Drug War Capitalism
Page 32
61 Colombia Solidarity Campaign, “La Colosa: A Death Foretold Alternative Report about the AngloGold Ashanti Gold Mining Project in Cajamarca, Tolima, Colombia,” December, 2013, retrieved February 16, 2014, https://www.colombiasolidarity.org.uk/attachments/article/612/LA%20COLOSA_A%20Death%20Foretold.pdf. Fedeagromisbol, “Communiqué to National and International Public Opinion: Continued Extermination of Members of Fedeagromisbol,” February 18, 2010, http://londonminingnetwork.org/2010/02/killings-of-smallscale-miners-in-colombia/
62 Observatorio Social de Empresas Transnacionales Megaproyectos, Pica y Pala, 143.
63 UNHCR, “2012 UNHCR Country Operations Profile – Colombia,” http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e492ad6.html.
64 CODHES, “Desplazamiento creciente y crisis humanitaria invisibilizada,” CODHES Boletín 79. March 2012, http://nasaacin.org/informativo-nasaacin
/contexto-colombiano/4038-desplazamiento-creciente-y-crisis-humanitaria
-invisibilizada, 2.
65 International Platforms and Organizations, “Report for the Universal Periodic Review: The Situation of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law in Colombia 2008–2013,” May 2013, http://www.forum-menschenrechte.de/cms/upload/PDF/ab_02_2012/120920_UPR_English_final_con_firmas.pdf, 6.
66 US Leap, “Background: Violence Against Trade Unionists in Colombia,” http://www.usleap.org/usleap-campaigns/colombia-murder-and-impunity/more-information-colombia/background-violence-against-
67 International Platforms and Organizations, “Report for the Universal Periodic Review,” 11.
68 Ibid., 6–7.
69 James Bargent, “Toxic Mix of Drug Lords, Corruption and Trade Fuels Disorder In Colombian Port City,” Alternet, March 5, 2014, http://www.alternet.org/world/toxic-mix-drug-lords-corruption-and-trade-fuels-disorder
-colombian-port-city.
70 Jesús González Bolaños and Nelson Franco Díaz, “Compilación y analisis sobre crisis humanitaria en el municipio de Buenaventura,” Arquidiocesis de Cali, April 3, 2013.
71 Simon Romero, “ Cocaine Wars Make Port Colombia’s Deadliest City,” New York Times, May 22, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/22/world/americas/22colombia.html.
72 Bolaños and Díaz, “Compilación y analisis sobre crisis humanitaria.”
73 International Platforms and Organizations, “Report for the Universal Periodic Review,” 117.
74 ONIC, “Palabra Dulce, Aire de Vida,” 2010, http://www.abcolombia.org.uk/downloads/C6D_Final_ONIC_report_-_Palabra_Dulce.pdf, 8, 11.
75 Venezuela has the highest homicide rate in South America. “Global Study on Homicide, 2011,” 2011, http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/statistics/Homicide/Globa_study_on_
homicide_2011_web.pdf, 23.
76 US Government Accountability Office, “PLAN COLOMBIA,” 90.
77 Jess Ford, “International Programs Face Significant Challenges Reducing the Supply of Illegal Drugs but Support Broad U.S. Foreign Policy Objectives,” US Government Accountability Office, July 21, 2012, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-921T.
78 Ibid.
79 Embassy Bogota, “Revision: Colombia—2009 Investment Climate Statement,” February 11, 2009, https://cablegatesearch.wikileaks.org/cable.php?id=09BOGOTA437&q=cooperative%20location%20security
80 US Government Accountability Office, “PLAN COLOMBIA,” 101.
81 Banco de la Republica, “Flujos de inversion extranjera directa (IED) en Colombia – Balanza De Pagos,” 2011, http://www.banrep.gov.co/economia/flujos/C2Flujo_Paises_2007.xls.
82 Julia Gordon, “PDAC-Colombia to award mining concessions gradually,” Reuters, March 5, 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/05/canada-mining-pdac-colombia-idUSL2E8E57EP20120305.
83 Schipani, Andres, “Colombia: Making Many Millionaires,” Financial Times. October 21, 2013, retrieved August 27, 2014, http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2013/10/21/colombia-making-many-millionaires/
84 Simons, Colombia: A Brutal History, 327.
85 Hristov, Blood and Capital, 17.
86 Globalize This, “Colombia and the IMF: Policies that Worsen Problems,” Committee for the Abolition of Third World Debt, January 2002, http://cadtm.org/Colombia-and-the-IMF-Policies-that.
87 Ibid.
88 MacLean, “Colombia,” in Energy Cooperation in the Western Hemisphere, 206.
89 National Planning Department of Colombia, Department of Security and Justice of Colombia. “Plan Colombia Progress Report, 1999–2005,” September 2006, http://www.dnp.gov.co/Portals/0/archivos/documentos/DJS/DJS_Documentos_Publicaciones/bal_plan_Col_ingles_final.pdf, 9.
90 Banco de la Republica, “Flujos de inversion extranjera directa (IED) en Colombia.” The Economist, “Gushers and Guns: A Boom, and Threats to It,” The Economist, March 17, 2012. http://www.economist.com/node
/21550304.
91 Scott, Drugs, Oil and War, 72.
92 MacLean, “Colombia,” in Energy Cooperation in the Western Hemisphere, 194.
93 Simons, Colombia: A Brutal History, 320–321.
94 World Construction Network, “Colombia to Construct $3.5 Billion Oil Pipeline,” March 20, 2010, http://www.worldconstructionnetwork.com/news/colombia_to_construct_35_billion_oil_pipeline_100323/. The information in this paragraph was drawn from: Dawn Paley, “Oil, Gas, and Canada-Colombia Free Trade,” NACLA (August 11, 2010), https://nacla.org/node/6694.
95 Luke Burgess, “Colombian Oil Stocks Are Set to Run: The World’s Hottest Oil Frontier,” Energy & Capital, May 17, 2010, http://www.energyandcapital
.com/articles/colombia-oil-stocks/1150
96 Thad Dunning and Leslie Wirpsa, “Oil and the Political Economy of Conflict in Colombia,” in The Geopolitics of Resource Wars: Resource Dependence, Governance and Violence, ed. Philippe Le Billon (New York: Routledge, 2005), 84.
97 US Government Accountability Office. “Security Assistance: Efforts to Secure Colombia’s Caño Limón-Coveñas Oil Pipeline Have Reduced Attacks, but Challenges Remain,” September 2005, www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt
?GAO-05-971, 2.
98 Ibid., 8.
99 Paley, “Oil, Gas, and Canada-Colombia Free Trade.”
100 El Pais, “Colombia tendrá aviones no tripulados y radar militar en el 2015,” October 25, 2012, http://www.elpais.com.co/elpais/judicial/noticias/colombia
-tendra-aviones-tripulados-y-radar-militar-2015.
101 Gary Leech, “Plan Petroleum in Putumayo,” Colombia Reports, May 10, 2004, http://web.archive.org/web/20070606213622/http://www.colombiajournal
.org/colombia184.htm.
102 This section is partly dervied from: “Global Capitalism, Oil, and the Canada-Colombia Free Trade Agreement,” a speech delivered by the author at the Parkland Institute’s fourteenth annual conference, November 2010, http://dawnpaley.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/parkland_paley_2010.pdf.
103 Ibáñez and Vélez, “Civil Conflict and Forced Migration,” 661–662.
104 Sistema de Información Indígena de Colombia, “Pueblo Cofán,” http://www.siidecolombia.gov.co/CMS/media/32636/pueblo_cof_n.pdf.
105 Mortiz Tenthoff, “Coca, Petroleum and Conflict in Cofán Territory (Drug Policy Briefing #23),” Transnational Institute, September 2007, http://www.tni.org/sites/www.tni.org/files/download/brief23.pdf, 2.
106 Before becoming Colombia’s biggest private oil baron, Pacific Rubiales’s CEO, Ronald Pantin, worked in the Venezuelan oil industry for over twenty years, eventually becoming president of PDVSA, the state-owned oil company. He was also president of Enron Venezuela until he left the country after Hugo Chávez’s election.
107 John Otis, “Pioneering CEO of the Year: Ronald Pantín—Oil Expert Striking Success Anew,” Bravo. September 29, 2010, http://bravo.latintrade.com/2010/09/pioneering-ceo-of-the-year-ronald-pantin-oil-expert-striking-success-anew/.
108 Chris Arsenault, “Digging Up Canadian Dirt in Colombia,” Colombia Journal (November 6, 2006), http://colombiajournal.org/digging-up-canadian
-dirt-in-colombia.html.
10
9 Haynes Boone, “The Oil and Gas Industry in Colombia and the Ecopetrol Partial Privatization,” March 18, 2008, http://www.haynesboone.com/files/Publication/9e5a1219-cf5e-4c8b-b06f-f34b3754bf57/Presen
tation/PublicationAttachment/22bb9393-f485-4bdc-aa0f-f945ea93f3bc/The%20Oil%20and%20Gas%20Industry%20in%20Columbia.pdf, 13.
110 Embassy Bogota, “Assistant Secretary Shannon’s July 7 Meeting With President Uribe,” July 15, 2008, http://cablegatesearch.net/cable.php?id=08BOGOTA2568&q=cooperative%20location%20security.
111 Ben Dangl, “U.S. Bases in Colombia Rattle the Region,” The Progressive, March 2010, http://progressive.org/danglmarch10.html.
112 John Lindsay-Poland, “Pentagon Building Bases in Central America and Colombia: Despite Constitutional Court Striking Down Base Agreement,” January 27, 2011, http://forusa.org/blogs/john-lindsay-poland/pentagon-building
-bases-central-america-colombia/8445.
113 International Platforms and Organizations, “Report for the Universal Periodic Review,” 15.
114 Hillary Clinton, “Remarks at the Central American Security Conference (SICA),” June 22, 2011, http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2011/06/166733.htm.
115 US State Department, “Congressional Budget Justification Foreign Operations Annex: Regional Perspectives 2014,” http://www.state.gov/documents
/organization/208291.pdf, 636.
CHAPTER 4: MEXICO’S DRUG WAR REFORMS
1 Dawn Paley, “Off the Map in Mexico,” The Nation (May 4, 2011), http://www.thenation.com/article/160436/map-mexico.
2 Clare R. Seelke, “Mérida Initiative for Mexico and Central America: Funding and Policy Issue,” Congressional Research Service, April 19, 2010, http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/141560.pdf.
3 US GAO, “Mérida Initiative: The United States Has Provided Counternarcotics and Anticrime Support but Needs Better Performance Measures,” July 21, 2010, http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-10-837, 27.
4 110th Congress, 2d Session, “An Act to authorize law enforcement and security assistance, and assistance to enhance the rule of law and strengthen civilian institutions, for Mexico and the countries of Central America, and for other purposes,” June 11, 2008, http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/110/hr6028/text, 17.
5 US State Department, “Mérida Initiative,” http://www.state.gov/j/inl/merida/m.
6 110th Congress, 2d Session. “AN ACT to authorize law enforcement.”
7 Take, for example, the arrival of the US Navy in Guatemala in August 2012: approximately 200 US Marines arrived before the agreement was reached. A special session was called in Guatemala in so that the agreement could be approved and become legal.
8 US State Department. “Mérida Initiative.”
9 BBC News, “Clinton Says Mexico Drug Crime Like an Insurgency,” September 9, 2010, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-11234058.
10 David Morgan, “US Military Chief Backs Counter-insurgency for Mexico,” March 6, 2009, http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/03/07/idUSN06397194.
11 Vincente L. Rafael, “Targeting Translation: U.S. Counterinsurgency and the Politics of Language,” in Life During Wartime, 277–278.
12 John Feeley, “U.S.-Mexico Security Cooperation: An Overview of the Mérida Initiative, 2008–Present,” Hearing before the House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on the Western Hemisphere, May 13, 2013, http://docs.house.gov/meetings/FA/FA07/20130523/100907/HHRG-113-FA07-Wstate
-FeeleyJ-20130523.pdf, 2–3.
13 Morena, “Mural 27: Alerta a todos los mexicanos!,” Regeneración 27 (February 2013): 4–5.
14 Chalk, The Latin American Drug Trade, 60.
15 Just the Facts, “Military and Police Aid, All Programs, Entire Region, 2009–2014,” undated, http://justf.org/All_Grants_Country.
16 World Bank, “Global Economic Prospects: Latin America and the Caribbean,” undated, http://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/global-economic
-prospects/regional-outlooks/lac. Sam Perlo-Freeman and Corina Solmirano, “Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2013.” SIPRI Fact Sheet, April 2014, http://books.sipri.org/files/FS/SIPRIFS1404.pdf.
17 Chalk, The Latin American Drug Trade, 61.
18 International Crisis Group, “Peña Nieto’s Challenge: Criminal Cartels and the Rule of Law in Mexico,” Latin America Report 48 (March 19, 2013), http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/latin-america/mexico/048-pena-nietos-challenge-criminal-cartels-and-rule-of-law-in-mexico.pdf, ii.
19 Clare R. Seelke and K. Finklea, “CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress U.S.-Mexican Security Cooperation: The Mérida Initiative and Beyond,” Congressional Research Service, April 8, 2014, http://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41349.pdf, 7.
20 P. Meyer and Clare R. Seelke, “Central America Regional Security Initiative: Background and Policy Issues for Congress,” GAO, February 21, 2012, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41731.pdf. Voice of America, “Mérida’s New Direction,” March 3, 2012, http://www.voanews.com/policy/editorials
/MERIDAS-NEW-DIRECTION-141416863.html (This represents a far better ability on the part of the US to leverage Mexican funds as compared to the Colombian commitment under Plan Colombia, which was closer to 2 to 1). See: National Planning Department of Colombia, Department of Security and Justice of Colombia, 9.
21 Meyer and Seelke, “Central America Regional Security Initiative, 17.
22 United States Government Accountability Office, “Status of Funding, Equipment, and Training for the Caribbean Basin Security Initiative,” March 20, 2013, http://www.gao.gov/assets/660/653173.pdf, 3.
23 Clare R. Seelke, “Mérida Initiative for Mexico and Central America: Funding and Policy Issue,” Congressional Research Service, April 19, 2010, http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/141560.pdf, 2.
24 William Brownfield, “Remarks at the Council of Americas,” US State Department, March 22, 2013, http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/rm/2013/207231.htm.
25 Berdal and Malone, “Introduction,” 91.
26 UNODC, “World Drug Report, 2010,” 2010, http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr/WDR_2010/World_Drug_Report_2010_lo-res.pdf, 18.
27 Global Commission on Drug Policy. “Taking Control: Pathways to Drug Policies that Work.” September, 2014. P. 13.
28 What I describe as the first component includes the “Pillars” called “Institutionalize Reforms to Sustain Rule of Law and Respect for Human Rights” and “Build Strong and Resilient Communities.” US GAO, “Mérida Initiative,” 33.
29 USAID. “US AID History.” June 11, 2012. Retrieved December 21, 2012, http://www.usaid.gov/who-we-are/usaid-history.
30 USAID, “The State Department and USAID Budget,” http://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/9276/FactSheet_StateUSAIDBudget.pdf.
31 US State Department, “Congressional Budget,” 620.
32 Ibid.
33 Ibid.
34 Eva Hershaw, “Aztec Tiger,” Ozy (December 5, 2013), http://www.ozy.com/fast-forward/mexico-preps-for-a-comeback/4093.article.
35 Victor Renuart Jr. and Biff Baker, “U.S.-Mexico Homeland Defense: A Compatible Interface,” Strategic Forum, National Defense University, February 2010, http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/call/docs/11-23/ch_10.asp.
36 T. Padgett, “Mexico’s Peña Nieto Talks to TIME: ‘We Can Move Beyond the Drug War’,” Time (November 30, 2012), http://world.time.com/2012/11/30/mexicos-pena-nieto-talks-to-time-we-can-move-beyond-the-drug-war/#ixzz2PvNnOdBf.
37 US GAO, “Mérida Initiative,” 29.
38 USAID Mission to Mexico, “Competitiveness Program: 2nd Quarter FY 2010,” January–March 2010, http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDACR720.pdf.
39 USAID. “USAID/Mexico Annual Program Statement (APS),” January 30, 2012, http://www07.grants.gov/search/downloadAtt.do;jsessionid=
TJgHRLlPMVzGSg2cXvSMjwRHSvGsBKD7hGGqCPfrv8VQ5BnXCrGW
!-861966415?attId=113385, 11.
40 Magdalena Lara Monroy, ed., Acciones Cruciales en competencia y regulación, Centro de Investigación para el Desarro
llo, A.C., 2011, http://accionescruciales
.cidac.org/documentos/acciones.pdf.
41 USAID, “Mexico: Country Overview,” http://transition.usaid.gov/mx/index
.html.
42 Monroy, Acciones Cruciales.
43 Abt Associates, “Mexico Competitiveness Program,” http://www.abtassociates.com/Websites/2012/Mexico-Competitiveness-Program.aspx. Abt has its roots firmly planted in defense and war: “Abt Associates focused on transferring defense-related technology and systems to civilian application, such as the nation’s War on Poverty,” according to the firm’s website (“Our History,” http://www.abtassociates.com/About-Us/Our-History.aspx). Abt also provided reports forecasting cocaine availability in the Americas for the US Office of National Drug Control Policy in 2002 (https://www.ncjrs.gov/ondcppubs/publications/pdf/cocaine2002.pdf).
44 Casals & Associates, “Building More Effective and Efficient Government in Mexico,” http://www.casals.com/2010/03/building-more-effective-and
-efficient-government-in-mexico/.
45 DynCorp, “About Us,” http://www.dyn-intl.com/about-us/overview.aspx. And Abt Associates, “Our History.”
46 Evensen Dodge International, “About Us,” http://www.dodgeglobal.com/our_clients.html.
47 S. Goldfarb, “U.S. Center at COP-16: U.S. and Mexico Bi-National Cooperation on Climate Change and Development,” Dipnote, December 9, 2010, http://blogs.state.gov/index.php/site/entry/us_center_mexico_cooperation.
48 Kristian Williams, “Life during Wartime: Resisting Counterinsurgency,” in Life During Wartime, 104.
49 Elizabeth Malkin and Randal Archibold, “A New Leader Pushes a Different Side of Mexico,” New York Times, November 27, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/28/world/americas/mexico-seeks-to-recast-relationship
-with-us.html?_r=1&.
50 The center-left Democratic Revolution Party (PRD) left the Pact for Mexico in the lead-up to the energy reform.
51 Luis Hernández Navarro, “Las mentiras sobre la reforma educative,” La Jornada, January 15, 2013, http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2013/01/15/opinion/017a1pol.
52 ProMéxico, México: La puerta de aceso al mundo, October 2012, http://www.promexico.gob.mx/es/mx/boletin-promexico-comparte.