M.K. Gandhi, Attorney at Law
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Innes (Justice), 167
Inns of Court, 5–12, 276n6, 277nn16–18; age requirements for, 7, 277n18; and “benchers,” 6, 277n8; and bolts and moots (mock exercises), 6; Easter term, 11; and English law examination, 7–10, 277n29; Gray’s Inn, 8; Hilary term, 11; and Indian students, 8, 277n17, 278n32; Inner Temple, 7–11, 55–57, 218, 277n16–18, 278n32, 283n22; and Kahn, 128; and keeping terms (dinner requirement), 6–12; and lectures, 7, 277n10; libraries of, 7; Lincoln’s Inn, 8, 128; Michaelmas term, 10; Middle Temple, 8, 218, 277n17; and Natal, 55–57, 59; and reading in chambers, 6–8; and recommended textbooks vs. notes, 10, 277nn27–28; and Roman law examination, 7–10, 277n23, 277n24, 277n29; and Smuts, 218; and social status, 5–7, 12, 278n32; special admission examination for, 8–9; Trinity term, 10–11; and university vs. nonuniversity students, 6–8, 10, 277n12
insider’s game, 36, 41
interpreters/translators, 13, 37–39, 42, 52, 61, 79–80; Gandhi as, 13, 39, 42, 61, 79–80, 102; licenses for, 80; Nazar as, 292n33; and resistance to registration, 210, 301n26
intimidation trial, 77–78
IRA (Immigration Restriction Act): amendments to, 224; and border-crossing resistance, 243; and Dundee Indians, 112–13; and educated Indians, 230, 232, 234–36, 243–44, 262, 307n55; European language proficiency requirement for, 106, 232–38; illegal immigration punishable by hard labor, 106; ineffective and highly unpopular, 113; in Natal, 105–6, 112–13; paupers prohibited from immigrating, 106, 124, 233–34; and petitions, 289n13; and prewar residents, 243–44, 307n55; and prohibited immigrants, 233–34, 254, 259, 261–62, 307n55; and right of return, 305n10; and Sorabji case, 233–38; tax on free Indians who remained, 106; in Transvaal, 203, 206–7, 224, 232–38, 243, 289n13
Irwin, Viceroy, xxii–xxiv; negotiating with, xv, xxiii–xxiv
Islamic law, 70–71
Ismail Suleiman and Company, 149–150
Italy, 256
Jackson, Cecil, 165, 176, 178
jailings: of Arookian, 69; and border-crossing resistance, 242–43; of Dundee Indians, 112–13; of Gandhi, 201, 212, 214–18, 222, 224, 227–28, 232, 249–251, 254–55, 302n1; of Gandhi, Harilal, 241–43; and hard labor, 194, 214, 236, 238–39, 243, 254, 305n27, 306nn33–34; of Indian workers in Natal, 74–75; and jail-going resolutions/pledges, 189–190, 200; of Rambhabai, 262, 309n41; of Ramsundar, 191, 194–96, 203, 208; of Ratanshi Sodha, 261; and resistance to registration, 186–87, 189–191, 194–96, 200–202, 208, 212, 214–18, 221–22, 224, 227–29, 232, 235–243, 245, 249–250, 254, 302n1; and Salt Campaign, xxiv; of Sorabji, 235–36; for trading without licenses, 237–38, 240–41, 305nn25–26, 306nn33–34; and tramcars, 185
Jainism, 309n30; Jain monks, 4
Jameson, Leander, 147
Jamnagar, 142
Jefferson, L. H., 239–240. See also T.H.R. Jefferson
Jefferson, T. H. R., 183. See also L.H. Jefferson
Jews (as license applicants), 114
Jhaveri, Sheth Abdul Karim, 29
Johannesburg, xi–xii, 37, 39–41, 146, 148, 150–51; Chamber of Commerce, 253; Constitutional Court, 216; Empire Theatre, 186–190; Exploration Building, 163; Fordsburg mosque, 195, 209–10, 230; Government Square, 208, 213; hard labor imposed in, 305n27; jail in, 216–17; law office in, 164–65, 174, 176–77, 203, 209, 213–14, 237, 265; Market House, 194; Marlborough House, 203–4; meetings of law society in, 163–64; Parliamentary Debating Society, 163–64; and resistance to registration, 186–190, 203–15, 230, 250–51; rights of British Indians in, 73, 128; Rissik Street, 164, 209, 265; and Sorabji case, 233; Town Council, 181–82, 185; and tramcars, 180–85, 187, 249, 298n11, 298nn1–2, 298n5, 298nn13–14, 299n19; Tramway and Lighting Committee, 181; vegetarian restaurant in, 174
Johannesburg Star, 199, 203, 212–13, 224, 301n47; and burning of registration certificates, 232; Gandhi’s reading of, 213; interviews in, 211–12; letters to, 208–9, 302n40; and Ramsundar case, 193–94; and trading without licenses cases, 238, 253
Johnson, Samuel, 216
Jordan, Harry H., 204–7, 210–11, 214, 233–36, 243–44
Jorissen, Mr. Justice, 44–45
judges. See magistrates
judicial immunity, 76
judicial independence, failure of, 239–240, 249, 263–64
juries, xv, 69, 165, 249
justice, xiii–xvi, xxi, 36, 266; and Hind Swaraj, 256, 258; in Natal, 60, 264; social justice, 264; in Transvaal, 165, 170–71, 228, 254
Kadir, Abdul, 193
Kaffir, 153, 200, 206, 294n27, 294nn27–28
Kahn, Ellison, 283n36
Karim, Abdulla, 89
Karwa, 206, 209, 301n26
Kate Hillary v. T.B. MacKenzie, 68
Kathiawad, 27, 29–30, 142
Kennedy, Robert F., xviii
Kerr, J. G., 182
The Key to Theosophy (Blavatsky), 13
Khan, Nawab, 188, 210, 301n26
Khan, Rahim Karim, 128, 133, 135, 292n33; and Boer War, 130; and criminal prosecutions, 177–78; letters to, 141, 144; practice turned over to, 136
Khan, Sumander, 210–11, 301n26
Kher, S. B., xii
Kildonan Castle, SS, 255
King, Martin Luther, Jr., xxvi, xxviii, 134; Gandhi’s influence on, xxvi, 154, 185, 295n32
The Kingdom of God Is Within You (Tolstoy), 43
Klette, Fred, 214
Konczacki, Zbigniew, 34
Koran, 216
Kotze, John, 150
Krause, Albert, 43
Kruger, Paul, 148, 157
Krugersdorp, 259–260, 309n37; mayor of, 260
Labistour, Gustave Aristide de Roquefeuil, 55–56; and DLA, 124–25, 291n58; as friend to Indian cause, 56
landlords, 60, 77, 114, 123, 128–29, 174–75
Latin, 9, 277n23
latrines, 140
Laughton, Frederick: and Adams case, 286n7; and anti-Indian legislation, 116–17, 119–120, 125–28, 164, 180, 290n40, 291n58; and beating of Gandhi, 99–100, 102–3, 288nn11–12; and Boer War, 130; and Camrooden partnership case, 129, 132; and law of procedure, 116–17, 125, 131–32, 135, 152, 201, 234; as mentor, 131–32, 201, 234, 263; and resisters denied permission to land, 263–64
law, xii–xiv, xx, xxii–xxv; and anti-Indian legislation, 107; Gandhi’s faith in, xiii–xiv, 169–170, 172, 178, 223, 226, 229, 266–67, 304n6; and Hind Swaraj, 256; as insider’s game, 36, 41; and Natal, 36, 52; salt laws in India, xxii–xxv; and spirituality, 177; in Transvaal, 73, 175–77, 185; and truth, 45–47; as vocation, 1, 145
Law 3 (1885), 148–158, 160, 166–173, 293n22; and arbitration, 150–53, 249, 294n13; and Asiatic Act, 186–248; and discrimination against native Africans, 153–54; implausibility of Gandhi’s argument against, 156–57; litigation against, 154–58, 166–67, 169–173; and location restrictions, 148–49, 151–54, 157, 160, 166–173, 259–260, 309n37; test cases as challenge to, 154–58, 166–67, 169–173, 178
The Law and Lawyers (Gandhi), xii
law practices (Gandhi): abandoning, 250, 256–261, 263–67; and articled clerks, 174, 182, 221; in Bombay, 18–19, 22–26, 52, 55, 138, 141–45; and bookkeepers, 182, 298n7; and criminal prosecutions, 177–78; financial aspects of, 127–28, 133, 136–37, 141–43, 145, 161, 173–75, 179, 249, 265–66, 292n19, 292n22, 297nn53–54; Gandhi’s pledge to defend resisters, 200–203, 301n16, 301n19; and Khan as associate, 128, 130, 133, 135–36, 292n33; and law clerks, 174; and long work hours, 176, 199, 203, 216, 297n56, 300n8; in Natal, 39, 52, 61–93, 112–125, 127–137, 280n9, 292n19, 292n22; partnership with Askew, 79; partnership with Coakes, 52–54, 60–62, 64, 67–68, 70–71, 93–94, 284nn47–48; and pro bono work, 25, 175, 262; in Rajkot, 26–29, 138, 141–43; retainer fees from merchants, 52, 61, 79; and Ritch, 265; and secretaries, xi, 174, 212; suspension of during Boer War, 130; in Transvaal, xi–xii, xv, 131, 146, 148, 158, 160–69, 173–79, 200–203, 221, 296n18, 297n56
Lawson, James, xxvi
lawyers, xii–xvi; civil rights lawyers, 164, 18
7, 240–42, 248, 250, 252, 255, 259, 262; European, xiv–xv, 37–39, 42–47, 53–54, 112–13, 115, 156; fees of, 46–47, 59–60; and Hind Swaraj, 256–58, 309n26; Indian, xiv–xv, 55–56, 128; Mandela as, 216; as public persons, 19, 26, 95, 199, 279n27; and role-differentiated behavior, xv–xvi, 246–48. See also barristers; solicitors; names of lawyers
legal education, xiii–xiv, xx, 2–11, 277n23; and apprenticeships, 7, 11, 16, 18, 278n31; dismal state of in England, 5–8; finances for, 3, 8–9, 11, 17, 23, 141, 277n16, 278n1; and Inns of Court, 5–12, 276n6, 277n8, 277n12, 277nn16–18, 277nn27–29; obstacles to, 3–5
legal philosophy, 43, 51, 93
Lely, Frederick, 3
Leonard, Charles, 150
Leonard, James Weston, 156–57, 166, 171, 304n31; views on deportation, 209, 301n22
lepers, 127
licenses: for advocates, 54, 282n19; for attorneys, 150, 163, 172; and DLA, 106–7, 109, 113–125, 289n12; fees for, 229, 238; for Indian merchants, 149, 165, 167–68, 170, 172–73, 176, 186, 229–230, 237–242, 305n25; licensing tax on attorneys, 163; in Natal, 80, 106–7, 109, 113–125, 134, 288n5, 289n12; for rickshaws, 134; trading without, 237–242, 252–54, 259, 305nn25–26, 306nn33–34, 308n6, 308n10; for tramcars, 183–84; for translators, 80; in Transvaal, 128, 149–150, 163, 165, 167–68, 170, 172–73, 176, 183–84, 229–230, 237–242, 305n25; and Uncovenanted Indians Act, 105–6, 288n5; variant spellings of, 288n5. See also certificates; permits
licensing officers: appeals of decisions barred, 107, 109, 113–126, 290n50; arbitrary denials by, 106, 113–125, 178, 291n58; and DLA, 106–7, 109, 113–125; employment by council creating impermissible bias, 119–120; requests for reports of, 118, 120–22, 290n41
“Lion of Bombay”. See Mehta, Pherozeshah, Sir
Livingstone, John, 44–45
Lloyd George, David, xix
London: Gandhi’s arrival in, 1, 4–5, 7–9, 12–13, 276n1; Gandhi’s departure from, 17, 21; Gandhi’s trip to (1906), 180, 198–99, 298n17; Holborn restaurant, 21; Inns of Court, 5–12, 128, 276n6, 277nn16–18; SABIC, 265; West Kensington, 14, 20
London Convention of 1884, 148–49, 151; Article 14, 149, 151
love: conquering hatred by, 140; and Satyagraha, xxi; self-suffering based on, 176–77
Lucas, Gould, 62, 74–75, 77–78, 286n26
Lucas’ Trustee v. Ismail and Amod, 166–67
Lunnon and Nixon law firm, 171
LVS (London Vegetarian Society), 15–16, 21; Executive Committee, 15, 21
MacIntyre, William J., 182, 298n7
Madras High Court, 22
magistrates, xiii–xv; and Adams case, 85–92, 94, 286n7; and adversarial speech, 26; and Balasundaram, 64–65; and Dundee Indians, 112–13; and Gandhi, Rex v., 204–7, 213; and guilty defendants, 177–78; in India, 19, 24, 28. See also names of judges and magistrates
Maharaj, Gopee, 61–62, 284nn47–48
Maharaj, Somnath, 117–122
Mahomed, Dowd, 77
Mahomed Cassim and Company, 123
Mahomed Majam and Company, 121–22
Maine, Henry Sumner, Sir, 49, 258
Majam case, 121–22
Makanji, Seth Gokaldas, 3–4
Malays, 32
Mamibai case, 19–21, 25
mandamus, writ of, 119, 290n40
Mandela, Nelson, 216
manhood: and Asiatic Act, 208, 212, 231, 301n32; and Hind Swaraj, 257, 309n27
manners: Gandhi’s experimentation with, 8–9, 12; and Inns of Court, 5–7
manual labor, 149, 178, 265, 309n26
Maritzburg, 107, 116, 119–120
market-gardeners, 33–34, 281n14
Mason (Justice), 80, 116–17, 119–120
Mazmudar, Tryambakrai, 20–21
Mazzini, Giuseppe, 256
McWilliam, Alexander, 123
meat: abstention from, 4, 12–15, 278n33; in England, 4, 12–13, 278n33
media: and Adams case, 86, 94; for advancing debate, xvii, 238; and anti-Indian legislation, 125; and anti-Indian mob, 99, 288n16; and border-crossing resistance, 244, 306n51; and Coovadia case, 183; and Gandhi, Rex v., 205, 207; and Gandhi as mediator, 132; in India, xxiii, 95–97; and Indian Ambulance Corps, 130; and Ramsundar case, 195; and resistance to registration, 205, 207, 209–12, 224, 236–39, 244, 306n51; and Sorabji case, 236; and trading without licenses cases, 237–39; and vagrancy case, 81–83. See also names of newspapers
medicine: caring for sick in hospital, 127, 131; study of, xiii, xx, 2–3
Meghjibhai (cousin), 3
Mehta, Pherozeshah, Sir, 18, 63, 95–96, 139, 142; mastery of evidence law, 18, 142; “no power in our own land,” 139
Mehta, Pranjivan, 14, 28, 139
merchants, European: in Natal, 32–33, 55–56, 114, 123; in Transvaal, 149–151, 153, 160, 252–53
merchants, Indian: and bankruptcy, 253–54, 308n10; distinguished from natives, 153–54; and DLA, 106–7, 113–14, 117–126, 289n12, 290n42, 290n50, 291n57; as Gandhi’s clients in Natal, 34–35, 51–53, 60–61, 66, 78–79, 106–7, 117–126, 128–132, 290n42, 290n50, 291n57; as Gandhi’s clients in Transvaal, 164, 166–69, 174, 188; as Hindus, 42; and Indian Ambulance Corps, 130; Kasturba as daughter of, 3; in Krugersdorp, 259–260, 309n37; and Law 3 (1885), 148–158, 160, 166–173, 178, 293n22; and location restrictions, 148–49, 151–54, 157, 160, 166–173, 259–260, 309n37; as Muslims, 42; in Natal, 32–35, 39–40, 48, 51–53, 55–56, 60–61, 66, 78–79, 93, 106–7, 113–14, 117–125, 128–132, 282n17, 290n42, 290n50, 291n57; prewar trading of, 167–170; prohibited from owning property, 166–67; trading without licenses, 237–242, 252–54, 259, 305nn25–26, 306nn33–34, 308n6, 308n10; and tramcars, 182; in Transvaal, 42, 46–47, 147–158, 160, 164, 166–173, 176, 182, 185–190, 194, 224, 230, 237–242, 252–54, 259, 261. See also names of merchants
Mia, Essop, 305n25
Middelburg district, 149
Middle Temple, 8; Indian students in, 8, 277n17; and Smuts, 218
Millar, Alfred, 77
Miller, Webb, xxiv
Milner, Alfred, 147–48, 155
Milosevic, Slobodan, xxvii
missionaries: Baker as, 44; and Hinduism, 13
modernity, 256–58
Mohamed, Tayob Hajee Khan: and Abdulla v. Mohamed, 39, 41–42, 44–47, 155, 281n12; and Mohamed v. Government, 155–58, 170, 172
Mohamed and Company, 39, 41, 45
Mohamed v. Government, 155–58, 170, 172
money-lending practices, 60, 68–69, 285n4
moots, 6, 143
morality, personal: and adversary system, xv–xvi, 260; and guilty defendants, xv–xvi, 67, 177–78, 297n66; and Hind Swaraj, 256–58; in Natal, 67–68, 85; and nonviolent resistance, xxvi–xxviii; in Transvaal, 177, 179, 260
Morcom, R. F., 115–16
Morice, George, 149, 157–58, 172
mortgage bonds, 128
mosques, 114–15, 195, 209–10, 212–14, 230
Motan v. Transvaal Government, 171–73, 178
Muller, Max, 49
Mumbai. See Bombay
Munro, Thomas, Sir, 49
Muslim-Hindu discord, xxii–xxiii, xxv, 42
Muslims, xxii; as “Arabs,” 34, 53; encouraging Gandhi to convert, 43; and Hind Swaraj, 258; Hindu-Muslim unity, 212; in India, xxii–xxiii, 18; Khan as, 128; in Natal, 34, 39, 70–71; Pakistan as Muslim state, xxv; in Pretoria, 42–43. See also names of Muslims
My Experiments with Truth (Gandhi), 45, 93
Mysore, 50
Naderi, SS, 98–99, 104; and petitions, 108–9; and quarantine crisis, 98, 101–2
Naidoo, Thambi, 204, 206, 209, 217, 219, 225, 240, 249–250
naïveté, xxi, 21, 48, 50, 201, 223, 229, 289n13; in defending reputation of Natal Indian Congress, 78; in defending resistance to registration, 201–2, 223, 229, 304n6, 304n29; and petitions, 107, 289n13
Napier, T. B., 7, 10–11
Narayansamy, 264
Natal, 31–138; and anti-Indian legislation, 104–25, 178, 28
9n13, 292n29, 293n22; DLA (Dealers’ Licenses Act), 105–11, 113–125, 249, 289n12; economic depression in, 32, 280n10; farewell ceremony for Gandhi, 136–37; Franchise Law Amendment Bill, 49–50, 84, 282n2, 282n7, 282n17; Gandhi’s arrival in, 29–30, 36–37; Gandhi’s pledge to return if needed, 143–45; governor of, 50, 134; and home rule, 58; indentured Indians in, 32–35, 51, 63–65, 69, 79, 81, 97–98, 105–6, 108–9, 111, 119, 126, 280nn8–10, 281n12, 281n14; and Indian franchise, 34, 48–51, 53, 60, 84, 282n2, 282n7, 282n17; Indian population in, 33–34, 49, 51, 60, 82, 111; IRA (Immigration Restriction Act), 105–6, 112–13; and native Africans, 31–32, 60–63, 134, 280n5; premier of, 50; Quarantine Act, 105–6, 113; and Ramsundar, 191; and responsible government model, 32–34, 105, 280n3; Uncovenanted Indians Act, 105–6, 109, 113; and Union of South Africa, 255; and Zulu Rebellion, 180, 197. See also Natal legal system; Natal Parliament
Natal Advertiser, 37–38, 78–79, 284n41; and anti-Indian legislation, 119, 290n41; and anti-Indian mob, 99, 103; and beating of Gandhi, 103; and gifts at farewell ceremony, 136; letters to, 38, 74; and Tuohy case, 285n11; and vagrancy case, 81–82
Natal Government Railway, 73–75, 83
Natal Indian Congress. See NIC
Natal Law Society, 55–57, 60, 68, 283n21, 283n31
Natal legal system: attorney general, 55–56, 60, 99, 107; and credentials, 38; and Gandhi’s admission to bar, 43, 52, 54–61, 70, 282n18, 283nn20–22, 283n27, 283n31; and Gandhi’s law practice, 39, 52, 61–93, 112–125, 127–137, 280n9; and Khan’s admission to bar, 128; Ordinance 3 (1850), 115; and Roman-Dutch law tradition, 55, 58–59, 283n25, 283nn35–36; Section 8 of Law 39 (1896), 116–17; Section 75 of Law Number 19 (1892), 135. See also Natal Supreme Court
Natal Mercury, 32, 38, 53, 71, 82, 283n21; and beating of Gandhi, 101, 103; and Dundee Indians, 113; letters to, 82, 110
Natal Parliament, 48–49, 98–99, 109–10, 115–16, 124, 282n3; Indian Immigration Law Amendment Bill, 73; Legislative Assembly, 49–50, 58, 73, 84, 104–5, 107–10, 125; Legislative Council, 109, 282n3; Supreme Court Act (1896), 58
Natal Supreme Court: and Abdulla case, 76, 285n19; and Adams case, 86, 286n7; and Camrooden partnership case, 129, 132; and Coakes, 60, 68; and DLA, 115–17, 119–121, 125–26, 178; and farewell ceremony, 135–36; and Gandhi’s admission to bar, 56–58, 76; and Islamic law, 70, 83; and Khan, 292n33; and Poonsamy case, 78, 286n26; and resisters denied permission to land, 263–64; and translator’s licenses, 80. See also names of justices