Stalin: A Biography

by Robert Service

  R. W. Davies and S. G. Wheatcroft, The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture, 1931–1933 (London, 2003)

  S. Davies, Popular Opinion in Stalin’s Russia. Terror, Propaganda and Dissent, 1934–1941 (Cambridge, 1997)

  I. Deutscher, Stalin: A Political Biography (revised edn, Harmondsworth, 1966)

  T. Dragadze, Rural Families in Soviet Georgia: A Case Study in Ratcha Province (London, 1988)

  I. M. Dubinskii-Mukhadze, Shaumyan (Moscow, 1965)

  E. Dundovich, F. Gori and E. Guercetti (eds), Reflections on the Gulag, with a Documentary Appendix on the Italian Victims of Repression in the USSR (Milan, 2003)

  P. J. S. Duncan, Russian Messianism. Third Rome, Revolution, Communism and After (London, 2000)

  J. E. Duskin, Stalinist Reconstruction and the Confirmation of a New Elite, 1945–1953 (London, 2001)

  J. Erickson, The Soviet High Command. A Military-Political History, 1918–1941 (London, 1962)

  J. Erickson, The Road to Stalingrad (London, 1975)

  J. Erickson, The Road to Berlin (London, 1983)

  A. V. Fateev, Obraz vraga v sovetskoi propagande. 1945–1954 gg. (Moscow, 1999)

  D. Filtzer, Soviet Workers and Late Stalinism. Labour and the Restoration of the Stalinist System after World War II (Cambridge, 2002)

  D. Filtzer, Soviet Workers and Stalinist Industrialization: The Formation of Modern Soviet Production Relations, 1928–1941 (London, 1986)

  W. J. Fishman, East End 1888. A Year in a London Borough Among the Labouring Poor (London, 1988)

  S. Fitzpatrick (ed.), Stalinism: New Directions ((London, 2000)

  S. Fitzpatrick, Stalin’s Peasants. Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivisation (Oxford, 1994)

  J. A. Getty, Origins of the Great Purges: the Soviet Communist Party Reconsidered, 1933–1938 (Cambridge, 1985)

  I. Getzler, Nikolai Sukhanov. Chronicler of the Russian Revolution (London, 2002)

  G. Gill, The Origins of the Stalinist Political System (Oxford, 1990)

  D. Glantz, Stumbling Colossus. The Red Army on the Eve of World War (Kansas, 1998)

  F. Gori and S. Pons (eds), The Soviet Union and Europe in the Cold War, 1943–1953 (London, 1996)

  G. Gorodetsky, ‘Geopolitical Factors in Stalin’s Strategy and Politics in the Wake of the Outbreak of World War II’ in S. Pons and A. Romano (eds), Russia in the Age of Wars, 1914–1945 (Milan, 1998)

  G. Gorodetsky, Grand Delusion. Stalin and the German Invasion of Russia (London, 1999)

  Yu. Gor’kov, Gosudarstvennyi Komitet Oborony postanovlyaet (1941–1945). Tsifry, dokumenty (Moscow, 2002)

  Y. Gorlizki, ‘Party Revivalism and the Death of Stalin’, Slavic Review, no. 1 (1995)

  Y. Gorlizki, ‘Stalin’s Cabinet: The Politburo and Decision-Making in the PostWar Years’, Europe-Asia Studies, no. 2 (2001)

  Y. Gorlizki and O. Khlevniuk, Cold Peace. Stalin and the Soviet Ruling Circle, 1945–1953 (Oxford, 2003)

  A. Graziosi, The Great Peasant War: Bolsheviks and Peasants, 1918–1933 (Cambridge, Mass., 1997)

  P. R. Gregory, Behind the Fa¸cade of Stalin’s Command Economy. Evidence from the Soviet State and Party Archives (Stanford, 2001)

  R. Kh. Gutov, Sovmestnaya bor’ba narodov Tereka za Sovetskuyu vlast’ (Nalchik, 1975)

  J. Harris, The Great Urals. Regionalism and the Evolution of the Soviet System (New York, 1999)

  M. Harrison, Accounting for War: Soviet Production, Employment and the Defence Burden, 1940–1945 (Cambridge, 1996)

  J. Haslam, The Soviet Union and the Struggle for Collective Security in Europe, 1933–1939 (London, 1984)

  G. Hewitt, ‘Language Planning in Georgia’ in M. Kirkwood (ed.), Language Planning in the Soviet Union (London, 1989)

  J. Hochman, The Soviet Union and the Failure of Collective Security, 1934–1938 (London, 1984)

  D. Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb: The Soviet Union and Atomic Energy, 1943–1956 (London, 1994)

  G. Hosking, Russia and the Russians: A History from Rus to the Russian Federation (London, 2001)

  G. Hosking, Russia: People and Empire, 1552–1917 (London, 1997)

  G. Hosking and R. Service (eds), Russian Nationalism, Past and Present (London, 1998)

  G. Hosking and R. Service (eds) Reinterpreting Russia (London, 1999)

  J. Hughes, Stalin, Siberia and the Crisis of the NEP (Cambridge, 1991)

  The ICD-10 Classificiation of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines (Geneva, 1992)

  B. S. Ilizarov, ‘Stalin. Bolezn’, smert’ i “bessmertie”’ in G.Sh. Sagatelyan, B. S. Ilizarov and O. V. Khlevnyuk (eds), Stalin, Stalinizm i Sovetskoe Obshchestvo: sbornik statei. K 70-letiyu V. S. Lel’chuka (Moscow, 2000)

  B. S. Ilizarov, Tainaya zhizn’ Stalina. Po materialam ego biblioteki i arkhiva. K istoriografii stalinizma (Moscow, 2002)

  Istoriya Kommunisticheskoi Partii Sovetskogo Soyuza (Moscow, 1959)

  Istoriya SSSR, vol. 3, book 2 (Moscow, 1968)

  M. Jansen, A Show Trial Under Lenin: the Trial of the Socialist-Revolutionaries; Moscow, 1922 (The Hague, 1982)

  M. Jansen and N. Petrov, Stalin’s Loyal Executioner: People’s Commissar Nikolai Ezhov, 1895–1940 (Stanford, 2002)

  D. Joravsky, The Lysenko Affair (Cambridge, Mass., 1970)

  V. A. Kharlamov et al. (eds), Leninskaya vneshnyaya politika Sovetskoi strany (Moscow, 1969)

  S. V. Kharmandaryan, Lenin i stanovlenie zakavkazskoi federatsii (Yerevan, 1969)

  C. Kelly, Refining Russia. Advice Literature, Polite Culture and Gender from Catherine to Yeltsin (Oxford, 2001)

  O. Khlevniuk, ‘The Objectives of the Great Terror, 1937–1938’ in J. Cooper et al., Soviet History, 1917–1953

  O. V. Khlevnyuk, Politbyuro: mekhanizmy politicheskoi vlasti v 1930-e gody (Moscow, 1996)

  O. Khlevnyuk, ‘The Reasons for the “Great Terror”: The Foreign-Political Aspect’ in S. Pons and A. Romano (eds), Russia in the Age of Wars, 1914–1945 (Milan, 2000)

  O. Khlevnyuk, ‘Stalin i organy gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti v poslevoennyi period’, Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique, no. 2/4 (2001)

  O. V. Khlevnyuk, Stalin i Ordzhonikidze. Konflikty v Politbyuro v 30-e gody (Moscow, 1993)

  O. V. Khlevnyuk, ‘Stalin i Molotov. Edinolichnaya diktatura i predposylki “oligarkhizatsiya”’ in G. Sh. Sagatelyan, B. S. Ilizarov and O. V. Khlevnyuk (eds), Stalin, Stalinizm i Sovetskoe Obshchestvo. Sbornik statei (Moscow, 2000)

  O. V. Khlevnyuk, 1937-i: Stalin, NKVD i sovetskoe obshchestvo (Moscow, 1992)

  V. M. Kholodkovskii, ‘V. I. Lenin i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya novogo tipa’ in V. A. Kharlamov et al. (eds), Leninskaya vneshnyaya politika Sovetskoi strany (Moscow, 1969)

  A. Kirilina, Neizvestnyi Kirov (St Petersburg, 2001)

  M. Kirkwood (ed.), Language Planning in the Soviet Union (London, 1989)

  J. Klier and S. Lambroza, Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History (Cambridge, 1992)

  D. V. Kolesov, I. V. Stalin. Pravo na zhizn’ (Moscow, 2000)

  G. V. Kostyrchenko, Tainaya politika Stalina. Vlast’ i antisemitizm (Moscow, 2003)

  V. Kozlov, The Peoples of the Soviet Union (London, 1988)

  G. A. Krasil’nikov, ‘Rozhdenie Gulaga: diskussii v verkhnikh eshelonakh vlasti’, Istoricheskii arkhiv, no. 4 (1989)

  F. D. Kretov, Bor’ba V. I. Lenina za sokhranenie i ukreplenie RSDRP v gody stolypinskoi reaktsii (Moscow, 1969)

  A. Kriegel and S. Courtois, Eugen Fried. Le grand secret du PCF (Paris, 1997)

  S. Kuleshov and V. Strada, Il fascismo russo (Venice, 1998)

  V. A. Kumanëv and I. S. Kulikova, Protivostoyanie: Krupskaya — Stalin (Moscow, 1994)

  M. Kun, Stalin: An Unknown Portrait (Budapest, 2003)

  H. Kuromiya, ‘The Donbass’ in E. A. Rees (ed.), Central-Local Relations in the Soviet State, 1928–1941 (London, 2002)

  S. Lakoba, Ocherki politicheskoi istorii Abkhazii (Sukhum, 1990)


  S. Lakoba, Otvet istorikam iz Tbilisi (Sukhum, 2001)

  N. Lampert, The Technical Intelligentsia and the Soviet State. A Study of Soviet Managers and Technicians, 1928–1935 (London, 1979)

  D. M. Lang, A Modern History of Georgia (London, 1962)

  N. Lebrecht, ‘Prokofiev was Stalin’s Last Victim’, Evening Standard, 4 June 2003.

  M. P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power. National Security, the Truman Administration and the Cold War (Stanford, 1992)

  G. Leggett, The Cheka. Lenin’s Political Police. The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage, December 1917 to February 1922 (Oxford, 1981)

  Ye. S. Levina, Vavilov, Lysenko, Timofeev-Resovskii… Biologiya v SSSR: Istoriya i istoriografiya (Moscow, 1995)

  M. Lewin, Russian Peasants and Soviet Power. A Study of Collectivisation (London, 1968)

  G. P. Lezhava, Mezhdu Gruziei i Rossiei. Istorischeskie korni i sovremennye faktory abkhazo-gruzinskogo konflikta (XIX–XX vv.) (Moscow, 1997)

  D. Lieven, Nicholas II. Emperor of All the Russias (London, 1993)

  S. V. Lipitskii, ‘Stalin v grazhdanskoi voine’ in A. N. Mertsalov (ed.), Istoriya i stalinizm (Moscow, 1991)

  A. Luukkanen, The Religious Policy of the Stalinist State. A Case Study: the Central Standing Commission on Religious Questions, 1929–1938 (Helsinki, 1997)

  R. Marsh, Images of Dictatorship: Portraits of Stalin in Literature (London, 1989)

  T. Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire. Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939 (London, 2001)

  I. Marykhuba, Yefrem Eshba (vydayushchiisya gosudarstvennyi deyatel’) (Sukhum, 1997)

  N. N. Maslov, ‘Ob utverzhdenii ideologii stalinizma’ in A. N. Mertsalov (ed.), Istoriya i stalinizm (Moscow, 1991)

  B. McLoughlin and K. McDermott (eds), Stalin’s Terror. High Politics and Mass Repression in the Soviet Union (London, 2003)

  M. Mazower, Dark Continent. Europe’s Twentieth Century (London, 1998)

  R. McNeal, Stalin. Man and Ruler (London, 1985)

  R. Medvedev, Let History Judge. The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism (London, 1971)

  R. Medvedev, Problems in the Literary Biography of Mikhail Sholokhov (Cambridge, 1977)

  R. Medvedev, Sem’ya tirana. Mat’ i syn. Smert’ Nadezhdy Alliluevoi (Nizhni Novgorod, 1993)

  Zh. and R. Medvedev, Neizvestnyi Stalin (Moscow, 2001)

  C. Merridale, Moscow Politics and the Rise of Stalin. The Communist Party in the Capital, 1925–1932 (Moscow, 1990)

  C. Merridale, Night of Stone: Death and Memory in Russia (London, 2000)

  A. N. Mertsalov (ed.), Istoriya i stalinizm (Moscow, 1991)

  V. Moroz, ‘Verkhovnyi sud’, Krasnaya zvezda, 23 December 2003

  W. Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction. The Food Supply in the USSR during World War II (Cambridge, 1990)

  B. Nahaylo and V. Swoboda, The Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationalities Problem in the USSR (London, 1990)

  N. Naimark, The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949 (London, 1995)

  A. Nove, An Economic History of the USSR (London, 1969)

  N. Okhotin and A. Roginskii, ‘Iz istorii “nemetskoi operatsii” NKVD 1937–1938 gg.’ in Repressii protiv rossiiskikh: nakazannyi narod (Moscow, 1999)

  E. Olla-Reza, Azarbaidzhan [sic] i Arran (Yerevan, 1993)

  A. Ostrovskii, Kto stoyal za spinoi Stalina? (St Petersburg, 2002)

  R. Overy, Russia’s War (London, 1997)

  M. Parrish, The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939–1953 (Westport, 1996)

  D. Peris, Storming the Heavens: the Soviet League of the Militant Atheists (New York, 1998)

  M. Perrie, The Cult of Ivan the Terrible in Stalin’s Russia (London, 2001)

  N. Petrov, ‘The Gulag as Instrument of the USSR’s Punitive System’ in E. Dundovich, F. Gori and E. Guercetti (eds), Reflections on the Gulag, with a Documentary Appendix on the Italian Victims of Repression in the USSR (Milan, 2003)

  R. Pikhoya, Sovetskii Soyuz: istoriya vlasti, 1945–1991 (Novosibirsk, 2000)

  B. Pinkus, The Soviet Government and the Jews, 1948–1967: A Documentary Study (Cambridge, 1984)

  R. Pipes, The Formation of the Soviet Union. Communism and Nationalism,1917–1923 (2nd revised edn: Cambridge, Mass., 1964)

  S. Pons, Stalin and the Inevitable War, 1936–1941 (London, 2002)

  S. Pons, ‘The Twilight of the Cominform’ in The Cominform. Minutes of the Three Conferences, 1947/1948/1949 (eds G. Procacci, G. Adibekov, A. Di Biagio, L. Gibianskii, F. Gori and S. Pons: Milan, 1994)

  S. Pons and A. Romano (eds), Russia in the Age of Wars, 1914–1945 (Milan, 1998)

  A. Ponsi, Partito unico e democrazia in URSS. La Costituzione del ’36 (Rome, 1977)

  D. Pospielovsky, The Russian Church under the Soviet Regime, vols 1–2 (New York, 1984)

  P. Preston, Franco: A Biography (London, 1993)

  A. Pyzhikov, Khrushchëvskii ‘ottepel’’ (Moscow, 2002)

  E. Radzinsky, Stalin: The First In-Depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia’s Secret Archives (London, 1996)

  D. Rayfield, Stalin and His Hangmen: An Authoritative Portrait of a Tyrant and Those Who Served Him (London, 2004)

  E. A. Rees (ed.), Central-Local Relations in the Soviet State, 1928–1941 (London, 2002)

  E. A. Rees (ed.), The Nature of Stalin’s Dictatorship. The Politburo, 1924–1953 (London, 2004)

  E. A. Rees, Political Thought from Machiavelli to Stalin: Revolutionary Machiavellism (Basingstoke, 2004)

  E. A. Rees, ‘Stalin as Leader, 1924–1937: From Oligarch to Dictator’ in E. A. Rees (ed.), The Nature of Stalin’s Dictatorship. The Politburo, 1924–1953 (London 2004)

  E. A. Rees, State Control in Soviet Russia: The Rise and Fall of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspectorate, 1920–1934 (London, 1987)

  J. Rossi, Spravochnik po Gulagu, vols 1–2 (2nd edn: Moscow, 1992)

  R. Richardson, The Long Shadow. Inside Stalin’s Family (London 1993)

  A. Rieber, ‘Stalin, Man of the Borderlands’, American Historical Review, no. 5 (2001)

  T. H. Rigby, Communist Party Membership in the USSR, 1917–1967 (Princeton, 1968)

  T. H. Rigby, ‘Was Stalin a Disloyal Patron?’, Soviet Studies, no. 3 (1986)

  G. Roberts, The Soviet Union and the Origins of the Second World War: Russo-German Relations and the Road to War, 1933–1941 (London, 1995)

  W. H. Roobol, Tsereteli, A Democrat in the Russian Revolution: A Political Biography (The Hague, 1976)

  J. J. Rossman, ‘The Teikovo Cotton Workers’ Strike of April 1932: Class, Gender and Identity Politics in Stalin’s Russia’, Russian Review, January 1997

  J. Rubenstein and V. P. Naumov (eds), Stalin’s Secret Pogrom: the Postwar Inquisition of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee (New Haven, 2001)

  L. Rucker, Staline, Israël et les Juifs (Paris, 2001)

  G. Sh. Sagatelyan, B. S. Ilizarov and O. V. Khlevnyuk (eds), Stalin, Stalinizm i Sovetskoe Obshchestvo: sbornik statei. K 70-letiyu V. S. Lel’chuka (Moscow, 2000)

  L. Samuelson, Plans for Stalin’s War Machine. Tukhachevskii and Military-Economic Planning, 1925–1941 (London, 2001)

  S. Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar (London, 2003)

  R. Service, ‘Architectural Problems of Reform in the Soviet Union: From Design to Collapse’, Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, no. 2 (2001)

  R. Service, The Bolshevik Party in Revolution: A Study in Organisational Change (London, 1979)

  R. Service, ‘Destalinisation in the USSR before Khrushchev’s Secret Speech’ in Il XX Congresso del PCUS (ed. F. Gori: Milan, 1988)

  R. Service, ‘Gorbachev’s Reforms: The Future in the Past’, Journal of Communist Studies, no. 3 (1997)

  R. Service, A History of Modern Russia, From Nicholas II To Vladimir Putin (London, 2003)

  R. Service, A History of Twentieth-Century Russia (Lon
don, 1997)

  R. Service, ‘Joseph Stalin: The Making of a Stalinist’ in J. Channon (ed.), Politics, Society and Stalinism in the USSR (London, 1998)

  R. Service, Lenin: A Biography (London, 2000)

  R. Service, Lenin: A Political Life , vols 1–3 (London, 1985–95)

  R. Service, ‘The Road to the Twentieth Party Congress’, Soviet Studies, no. 2 (1981)

  R. Service, Russia: Experiment with a People from 1991 to the Present (London, 2002)

  R. Service (ed.), Society and Politics in the Russian Revolution (London, 1992)

  R. Service, ‘Stalinism and the Soviet State Order’ in H. Shukman (ed.), Redefining Stalinism (London, 2003)

  E. Sherstyanoi, ‘Germaniya i nemtsy v pis’makh krasnoarmeitsev vesnoi 1945 g.’, Novaya i noveishaya istoriya, no. 2 (2002)

  H. Shukman (ed.), Redefining Stalinism (London, 2003)

  H. Shukman (ed.), Stalin’s Generals (New York, 1993)

  H. Shukman and A. Chubaryan (eds), Stalin and the Soviet-Finnish War, 1939–1940 (London, 2002)

  R. Slusser, Stalin in October. The Man Who Missed the Revolution (Baltimore, 1987)

  E. Smith, The Young Stalin: The Early Years of an Elusive Revolutionary (London, 1968)

  J. Smith, The Bolsheviks and the National Question, 1917–1923 (London, 1999)

  A. Sokolov, ‘Before Stalinism: the Defense Industry of Soviet Russia in the 1920s’, PERSA Working Paper (University of Warwick), no. 31 (April 2004)

  B. Starkov, Dela i lyudi stalinskogo vremeni (St Petersburg, 1995)

  H. P. von Strandmann, ‘Obostryayushchiesya paradoksy: Gitler, Stalin i germano-sovetskie ekonomicheskie svyazi. 1939–1941’ in A. O. Chubaryan and G. Gorodetsky, Voina i politika, 1939–1941 (Moscow, 1999)

  M. Stugart (readers’ queries column), Dagens Nyheter, 22 March 2004.

  R. G. Suny, The Baku Commune, 1917–1918: Class and Nationality in the Russian Revolution (Princeton, 1972)

  R. G. Suny, ‘A Journeyman for the Revolution: Stalin and the Labour Movement in Baku, June 1907–May 1908’, Soviet Studies, no. 3 (1972)

  R. G. Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation (London, 1989)

  K. Sword (ed.), The Soviet Takeover of the Polish Eastern Provinces, 1939–1941 (London, 1991)

  Tak eto bylo: natsional’nye repressii v SSSR, 1919–1952 gody, vols 1–3 (ed. S. Alieva: Moscow 1993)