Drug War Capitalism
Page 33
53 Anthony Wayne, “Ambassador Wayne’s Remarks to the U.S. Mexico Chamber of Commerce Breakfast attended by CODEL Sessions, Cuellar, McCaul, and Polis,” December 1, 2012, http://mexico.usembassy.gov/eng/ebio_ambassador/texts/ambassador-waynes-remarks-to-the-us-mexico-chamber-of-commerce-breakfast-attended-by-codel-sessions-cuellar-
mccaul-and-polis.html.
54 International Monetary Fund, “IMF Renews $73 Billion Credit Line for Mexico,” December 11, 2012, www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2012/car121112a.htm.
55 International Monetary Fund, “Transcript of a IMF Western Hemisphere Department Press Briefing,” April 19, 2013, http://www.imf.org/external/np/tr/2013/tr041913.htm.
56 Ben Bain and Natacha Cattan, “Mexico Credit Rating Upgraded by Fitch to BBB+; Peso Rallies,” Bloomberg News, May 8, 2013, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-05-08/mexico-credit-rating-upgraded-by-fitch-to-bbb
-currency-rallies.html.
57 Luis Videgaray, “Palabras del Secretario de hacienda y crédito pùblico, Dr. Luis Videgaray Caso, en la presentación de la iniciativa de reforma financiera,” May 8, 2013, http://www.shcp.gob.mx/SALAPRENSA/doc_discurso_funcionarios/secretarioSHCP/2013/lvc_reforma_financiera_08052013.pdf.
58 Manuel Sánchez González, “Economía Mexicana: Una mirada de largo plazo,” Banco de México, March 8, 2012, http://www.banxico.org.mx/publicaciones-y-discursos/discursos-y-presentaciones/presentaciones
/%7B694E563B-9721-B4A2-3023-D914148CCC91%7D.pdf, 24.
59 Ibid., 22.
60 Amy Guthrie, “Mexico Proposes Financial Reform in Effort to Boost Lending,” Wall Street Journal, May 8, 2013, http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130508-713157.html.
61 Reyes Retana, Roberto Arena, et al, “Mexico’s Large-scale Financial Reform: Greater Availability of Credit, Lower Costs and Certainty of Legal Remedies,” Lexology, May 22, 2013, 2013, http://www.lexology.com/library/detail
.aspx?g=3d7aaeaa-792e-4b8c-8d02-e1a03b0c32d7.
62 Dawn Paley, “Til Debt Do Us Part,” CIP Americas Program, August 8, 2013, http://www.cipamericas.org/archives/10229.
63 Ejidos are communally owned lands used for agriculture. Community members farm specific parcels, with some sections of the ejido designated specifically to be farmed communally.
64 Amy Guthrie, “Mexico Proposes Financial Reform.”
65 International Monetary Fund, “Transcript of a Press Briefing by G24 Ministers,” October 10, 2013, https://www.imf.org/external/np/tr/2013/tr101113.htm.
66 Daniel Hernández, “Saving Mexico? Selling Mexico? Slaying Mexico?,” Vice (February 21, 2014), http://www.vice.com/read/saving-mexico-selling
-mexico-slaying-mexico.
67 James Taylor and Mike Shannon, “How Mexico Can Rescue Its Brand,” May 9, 2012, http://vianovo.com/news/how-mexico-can-rescue-its-brand.
68 Thomas L. Friedman, “How Mexico Got Back in the Game,” New York Times, February 23, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/24/opinion/sunday/friedman-how-mexico-got-back-in-the-game.html?_r=0.
69 Enrique Pena Nieto, “U.S., Mexico Should Develop Their Economic Bond,” Washington Post, November 23, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/enrique-pena-nieto-us-mexico-should-develop-their-economic-bond/2012/11/23/248b8ec4-3589-11e2-9cfa-e41bac906cc9_story.html.
70 Ashley Southall, “Obama to Visit Mexico and Costa Rica in May,” New York Times, March 27, 2013, http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/03/27/obama-to-visit-mexico-and-costa-rica-in-may/.
71 Todd Miller, “Senate Disguises Militarization as Immigration Reform,” Salon.com, July 11, 2013, http://www.salon.com/2013/07/11/the_u_s_mexican_border_is_ground_zero_for_a_domestic_surveillance_state_partner/.
72 As evidenced recently with the implementation of austerity measures in Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Greece.
73 Maracio Schettino, “El mito de la energía en México,” Nueva Sociedad 220 (March–April 2009): 146.
74 Flavia Krause-Jackson and Nacha Cattan, “Mexican Presidential Candidate Seeks Private Investment in Oil Industry,” Bloomberg, November 17, 2012, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-11-17/pena-nieto-pledges-mexican-oil-opening-calderon-found-elusive.html.
75 Diana Férnandez, “PEMEX Can Be More Competitive,” April 2, 2012, http://eng
.fundsamericas.com/news/business/8845/PEMEX-can-be-more-competitive.
76 Adam Thompson, “Mexico-US: Let’s Talk Trade,” Financial Times, March 28, 2013, http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2013/03/28/mexico-us
-lets-talk-about-trade/?#axzz2VGI7jPbo.
77 Esther Arzate and Maribel Zavala, “Bienvenido: El Abanico Energético,” Petroleo y Energia (December 2013–January 2014):19.
78 Mexico is the largest silver producer in Latin America, and the second largest in the world, and is the third copper producer in Latin America, according to ProMéxico. ProMéxico, México: La puerta de aceso al mundo, 2013.
79 Ralph Cuervo-Lorens, “Commentary: A Better Response to Mexico’s New Mining Taxes,” The Northern Miner, February 24, 2014, http://www.northernminer
.com/news/commentary-a-better-response-to-mexicos-new-mining-taxes
/1002929894/?ref=rss&ctid=1002929894.
80 The Economist, “Mexico: The Sovereign Take,” The Economist (November 2, 2013), http://www.economist.com/news/americas/21588891-new-royalty
-rattles-investors-sovereign-take.
81 Cuervo-Lorens, “Commentary.”
82 V. Espinosa, B. Bain, and N. Cattan, “Mexico Credit Rating Raised After Oil Industry Opened,” Bloomberg News, February 5, 2014, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-02-05/mexico-rating-raised-to-a3-by-moody-s-after-oil-industry-opened.html.
83 World Bank, “Mexico,” undated, http://data.worldbank.org/country/mexico.
84 Embassy of the United States in Mexico, “U.S. Ambassador Wayne and Attorney General Morales Launch Training Program for Prosecutors and Investigators,” February 7, 2012, http://mexico.usembassy.gov/press-releases/us-ambassador-wayne-and-attorney-general-morales.html.
85 Dawn Paley, “Legal Battles in Mexico,” Upside Down World, 2011, http://
upsidedownworld.org/main/mexico-archives-79/3353-legal-battles-in-mexico.
86 Gustavo Castillo, “Evolución de la delincuencia sorprendió al sistema de justicia: Murillo Karam,” http://www.jornada.unam.mx/ultimas/2014/01/08/evolucion-de-la-delincuencia-sorprendio-al-sistema-de-justicia-murillo
-karam-3326.html.
87 Poiré’s candid comments came during a talk sponsored by the Council on Foreign Relations, the powerful US organization that publishes Foreign Affairs magazine: The Economist, “Shannon O’Neil and Alejandro Poiré: Disrupting the drug war,” The Economist (November 7, 2012), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X1V54Rw-HNQ.
88 Paley, “Legal Battles in Mexico.”
89 UN Mission to Mexico. “Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers,” April, 2011, retrieved October 10, http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G11/129/33/PDF/G1112933.pdf?OpenElement, 12.
90 Deborah Weissman, “Remaking Mexico: Law Reform as Foreign Policy,” Cardozo Law Review 4, no. 354 (2014): 18.
91 Rodger Garner, “Statement by USAID Mission Director to Mexico, Rodger D. Garner on USAID/Mexico’s Role in the Mérida Initiative,” March 10, 2009. http://www.usaid.gov/news-information/congressional-testimony/statement-usaid-mission-director-mexico-rodger-d-garner.
92 Deborah Weissman, “Remaking Mexico,” 18, 28.
93 Martha Huggins, “U.S. Supported State Terror: A History of Police Training in Latin America,” in Vigilantism and the State in Modern Latin America, 265.
94 CMDPDH/Red SOS-Tortura, “Arraigo Made in Mexico: A Violation to Human Rights,” October 2012, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/ngos/CMDPDH_OMCT_Mexico_CAT49_en.pdf.
95 Organization of American States, “IACHR Wraps Up Visit to Mexico,” September 2011, http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/media_center/PReleases/2011
/105.asp.
96 Malkin and Archibold, “A New
Leader Pushes a Different Side of Mexico.”
97 Jason Lange, “Mexico sees 2010 FDI bouncing back,” Reuters, May 4, 2010, http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/05/04/us-latam-summit-mexico
-investment-idUSTRE64351D20100504.
98 Comisión Nacional de Inversiones Extranjeras, “Informe estadístico sobre el comportamiento de la inversion extranjera directa en México,” http://www
.economia.gob.mx/files/comunidad_negocios/comision_nacional/Informe
_2011_IV.pdf.
99 Ibid.
100 Shannon O’Neil, “Refocusing U.S.-Mexico Security Cooperation.”
101 US State Department. “Congressional Budget Justification,” 687.
102 UNODC, “World Drug Report, 2010,” United Nations, 2010, http://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr/WDR_2010/World_Drug_Report_2010_lo-res.pdf, 18.
103 Dominic Rushe and Jill Treanor, “HSBC’s Record $1.9bn Fine Preferable to Prosecution, US Authorities Insist,” The Guardian, December 11, 2012, http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2012/dec/11/hsbc-fine-prosecution
-money-laundering?CMP=twt_fd&CMP=SOCxx2I2.
104 New York Times, “Too big to indict,” New York Times, December 11, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/12/opinion/hsbc-too-big-to-indict.html?_r=0. Matt Taibbi, “Outrageous HSBC Settlement Proves the Drug War is a Joke,” Rolling Stone, December 13, 2013, http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/blogs/taibblog/outrageous-hsbc-settlement-proves-the-drug-war-is-a-joke-20121213#ixzz2vZpnNZ7o.
105 Rajeev Sayal, “Drug Money Saved Banks in Global Crisis, Claims UN Advisor,” December 13, 2009, http://www.theguardian.com/global/2009/dec/13/drug-money-banks-saved-un-cfief-claims.
106 Perhaps the most famous case is that of Tomás Yarrington Ruvalcaba, who was mayor of Matamoros, Tamaulipas, and who went on to be governor of Tamaulipas and a presidential candidate for the PRI. According to documents filed in a Texas court, between 1998 and 2005, Yarrington—now a fugitive of justice—“acquired millions of dollars in payments while holding elected office from large-scale drug organizations operating in and through the Mexican State of Tamaulipas, and from various extortion or bribery schemes.” United States District Court Southern Division of Texas, “U.S.A. v. Real Property,” May 22, 2012, http://www.ice.gov/doclib/news/releases
/2012/120522brownsville.pdf.
107 Alberto Nájar, “El gran negocio del lavado de dinero en México,” BBC News, http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/noticias/2013/07/130717_mexico_negocio_
lavado_de_dinero_ley_an.shtml.
108 Barney Jopson, “Walmart Tackled on Laundering Concerns,” Financial Times, August 15, 2012, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/0c949a9a-e6f1-11e1-8a74-00144feab49a.html#axzz333RM46B9.
109 N. Miroff and W. Booth, “Mexico’s 2012 Vote is Vulnerable to Narco Threat,” The Washington Post, January 15, 2012, http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-01-15/world/35440426_1_luisa-maria-calderon-drug-cartel
-leader-pri-candidate.
110 It was reported in 2012 that a van used for trafficking drugs through Nicaragua was registered to the television empire. Televisa officials denied wrongdoing. Homero Campa, “Admite Televisa que vehículos confiscados en Nicaragua podrían estar a su nombre,” Proceso, September 12, 2012, http://www.proceso.com.mx/?p=319672.
CHAPTER 5: PLAN MEXICO AND MILITARIZATION
1 Christopher Hooks, “Q&A with Molly Molloy: The Story of the Juarez Femicides Is a ‘Myth’,” Texas Observer, January 11, 2014, http://www.texas
observer.org/qa-molly-molloy-story-juarez-femicides-myth/.
2 Melissa Wright, “Necropolitics, Narcopolitics, and Femicide: Gendered Violence on the Mexico-U.S. Border,” Signs 36, no. 3 (Spring 2011): 713–714.
3 Victor Quintana, “Sordera calderoniana, movilización ciudadana,” La Jornada, December 2009.
4 Molly Molloy, “The Mexican Undead: Toward a New History of the ‘Drug War’ Killing Fields,” August 21, 2013, http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/the-mexican-undead-toward-a-new-history-of-the-%E2%80%9Cdrug-war%E2%80%9D-killing-fields.
5 Human Rights Watch, “Mexico’s Disappeared: The Enduring Cost of a Crisis Ignored,” February 2013, http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/mexico0213_ForUpload_0_0.pdf,
6 Organization of American States, “IACHR Wraps Up Visit to Mexico,” September 2011, http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/media_center/PReleases/2011/105.asp.
7 US State Department, “Ecuador’s Push for Conditions-free Foreign Assistance Has Major Implications for Usg Operations,” February 24, 2010, http://cablegatesearch.net/cable.php?id=10QUITO101#para-6706-12
8 Ibid.
9 Martha Huggins, Political Policing: The U.S. and Latin America (Durham: Duke University Press, 1998), 4.
10 Huggins, “U.S. Supported State Terror,” 219.
11 US GAO, “FOREIGN AID: Police Training and Assistance,” March 1992, http://www.gao.gov/products/145909
12 G. Thompson, “U.S. Widens Role in Battle Against Mexican Drug Cartels,” New York Times, August 6, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/07/world/07drugs.html?pagewanted=all.
13 William Brownfield, “The Future of Mexico-US Relations,” May 20, 2014, http://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/rm/2014/226345.htm.
14 C. Hawley, “U.S. Training Bolsters Mexico’s War on Drugs,” USA Today, October 29, 2009, http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2009-10-28-mexico
-police-training_N.htm.
15 Beth Asch, et al, “Mitigating Corruption in Government Security Forces: The Role of Institutions, Incentives, and Personnel Management in Mexico,” 2011, Rand Corporation, http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/technical_reports/2011/RAND_TR906.pdf, xii.
16 Ioan Grillo, “Mexican Police Attacked CIA Officers, Ambush Likely: sources,” Reuters, August 29, 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/29/us-mexico-shooting-idUSBRE87S19K20120829.
17 Insyde, “¿Cuántos policías hay en México?,” September 12, 2010, http://www.insyde.org.mx/shownews.asp?newsid=319.
18 Ibid.
19 The highest-ranking federal police officer in Mexico today was trained in the United States, Israel, and Spain.
20 Michael Evans, “Mexico Fusion Center: NSA Refuses to Acknowledge ‘Existence or Non-existence’ of Documents on U.S. Intelligence Facility,” February 11, 2014, http://migrationdeclassified.wordpress.com/2014/02/11/mexico
-fusion-center-nsa-refuses-to-acknowledge-existence-or-non-existence
-of-documents-on-u-s-intelligence-facility/.
21 Anthony Wayne, “Ambassador’s Remarks for Opening Ceremony of International Gang Training Conference,” June 10, 2013, http://mexico.usembassy
.gov/eng/ebio_ambassador/texts/ambassadors-remarks-for-opening
-ceremony-of-international-gang-training-conference.html.
22 Puebla Noticias, “Puebla contará con la mejor Academia de Profesionalización Policial del mundo,” February 21, 2012, http://pueblanoticias.com.mx/noticia
/puebla-contara-con-la-mejor-academia-de-profesionalizacion-policial
-del-mundo-17149/.
23 Academia de Formación y Desarrollo Policial Puebla Iniciativa Mérida Gral. Ignacio Zaragoza, “Oferta Educativa,” undated, http://www.academianacional
puebla.mx/oferta-educativa.php.
24 Anthony Wayne, “Ambassador’s Remarks at Tactical Village Ribbon Cutting,” December 10, 2013, http://mexico.usembassy.gov/eng/ebio_ambassador
/texts/ambassadors-remarks-at-tactical-village-ribbon-cutting.html.
25 Patrick Corcoran, “Mexico, Colombia Talk Security, Tied by Drug Trade,” Insight Crime, August 3, 2011, http://insightcrime.org/insight-latest-news/item/1338-mexico-colombia-talk-security-tied-by-drug-trade.
26 Staff, “Capacitará Colombia a 12 mil policías mexicanos en lucha antidroga,” Animal Politico, April 13, 2012, http://www.animalpolitico.com/2012/04/
capacita-colombia-12-mil-policias-mexicanos-en-lucha-antidroga/.
27 EFE, “Jefes de la Gendarmería mexicana reciben capacitación de Francia y Colombia,” March 3, 2014, http:/
/www.efe.com/efe/noticias/usa/mexico/jefes
-gendarmeria-mexicana-reciben-capacitacion-francia-colombia
/5/50038/2255439.
28 Belén Zapata, “Un exdirector de la policía de Colombia asesora a Peña Nieto en seguridad,” CNN Español, June 14, 2012, http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2012/06/14/un-exdirector-de-la-policia-de-colombia-asesora-a-pena
-nieto-en-seguridad.
29 Human Rights Watch, “Neither Rights nor Security,” November 2011, http://www.hrw.org/reports/2011/11/09/neither-rights-nor-security-0, 5.
30 Ibid., 6.
31 Ibid., 7.
32 Ibid., 16.
33 German Alfonso Palacio Castañeda, “Institutional Crisis, Parainstitutionality, and Regime Flexibility in Colombia: The Place of Narcotraffic and Counterinsurgency,” in Vigilantism and the State in Modern Latin America.
34 Yolanda Figueroa, El Capo del Golfo, 31. Sierra Gúzman and Jorge Luis, El Enemigo Interno: Contrainsurgencia y Fuerzas Armadas en México (Madrid: Plaza y Valdes, 2003), 120. Reporte Indigo, “La DEA detrás de exgobernadores,” Excelsior, February 11, 2012, http://www.vanguardia.com.mx/ladeadetrasdeexgobernadores-1216637.html. La Redaccion, “Exmiembro de Los Zetas incrimina a exgobernadores de Tamaulipas con el narco,” Proceso, February 2, 2012, http://www.proceso.com.mx/?p=296970.
35 T. Poppa, Drug Lord (New York: Pharos Books, 1998), 167.
36 See, for example, Consulate Monterrey, “Border Violence Spreads to Nuevo Leon,” February 26, 2010, http://wikileaks.org/cable/2010/02/10MON
TERREY43.html#par9.
37 Rubén Mosso, “Detienen a 16 policías por proteger matanzas de Los Zetas en San Fernando,” Milenio, April 13, 2012, http://www.milenio.com/cdb/doc/noticias2011/434f5cc48739b1e6f2b64e6cf286ba60.
38 By its own admission the US trained at least one of their members: US State Department, “Subject: Setting the Record Straight on Zetas and U.S. Military Training,” August 21, 2009, http://wikileaks.org/cable/2009/08/09MEXICO2473.html.
39 Ibid.
40 Paley, “Strategies of a New Cold War.”
41 Kim Murphy and Ken Ellingwood, “Mexico Demands Answers on Guns,” Los Angeles Times, March 11, 2011, http://articles.latimes.com/2011/mar/11/nation/la-naw-mexico-guns-20110311.