, 296–297; and cities, 227–232; as “dark data,” 210–211; economic imperative of, 204; enabling guaranteed outcomes, 203; and health care, 247–251; and inevitabilism, 221–225; and legal protections, 481; and machine relations in factory, 408–411; as medium of instrumentarianism, 8; Pentland on, 427; and prediction imperative, 199–204; and rendition, 234–240; and tech companies, 209–212; terminology of, 202; TVs, 263–266; and ubiquitous computing, 199–200; and ubiquitous sensors, 207–209; and the uncontract, 218–221. See also smart-home devices; ubiquitous computing; wearable technologies
internet service providers (ISPs): AT&T, 166, 167; turn to surveillance capitalism, 166–172; Verizon, 166–170, 171, 417
In the Age of the Smart Machine (Zuboff), 3–4, 181, 270
invisible hand, 496
iOS platform (Apple), 248
iPhones, 28, 387
iPods, 28, 29–30, 69
iRobot, 235–236
isolation: as category of privacy behavior, 479; and social media, 446, 447, 464; and totalitarianism, 358–359, 397f, 518
Issenberg, Sasha, 123
Italy, 148, 354, 508, 517
iTunes, 28, 29–30
Jana, 421
Japan, 142, 148, 316
Jensen, Michael, 38, 40–41, 106, 181, 370
job polarization, 182
Jobs, Steve, 28
journalism, 506–507; fake news, 507, 509–510
Journal of American Medicine, 250
Kahn, Herman, 219–220
Kaliouby, Rana el, 288, 289, 290
Kegan, Robert, 454, 455
Kelly, Kevin, 95
Keyhole, 117, 142, 311
Kim, Nancy, 49–50
Klein, Michelle, 448
Kleiner Perkins, 68, 72
knowledge: concentration of by Google, 180, 401–402; and dangers of surveillance capitalism, 175; and digital dispossession, 100; dispels the illusion of freedom, 364; and instrumentarianism’s pursuit of totality, 430, 497; as oldest political question, 3–5; surveillance capitalism’s right to, 179; “who knows?” as an essential question of division of learning, 181, 192, 223, 327–328. See also certainty; totality
knowledge, asymmetries in, 11, 19, 80–81, 484, 498; and affective computing/emotion analytics, 286–290; and Aware Home project, 6, 7, 234–235, 247; and elemental rights, 54; and information warfare, 281; as pathology of the division of learning, 185–186; and telemedicine, 247–251
Kogan, Alexander, 280
Kosinski, Michal, 273–274, 274–275, 275–276, 280, 615n64
Kramer, Adam, 303
Kreiss, Daniel, 122–123
La Diega, Guido Noto, 237
language, philosophy of: and declarations, 177
Lapsley, Daniel, 453, 456
Law and Economics Center, George Mason University, 125
lawlessness: of cyberspace, 103–105; essential to advance of surveillance capitalism, 101; Facebook’s interest in, 251–252; and facial recognition, 251–252; intelligence agencies covet private sector’s, 118–120; and the internet of things, 209–210; and ISPs/internet companies, 171–172; and rise of industrial capitalism, 105–107
laws of motion, 66–67
laws of social behavior (Pentland), 430–431
Lefort, Claude, 355, 359
Leibowitz, Jon, 50, 160
Lemov, Rebecca, 322
lending companies, 172–173, 507–508
Lenin, Vladimir, 406
Levi Strauss, 246
Levy, Steven, 47, 72–73
Libert, Timothy, 136
libertarianism, 109, 138, 323
life expectancies, improved: and rise of second modernity, 35–36
life pattern marketing, 243
“Like” button (Facebook), 159–161, 274, 275, 457–458, 491
LinkedIn, 165
ListenTree, 207–208
Livestream, 157
lobbying (political): Big Tech, 105, 114, 122, 342, 487; Facebook, 252–253; Google, 122, 124–126; ISPs, 171
location data, tracking of, 137, 154, 174, 242–245; and Pokémon Go, 317, 318; resistance to, 140
Loewenstein, George, 460
London, August 2011 riots in, 27, 41–42, 44
London Times, 143
Look magazine, 356–357
Loveluck, Benjamin, 442
Luca, Michael, 132
luxuries, 257
Lynn, Barry, 127
Lyon, David, 112, 115
M (Facebook digital assistant), 259
MAC address, 249–250
Machado, Antonio, 34
machine hive, 413–414, 492
machine intelligence: acquisition of, 102; capabilities of, 95; definition of, 65; and emotion analytics, 282–290, 291–292; Facebook’s FBLearner Flow, 279; Google’s investment in, 188–189; IB
M’s, 211, 276–277; as means of production, 95–96, 97f; recruitment/dispersal of scientists in, 189–190; revenues from, 189. See also digital assistants
machine learning: as collective mind, 409, 413–414; included in machine intelligence, 65; used by surveillance-as-a-service firms, 174; used to generate UPI, 79
machine relations, and confluence (as template for human social relations), 407–411
machine zone, 450
MacKay, R. Stuart, 204–207, 211, 213, 218, 227–228, 246, 247, 253, 301, 375, 378, 424
Madrigal, Alexis, 151
Managerial Revolution, The (Burnham), 523
managers: and radical indifference, 505–506; and shareholder value maximization, 38–39
manifest destiny, 225
manipulation, 202
Manuel, Frank, 222, 405
Manuel, Fritzie, 222, 405
mapping: and Google, 150–155, 244–245; and Pokémon Go, 310–311, 312–314, 317; as privilege of invaders, 90–91; by Roomba vacuum cleaner, 235–236
maps. See Google Street View
market democracy, 31–32, 40, 496–497
Marketplace of Revolution, The (Breen), 502
Marx, Karl, 99, 222, 406, 598n64
Marxism, 222
Mashable, 235
mass production, 29, 31, 63–64, 85–86, 87–88, 347–348
material infrastructure: hyperscale of, 188–189, 500, 501
Mattel, 266–267
Mayer, Jonathan, 168
McCann Erickson, 288
McClain, Linda, 479
McConnell, Mike, 119–120
McDonald’s, 316
McKinsey, 217
means of behavioral modification: actuation as completion of, 293–294; aimed at “them” vs at “us,” 327; and Big Other, 376, 379; China’s use of, 388–389, 391; definition of, 339; as form of state power, 320, 322, 324, 326; and “goodness,” 432; guaranteed outcomes as result of, 203; history of resistance to, 320–328; ideology of human frailty legitimates, 343; information warfare (secrecy, asymmetries of knowledge and power) as essential to, 281; and instrumentarian power, 352, 360, 376, 379, 396f; means of production subordinated to, 8, 9, 11, 19–20, 67, 339, 351; means of social participation coextensive with, 342; need for rejection of, 344; operations of, 351; ownership of, 11, 326–327, 430; production of, 203; regulation of, 320–326. See also behavioral modification; economies of action; uncontracts
means of production: machine intelligence as, 95–96, 97f; serves means of behavioral modification, 8, 9, 11, 19–20, 67, 339, 351. See also means of behavioral modification
Meckling, William, 38
media use, international study of “unplugging” from, 445, 446
medical fields: and emotion analytics, 288; and internet of things, 247–251
mental health: depression, 275, 287, 446, 464–465; and Facebook use, 446, 463–465; monitoring of, 412; predictions of, 275
Mercer, Robert, 278
Mercury News, 116
meta-data, 117–118, 245, 272–273, 275
Meyer, Max, 362–363, 363–364, 364–366, 372, 412, 633n39, 634n42, 634n44, 635n45
Meyer, Michelle, 304
m-health (mobile health apps), 248–251
Michaels, Jon, 119
Microsoft, 24, 400; Bing search engine, 95, 162, 163; collaboration with metal-cutting factory, 407–409; Cortana digital assistant, 163–164, 165, 255, 400; Inktomi search engine, 71; and insurers, 217; patents filed by, 411–412; revenues of, 165–166, 405; surveillance capitalism spreads to, 9, 162–163; and voice recognition, 263; Windows 10 operating system, 164–165. See also Nadella, Satya
Milgram, Stanley, 473–474
military applications of behavioral modification, 321–322
Millward Brown, 288–289
Milner, Marius, 150, 311
MindReader machine learning system, 288
MIT Media Lab, 207, 288, 416, 421
MIT Technology Review, 116, 421, 422
MKUltra project, 321
mobile advertising as surveillance, 172, 243, 421; and Facebook, 161–162; and geo-targeting, 242–243; Google, 137–140, 156, 243–245; and health data, 248–251; and Pokémon Go, 315–319; and Verizon, 166–171; and wearables, 246–247
mobile phones. See smartphones
modeling: operating through privatized digital spaces, 456
modernities, 31–37. See also first modernity; second modernity; third modernity
Mohammed, Jahangir, 227
Monarchical Edict of 1513 (Requirimiento), 178
Monitor, 325
monopoly (antitrust): as category that falls short in contesting surveillance capitalism, 14, 23, 194, 344, 486; as means of cornering behavioral surplus supply routes, 132–138
moral life of civilization: shaped by practices of capitalism, 17, 347–348
Moritz, Michael, 72, 76, 84–85
Morozov, Evgeny, 629n14
Motorola, 135
Mumford, Lewis, 371
music industry, 28–30
Mussolini, Benito, 354
mutations, economic, 47, 51–52
My Friend Cayla (doll), 266, 267
myPersonality database, 273
Nadella, Satya: on “conversational commerce,” 164; on digital assistants, 255; on LinkedIn acquisition, 165; on machine relations, 407–408, 410, 411; on power of technology, 400, 407, 427, 498; and shift toward surveillance capitalism, 162–166
Nader, Laura, 485
Napster, 28
Narayanan, Arvind, 136, 245
Nasaw, David, 107
National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, 325–326
National Research Act (1974), 325
national security (after 9/11): and emergence of surveillance capitalism, 9–10, 112–115, 193–194, 385–386
National Security Agency (NSA), 117, 118
National Telecommunications and Information Association (NTIA), 252, 253
native peoples (indigenous peoples), 91, 177–178
Nature, 299, 304
nature, commodification of: and industrial capitalism, 94, 345–346, 470, 515
Nazism, 355
neofeudalism, 44
neoliberalism: as shelter for rise of surveillance capitalism, 101, 107–112, 341; surveillance capitalism’s origins in, 504–505
neoliberal market economics, 37–41; helps surveillance capitalism flourish, 54; increase in inequalities under, 42–45; vs individualization, 18, 37. See also Friedman, Milton; Hayek, Friedrich; Jensen, Michael
Nest thermostat, 6–7, 237–238
Netherlands, 144, 517
Netscape, 86
Network Advertising Initiative, 86–87
networked publics, 455–456
neuroticism, 277
New America Foundation, 125, 127
New Deal, 108
New Digital Age, The (Schmidt and Cohen), 103, 223
News Feed. See Facebook News Feed
New York Times: on AI research harnessed to power, 191; and broadband privacy regulations, 172; on Carol Brady search data, 75; and Facebook user experiments, 303; and GDPR impact, 487; on Google business model, 72; on Google influencing research, 127; and Google’s secrecy, 89; on Google Street View privacy violations, 147; on intelligence agencies’ interest in data-mining, 116–117; on Obama campaign, 123; on Pokémon Go, 315; report on political funding, 43; on Verizon, 169, 171; on video content, 512
Niantic (ship), 311–312
Niantic Labs: data collection by, 317–319; Hanke founds, 150, 310, 311; Ingress game, 150, 312–313; surveillance policy, 317, 318. See also Hanke, John; Pokémon Go
1984 (Orwell), 371, 372–373
Nintendo, 311, 315
Nix, Alexander, 278
Nodder, Chris, 456–457
no exit, 470–474, 488
No Exit (Sartre), 471
None of Your Business (NOYB), 486
nonprofit organizations, Google’s
funding of, 126
normalization of the abnormal, 11, 12–13, 398–399, 422, 456, 469, 472–474, 489–492. See also habituation stage of dispossession cycle; psychic numbing effect
Norvig, Peter, 118
Nuance Communications, 264, 266
nudges, 202, 294–295, 370, 435
Obama administration, 120, 124–125, 385–386
Obama campaigns, 122–124, 281
objectification, 211–212, 337, 377; otherization of humanity, 363–364, 365–366, 378, 397f, 410; self-objectification, dangers of, 464. See also free will; Other-One viewpoint
observation without witness, as instrumentarianism’s point of view, 376–377. See also Other-One viewpoint; privacy
Occupy movement, 42, 44–45
Oculus, 103
Odyssey, The, 3
offensive material, blocking of, 110–112
Ohlhausen, Maureen K., 265–266
Ohm, Paul, 245
O’Neill, Richard, 118
One Voice, competition for, 260–261, 267, 268–269
“Online Eraser” law (California, 2015), 61
On Photography (Sontag), 233
OnStar Go, 217
Open Effect, 249
openness to experience, 275, 277
open source, Android platform as, 134
operant conditioning. See conditioning
operating systems: Android, 133–135, 137, 154, 264; Apple iOS platform, 248; Windows 10, 164–165
opt-in, 174, 235–236, 241
opt-out policies: choice architecture of, 294; and Google Street View, 149; lack of, for Facebook “Like” button, 161; and rendition, 241; Verizon’s, 169, 170; and Verizon tracking ID, 167, 168, 169. See also consent
Oremus, Will, 459
Origins of Architectural Pleasure (Hildebrand), 475
Origins of Totalitarianism, The (Arendt), 358, 383, 518
Orwell, George, 90, 523–524; and 1984, 371, 372–373, 636n68
otherization of humanity, 363–364, 365–366, 378, 397f, 410
Other-One viewpoint: as global presence, with Big Other, 377; human being as organism, 363–364, 365–366, 377; instrumentarian power operates from, 382, 418–419; Meyer’s, 363–366; Skinner seeks technology of human behavior institutionalizing, 369–371; Skinner’s elaboration of, 366–368; society as, 398–399; and tyranny, 513–514; in Walden Two, 373–374; and young people’s experience of hive life, 445–446, 465
“others,” dependency on: in adolescence, 448–449, 453–454, 465–466; and social media, 447–448, 456–457, 465
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