M.K. Gandhi, Attorney at Law
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Council of the Incorporated Law Society of the Transvaal, 163
counterclaims, 85, 87–88, 92, 287n17; as “claim in reconvention,” 87, 287n9
courage, xiv, 21, 96–97; of Baker, 47; of Gandhi’s refusal to prosecute attackers, 102–3; of Indian workers, 74; and resistance to registration, 187, 200, 202, 212, 216, 228, 241; in taking on judges, 71, 78
Courland, SS: and Adams case, 85–91, 287n12, 287n16; Gandhi’s family aboard, 98–99; and petitions, 108–9; provisions for, 86–89, 91–92; and quarantine crisis, 98, 101–2, 104, 287n7
Cramer, A. J., 235, 239
creditors and debtors, 60, 63, 73; and trading without licenses cases, 252–53
criminal prosecutions, xv–xvi; and Coakes, 60; Gandhi’s refusal to prosecute attackers, 101–3, 220, 288n17, 303n21; and guilty defendants, 69–70, 177–78, 297n66; in India, 25; and Indian workers, 75; in Natal, 60, 62–63, 67, 69–70, 75, 77, 128, 177–78; to test law, xvii, 43, 182; for trading without licenses, 237–240, 306nn33–34; and tramcars, 182; in Transvaal, 174, 176–78, 182, 201, 237–241, 251–52, 306nn33–34; and witness intimidation, 77
cross-examination: and adversarial speech, 26; and border-crossing resistance, 244, 247, 307n55; of Christian Indians, 81–82; first rule of, 69; in Mamibai’s case, 20–21; and irrelevant testimony, 77, 192–93; and Ramsundar case, 192–93; and Sorabji case, 233–35; and trading without licenses cases, 239
curator bonis (guardian of property), 129
Curtis, Lionel, 198
customs regulations, 44
Dada, Haji, 56
Dada Abdulla and Company, 29–30, 38–39, 41, 45, 66; and Adams case, 85–87, 89, 91, 286n4, 287n12, 287n17; and DLA, 128–29; and Laughton, 99
da Gama, Vasco, 31
Dalmahoy, P. C., 240–41
Dandi, xxiii–xxiv, 227
Danish population in World War II, xviii
Dave, Kevalram Mavji, 2, 142–43
Dawje, Hassan, 70
Dealers’ Licenses Act. See DLA
DeBeers Consolidated, 147
decision-makers, pressure on, xiv, 227–28, 242, 245
Delagoa Bay, 89–90, 263–64, 286n4
demonstration effect, 165, 303n7
Denoon, Donald, 295n1
deportation orders, 190, 208–11; and border-crossing resistance, 243, 306n48; and children, 261; and Gandhi, 207, 213–14, 254; and Gandhi, Harilal, 243; and Gandhi’s assailants, 303n21; and IRA, 203; and Khan, Nawab, 210; and Khan, Sumander, 211; Leonard’s views on, 209, 301n22; and resisters denied permission to land, 263–65; and Sorabji, 236
Desai, M. I., 204
de Villiers, Melius, 150–52, 154
De Waal, D., 225
Dharasana Salt Works, xxiv
dhoby (washerman), 81, 286n35
diamond production, 147
dignity, 90, 103, 170
Dillon, James Francis, 62, 72–74
discrimination: and Freedom Riders, xviii; in Louisiana public library, xvii; in Natal, 107, 123–24, 126, 134–35; and native Africans, 153–54, 294nn27–28; and rickshaws, 134–35; in South African Republic, 147–49, 153–54, 156, 159–160; and tramcars, 181–85; in Transvaal, 147–49, 153–54, 156, 159–160, 164, 178, 181–85, 232, 296n18; in U.S., xvii–xviii. See also prejudice; race relations/racism
divorce law, 73, 285n14
DLA (Dealers’ Licenses Act), 105–11, 113–125, 249, 289n12; appeals barred by, 107, 109, 111, 113–126, 290n50; arbitrary denials permitted by, 106, 113–125, 178, 291n58; bookkeeping in English required by, 106, 113, 116, 121, 123, 290n50; designed to put Indians out of business, 107; and “desirability,” 122–24; and licensing officers, 106–7, 109, 113–125, 291n58; litigation against, 113–125, 172; losing battle against, 126–28, 131, 135, 178, 292n29, 293n22; petitions against, 108–11; and sanitary conditions, 106, 110, 113, 117, 122–24; and town councils, 106–7, 113–14, 116–122, 126, 290n41, 290n50, 291n57
Doke, Joseph, 220
Douglas, W. M., Rev. and Mrs., 69
drafting work, 7, 26–27, 30, 55, 61, 142–43
drums, 73
due process, 107, 111, 120–22, 125
Dundee Indians, 112–13
Durban, 31, 36–40, 47; and Adams case, 85–92, 286n5; anti-Indian mob in, 97–101; Beach Grove Villa, 52, 61, 93, 98; Circuit Court, 66, 79, 86, 132; Congress Hall, 93; Criminal Court, 62; and curfew passes, 81–82; fruit auction, 72; German Cafe, 66; Indian Committee, 48; and interpreters, 37–38, 52; lacking a law library, 60, 284n44; mayor of, 114, 118, 122; mosque in, 114–15; Pine Street, 62; port of, 98, 263–64; and rickshaws, 100, 134; Stanger Street, 100; Town Council, 114, 117–125, 134–35, 290n41, 290n50, 291n57; Town Hall, 122; town solicitor, 119–120, 290n42; West Street, 81, 100, 114–15
Dutch, xiii, 31–32, 44, 58, 146, 280n1
Dyer, W. H., 115, 118, 120–21
East India Company, 22
Ebrahim, Mahomed, 129
economic life: in India, 24; in Natal, 33–34, 51–52, 54, 57; in Transvaal, 152, 164; and working class, 97
education: and educated Indians, 230, 232, 234–36, 243–44, 262, 307n55; in India, xx–xxi, 276n8
Egypt, xviii, xxvii–xxviii; Academy of Change, xxviii; April 6 Movement, xxvii–xxviii; and Arab Spring, xviii, xxvii–xxviii
electricity, 181, 188
elites: “commercial elite,” 34; elitist traditions of bar, 5–7, 12; in India, xx–xxi, 24; landed elites, 24; in Natal, 34–35, 52
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 171
Empire Theatre meeting, 186–190
England: and abstention from wine/meat/women, 4, 12–15, 22, 278n33; legal education in, xiii–xiv, xx–xxi, 2–11, 277n10, 277n12, 277nn16–18; life and customs of, 8–15, 17; steamer to, 1, 4–5, 13–14, 20, 276n1
English language, 8–9, 20, 29; and DLA, 106, 113, 116, 121, 123, 290n50; Gandhi’s fear of speaking, 14, 16; Hind Swaraj translated into, 255; and IRA, 106, 232–33; and Maharaj, 121; in Natal, 62–63; and Osman, 123
entrepreneurs, Indian, 34, 37; and DLA, 105, 107, 289n12; in Transvaal, 155
Erikson, Erik H., 309n35
Escombe, Harry, 54, 56–57, 61, 282n17, 283n27; and anti-Indian mob, 98–102, 104; and Boer War, 130
Esselen, Ewald, 150
Estcourt, 75–76
evidence, 26; and Abdulla case, 76; and Adams case, 86–90, 286n6; and Arookian case, 69; and Asiatic Department, 165; and border-crossing resistance, 243–44, 247, 307n55; and de Villiers’ arbitration, 151; and DLA, 120; in extenuation, 205, 238, 241, 243–45, 307n55; and Gandhi, Rex v., 205; Indian Evidence Act, 18, 142; and Jamnagar case, 142; Mehta’s mastery of evidence law, 18, 142; in Natal, 55, 59, 64, 69, 76, 86–90; and Ramsundar case, 193–94; and Sorabji case, 233–35; and trading without licenses cases, 237–38; in Transvaal, 151, 165, 193–94, 205, 233–35, 237–38, 243–45
exchange rate, 86, 91
facts of case, 45–46, 89, 123; and Gandhi, Rex v., 205; and Ramsundar case, 192–93; and Sorabji case, 236; and tramcars, 182
fair play, xiii, xxi, 60, 107, 172, 289n13
famine, Indian, 133, 292n19
Farman, Ernest: and Adams case, 85, 87–92; and Coakes, 68; on Durban Town Council, 121
farms, communal, 175, 178, 265, 300n9, 310n47
Feetham, Richard, 183–84
fines: and DLA, 115; and Indian workers, 74; and Moosa case, 115; in Natal, 62, 74, 115; and Rambhabai, 262, 309n41; and Salt Campaign, xxiv; for trading without licenses, 238–240, 252, 306n33; and tramcars, 184; in Transvaal, 170, 184, 186, 190, 194, 214, 238–240, 252, 254, 306n33
fingerprinting, 186, 206, 210–11, 219–220, 229, 246–47, 299n23; list of exemptions from, 238–240; and thumb-impression requirement, 238–39, 247
Finnemore (Justice), 116–17, 120
firewood, 73–74
“The Foods of India” (Gandhi speech), 15
Fordsburg mosque, 195, 209–10, 230
forgeries, 211
formative experiences, 31, 67–83, 85
Fortescue
, John, Sir, 5–6
forum for test cases, xvii; and Sorabji case, 233; and tramcars, 185
franchise, Indian: and Coakes, 53, 60, 282n13; in India, 51; letters concerning, 50; in Natal, 34, 48–51, 53, 60, 84, 282n2; petitions against Franchise Law Amendment Bill, 49–51, 282n5, 282n7; questions concerning, 50
freedom, 267; in India, xxiii, 80; and resistance to registration, 186–87, 194–95, 207–9, 211
Freedom Riders, xxvi
free Indians: coming out of indenture, 33–34, 105–6, 108, 111, 119, 126, 130–31, 147, 281n14; and Indian Ambulance Corps, 130; tax on, 106; in Transvaal, 147; and Uncovenanted Indians Act, 105–6
French language, 9, 133
From Dictatorship to Democracy (Sharp), xxvii–xxviii
Gallwey, Michael: and Abdulla case, 76; and Adams case, 86, 286n7; and anti-Indian legislation, 116; and Coakes’ ethical troubles, 68; and Gandhi as translator, 80; and Gandhi’s admission to bar, 57, 59; and Islamic law, 70
Gandhi (film), 1
Gandhi, Chhaganlal (nephew), 161, 300n8
Gandhi, Harilal (son), 241–45, 247, 250
Gandhi, Karamchand (father), 2–5, 142
Gandhi, Kasturba (wife), 2–4; and celibacy, 180, 200; health of, 254; moving to Natal, 84; “pangs of parting” from, 30; parents of, 3–4; pregnancies of, 3–4, 276n2
Gandhi, Lakshmidas (brother), 2–4, 17, 23, 25–29, 38; as vakil, 23, 27–28
Gandhi, Mohandas K., xii–xvi, xviii–xxii, xxviii, 300n9; abandoning practice of law, 250, 256–261, 263–67; arranged marriage of, 2–3, 5; arrests of, xxiii–xxiv, 47, 201, 203–4, 209, 214, 246–47, 255; as ascetic, xi–xii, 1; as “Barrister Gandhi,” 200, 247; beatings of, 99–102, 220–21, 288n16, 303n19; biographies of, xii, xxviii, 37, 276n1; caring for sick in hospital, 127, 131; caste of, 4–5; and celibacy, 180, 200; and choice of career, xiii, 2–3; as civil disobedient, xii, xxiii–xxv, 228, 246–48, 250, 258; as civil rights lawyer, xiii–xiv, 164, 187, 240–42, 248, 250, 252, 255, 259, 262; clothing of, 12, 36–38, 40–41; death of, xxv, 227; and dietary restrictions, 200; as dignitary, 133; encouraging immigration to South Africa, 84, 101, 139, 144; as “English gentleman,” 8–9, 41, 278n33; faith in law, xiii–xiv, 169–170, 172, 178, 223, 226, 229, 266–67, 304n6; family of, 2–5, 9, 12, 84, 95, 98–99, 101, 141, 144, 241–45, 247, 249–250, 254, 276n2; father of, 2–5, 142; fear of practicing law, 62–63; fear of public speaking, 14, 16, 20–22, 26, 30, 43, 96, 103, 139–140, 199; financial assistance to others, 133, 174–75, 179, 293n34, 249, 292n19, 297nn53–54; health of, 2, 138–39, 141–42, 144; image of, xi–xii, 1; jailing of, 201, 212, 214–18, 222, 224, 228, 232, 249–251, 254–55, 302n1; last case of, 262; Laughton as mentor, 131–32, 201, 234, 263; learning English ways, 8–15, 17; and leper, 127; London trip concerning Asiatic Act (1906), 180, 199, 298n17, 300n2; London trip concerning Union of South Africa (1909), 255, 308n16; as “person of color,” 158; photograph of, xi–xii; playing wealthy barrister, 12, 19, 36–37, 61, 278n32; pledge to return to Natal if needed, 143–45; professional identity of, xiv–xvi; reading in jail, 216, 218; registration of, 220; religious explorations of, 10, 12–13, 43–45, 178–79, 218; reputation of, 29, 38, 70–71, 94, 102; responsible for family, 2–3, 12, 17, 30, 133, 141, 278n1, 292n19; return to India (1901), 136–39, 142–44; as shy and timid, 20–22, 26, 107–8, 115, 199; significance of today, xxv–xxviii; son of, 241–45, 247, 250; and Tolstoy Farm, 265, 310n47; trip to India (1896), 65, 84, 93, 95–99; use of racial argument, 153–55; volunteering at hospital, 127; writing talents of, 15, 71, 96–97, 108, 155, 203, 255
Gandhi, Mohandas K., works: The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, 45, 108, 127; The Grievances of the British Indians in South Africa, 97, 287n4, 287n6; Hind Swaraj, 255–59, 308n20; The Law and Lawyers, xii; My Experiments with Truth, 45, 93
Gandhi, Putli Ba (mother), 4, 14; Gandhi’s pledge to, 4, 11–15, 22
Gandhi, Rex v., 204–7, 213
Gandhi-Irwin Pact, xv, xxiv
Gani, Abdul, 184–85, 188
Garlicke, Thomas, 119–120
General Rules for Admission . . . to the Supreme Court of Natal, 57, 283n29
German Cafe, 66
Germany, 218; German influences, 58; German occupation of Denmark, xviii
Germiston, 41, 191–93, 204; courtroom, 191–92; Hindu community, 191–93; Police Court, 191
Gertrude Woermann, SS, 263–64
Ghila, Deva, and Bhachar, Rex v., 306n34
Ghonim, Wael, xviii
gifts: at farewell ceremony in Natal, 136, 293n34; and Indian law, 18
Godfrey, George, 243, 306n50
Godfrey, William, 188
Gokhale, Gopal Krishna, 139–141, 161, 276n11
gold mining, 147
Goodricke, Laughton, and Cooke, 288n11
Gopee, Maharaj, 61
Government Gazette, 110, 186, 203, 234
Greene, Edward Mackenzie, 56–57, 76
Green Pamphlet (Gandhi), 97, 287n4, 287n6
The Grievances of the British Indians in South Africa (Gandhi), 97, 287n4, 287n6
guardianship, 18
Gujarati language, 34, 39, 42, 79–80; Gandhi as licensed translator of, 80; as Gandhi’s native tongue, 39, 42, 79–80; and Hind Swaraj, 255
Habib, Haji, 188–89, 308n16
“habitation,” 149–152
Hamidia Islamic Society, 187–89, 193, 204
Hammond, Alfie, 74–75
hard labor, 106, 194, 214; and Gandhi, 214, 254; and Gandhi, Harilal, 243; and IRA, 106, 236; in Johannesburg, 305n27; and Ramsundar, 194; and Sorabji, 236; for trading without licenses, 238–39, 306nn33–34
Hathorn, Kenneth, 115
hawkers, 252; Gandhi’s son as, 241; in Natal, 33–34; in Transvaal, 237–241, 305nn25–26, 306nn33–34
Heidelberg, 176
Hely-Hutchinson, Walter, Sir, 50
Henry, Edward, 186
Hills, Arnold F., 21
Hind Swaraj, 255–260, 308n20, 309n24; argument in practice, 259–260, 264
Hind Swarajya, 255. See also Hind Swaraj
Hindu-Muslim discord, xxii–xxiii, xxv, 42
Hindus, xxii, 1, 4; Gandhi as Hindu, xxii, 1, 4, 13, 43, 70; and Hind Swaraj, 258; Hindu-Muslim unity, 212; Hindu priests, 190–96; in India, 18; in Natal, 38; and theosophy, 13; in Transvaal, 42–43, 190–96; and turbans, 38
Holland, 58, 283n35
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 258
Honey, J. W., 168
hospitals: and lepers, 127; volunteering at, 127, 131
Hunt, James, 276n1, 277n23, 277n27
ICS (Indian Civil Service), xix
immigration, Indian: and Asiatic Act, 230, 232; and educated Indians, 230, 232; “illegal,” 186, 211; and Natal, 32–34, 37–38, 73, 280n10; and Quarantine Act, 105; and Ramsundar, 191; resumption of, 33–34; suspension of, 32, 280n10; and Transvaal, 154, 186, 191, 203, 218, 230, 232; and women, 33, 35; working class protests against, 97–98. See also IRA
Immigration Restriction Act. See IRA
INC (Indian National Congress), xxii–xxiv; and Besant, 278n37; disorganization of, 140; and Gandhi, 138–141; resolution in support of South African Indians, 139–140
indentured Indians, 32–35, 51, 280nn8–10, 281n12; anti-Indian protests against, 97–98; Arookian as, 69; Balasundaram as, 63–67, 79, 112, 292n17; becoming free, 33–34, 106, 108, 111, 119, 126, 131, 147, 281n14; and Boer War, 130–31; and DLA, 119, 126; father of Christian Indian as, 81; as Gandhi’s clients, 63–67, 131–32, 292n17; in Indian Ambulance Corps, 130–31; and IRA, 106, 108; Maharaj as, 119; suspension of importation of, 109, 111; transfer to new master, 64–65; and Uncovenanted Indians Act, 105–6
India, xiv–xv, xix–xxvi; boycott in, xxiv; and British rule, xv, xix–xxv, 139; Caliphate movement (1920s), xxii; and constitutional reform, xxiv; and Dominion status, xxii–xxiii; Gandhi’s return to (1901), 136–39, 142–44; Gandhi’s touring of (1902), 141; Gandhi’s visit to (1896), 65, 84, 93, 95–99; and independence, xix, xxii–xxiii, xxv;
infrastructure of, xix–xx; local self-government in, 50; and Natal, 32–34; and parliamentary democracy, xix; partition of, xxv; and plague, 97–98; and representative government, 50, 84; and Round Table Conference, xxii–xxiii; and Salt Campaign, xxii–xxvi, 227–28, 276n11; Tamil-speaking area of, 63; university system in, xx–xxi, 276n8; and “untouchables,” 154
Indian Ambulance Corps, 130–31, 133, 197
Indian Home Rule, 255
Indian independence movement, xiii, xxi–xxv; Dominion status vs. complete independence, xxii–xxiii; moderates vs. extremists in, xxi; and Salt Campaign, xxii–xxvi, 276n11
Indian Law (Mayne), 18
Indian legal system, 11, 18–22; and applications, 26–27, 30; and barristers, 22–25; Bombay High Court, 18–19, 22–23, 55–56, 143, 162; British control of, 11, 18, 22, 24, 28–29; Calcutta High Court, 22; Civil Procedure Code, 18; and commissions, 27; and complaints, 18; corruption in, 27, 29; “fashionable to doze” in High Court, 19; and Gandhi, 1, 8, 11–12, 18–23; Indian Evidence Act, 18, 142; Indian High Courts Act (1861), 22, 24; Madras High Court, 22; and Mamibai case, 19–21, 25; and memorials, 25–26; and native practitioners, 22–23, 26, 279n4; and petitions, 27, 30; and referrals, 24–25, 27; Small Cause Court, 19–20, 279n8; and solicitors, 23–24, 143, 293n15; and touts, 25, 280n28; and vakils, 18, 23, 27–28
Indian movements: in Natal, 51–52; in Transvaal, 216–17, 221–22. See also BIA (British Indian Association); NIC (Natal Indian Congress)
Indian National Congress. See INC
Indian Ocean, xix
Indian Opinion, 186–87, 203, 212, 218–19; and Asiatic Trading Commission, 169–170; and border-crossing resistance, 243; and children as prohibited immigrants, 261; and civil disobedience, 176, 182, 187, 240–41; Gandhi’s financing of, 175, 297n58; and Hind Swaraj, 255; “Last Message to South African Indians,” 212; and Motan v. Transvaal Government, 172; and Phoenix settlement, 175, 300n9; and Ramsundar case, 195, 299n33; and Ritch, 265; and sacrifice, 173; and Sorabji case, 236; and spirituality, 177; and trading without licenses cases, 240–41
indigo, 32
Indus River, xix
inheritance, 18, 126
Inner Temple, 7–11, 218, 277n16, 277n18; certificate of admission to, 55–57, 283n22; and common law, 8, 10; and contacts in Pretoria, 43; as most expensive/prestigious, 8, 278n32