Anonymous Soldiers

by Bruce Hoffman

  42. Sykes (1965), 305.

  43. Benjamin (1952), 3–4; Geula Cohen (1966), 60–61; Yalin-Mor (1974), 213; Golan (2003), 280; Gurion (1950), 48–49; Marton (1994), 94; Shamir (1994), 52; WM 21 (44), June 1, 1944, NA, CAB 65/42/29, where the countries stated are Yugoslavia, Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Poland while Hungary is not mentioned; Foreign Office to Ankara, telegram, June 3, 1944, NA, FO 921/227; Weissberg (1958), 167; Foreign Office to Washington, telegram, July 19, 1944, NA, FO 921/228, for details of Eichmann’s offer and Brand’s role in communicating it; Wasserstein (1982), 77–80.

  44. Confession of Sadovsky, pt. I5, 13, April 27, 1945; Statement Given by Eliahu Beth Tzouri [sic] and Eliahu Hakim, Nov. 10, 1944; Frank (1963), 31–32.

  45. Marton (1994), 95, 96–97; Svivot (1990), 156–57; Zaar (1954), 115; Benjamin (1952), 4; Esco (1947), 2:1048–49.

  46. Eliahu Bet-Tsouri to M. Bethzoury, letter, Nov. 15, 1944, NA, FO 921/211; Hakim to parents, letter, Dec. 1944, NA, FO 921/211; report from the commandant of the Cairo City Police on interrogation of prisoners, Nov. 8, 1944, NA, FO 921/209; OSS Report 104558; OSS Report 115394, Feb. 17, 1945, RG 226, NARA.

  47. Bet-Tsouri to M. Bethzoury, letter, Nov. 15, 1944; Hakim to parents, letter, Dec. 1944; OSS Report L52842, Jan. 17, 1945, RG 226, NARA; PICME Intelligence Summary 23.

  48. Egyptian Mail, Jan. 11 and 12, 1945, and Egyptian Gazette (Cairo), Jan. 11, 1945, in OSS 0109787 NND 750140 (n.d.), RG 226, NARA; Frank (1945), 66, 68; Bell (1977), 97; Frank (1963), 24–25; Shamir (1994), 52–53; OSS Report 112099, Jan. 16, 1945, RG 226, NARA.

  49. Frank (1966), 244, 252; Egyptian Gazette, Jan. 14, 1945; Frank (1945), 69; Shamir (1994), 54.

  50. Major Branch to Director, British Military Censorship, letter, Jan. 12, 1945, NA, FO 141/1006; OSS Report 112099; Egyptian Gazette, Jan. 15, 1945, in OSS Report 0109787.

  51. Churchill to Eden, note, Dec. 3, 1944, NA, PREM 4 51/11; Eden to Killearn, telegram, Dec. 5, 1944, NA, FO 141/1001; Michael J. Cohen (1988), 161–62.

  52. Churchill to Eden, note, Dec. 3, 1944; Eden to Killearn, telegrams, Dec. 5, 1944, and Jan. 28, 1945, NA, FO 141/1001; Killearn to Eden, telegram, Feb. 9, 1945, NA, PREM 4 51/11.

  53. Killearn to Eden, telegram, Feb. 9, 1945; extract from telegram 296, Killearn to Foreign Office, Feb. 9, 1945, NA, KV 5/29; Churchill and Eden to Killearn, telegram, Feb. 12, 1945, NA, KV 5/29.

  54. O’Sullivan, Murder of Lord Moyne; SIME Summary 229, May 9, 1945, app. A; telegram 296, Feb. 9, 1945; April 24, 1945, RG 266, box 31, Washington CI and TSS Files, NARA; Bell (1977), 100.

  55. Wasserstein (1982), 76n23; Shamir (1994), 55; Golan (2003), 280.

  56. Hakim to parents, letter, Dec. 1944.

  57. New York Times, June 19 and 26, 1975; Times, June 26 and 27, 1975; Shamir (1994), 55.

  CHAPTER 11: WIDER HORIZONS

  1. Giles to Shaw, top secret letter, May 26, 1945, RG 226, box 32, folder 223, Washington CI and TSS Files, NARA; Vera Weizmann (1967), 199; Gilbert (2007), 242; Palestine Post, May 9, 1945; Colonel Oliver Stanley, speech to the Foreign Policy Association, New York City, Jan. 19, 1945, CS POL/5/45, ISA; Chaim Weizmann (1949), 2:434–35; Makovsky (2007), 224–25.

  2. Army Council Secretariat ACSB1398, Brief for the Colonial Secretary, April 11, 1945, NA, WO 32/10260; Peter Clarke (2008), 84–93, 387–88; Morrison to Churchill, note, Feb. 26, 1945, NA, PREM 4/51/2; Douglas Harris (reconstruction commissioner, Palestine), memorandum, Aug. 1945, NA, FO 371/45379; Bullock (1983), 172; Colville (1987), 246; Gilbert (1988), 8:15.

  3. Begin (1977a), 177.

  4. Gort to Stanley, telegram, May 30, 1945, NA, CO 733/456/75156/43/143; extract from SIME Intelligence Report 230, June 3, 1945, NA, KV 5/29; Andronovitch to Assistant Chief of Staff, May 17, 1945, RG 226, box 32, folder 3, Washington CI and TSS Files, NARA; Edward Horne (1982), 291; Niv (1975), 4:162–64; Shertok to Weizmann, memorandum of interview with Scott, May 22, 1945, Z 4 15/252, CZA; Gort to Stanley, telegram, May 23, 1945, NA, CO 733/457/75156/151J; Mathieson to Kellar, letter, July 15, 1946, containing Palestine: Terrorist Outrages, 1945–46, 1, NA, CO 537/1715.

  5. Intelligence Summary 1, May 19, 1945, NA, WO 169/19744; Hunloke to Kellar, telegram, May 15, 1945, NA, KV 5/34; Eastwood to Dawe, note, May 15, 1945, NA, CO 733/456/75156/151A pt. 1; Paget, Middle East Forces Review, 1945, 11; Andronovitch to Assistant Chief of Staff, May 17, 1945; OSS Report 130559, May 19, 1945, RG 226, NARA; extract from SIME Intelligence Summary 230; Begin (1977a), 55; Niv (1975), 4:163; Trevor (1948), 131.

  6. Underwood to Kellar, telegram, May 15, 1945, NA, KV 5/34; Hunloke to Kellar, telegram, May 15, 1945; Mathieson to Kellar, letter, July 15, 1946; Andronovitch to Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2 USAFIME, May 17, 1945.

  7. Liddell Diary, vol. 12, April 14, 1945, 244, NA, KV 4/196; War Cabinet COS Committee, Dec. 1, 1944, NA, AIR 20/4959 COS (44) 861 (0); NA, AIR 20/4959 COS (44) 861 (0), app. B; SIME Intelligence Summary 221, Feb. 2, 1944, NA, KV 5/34; Willestead to Kellar, letter, Feb. 28, 1945, NA, KV 5/34; Joint Intelligence Committee assessment, Jan. 11, 1945, in OSS Report XL8799, April 28, 1945, RG 226, NARA; Jan. 23, 1945, NA, PREM 3 296/9 COS Committee COS (45) 63 (0).

  8. Gort to Stanley, telegram, March 20, 1945; Rymer-Jones to Eastwood, letter, April 16, 1945; Gort to Stanley, telegram, June 3, 1945; Stanley to Gort, June 15, 1945; Rymer-Jones to Eastwood, letter, June 15, 1945. All in NA, CO 733/451 75015/55B.

  9. Paget to COS, telegram, Jan. 8, 1945, NA, CO 968/96/2; Joint Planning Staff, report, Jan. 18, 1945, JP (45) 30 (Final), NA, CO 968/96/2; Colonel W. R. Rolleston, minute, Jan. 16, 1945, NA, CO 968/96/2.

  10. Rolleston, minute, Jan. 16, 1945; Joint Planning Staff, report, Jan. 18, 1945.

  11. Eastwood, minute, Jan. 18, 1945, NA, CO 968/96/2; Joint Planning Staff, JP (45) 30 (Final), Feb. 15, 1945, NA, AIR 20/4959.

  12. E. E. Sabben-Clare, minute, Feb. 8, 1945, NA, CO 968/96/2.

  13. Gort to Stanley, telegram, May 30, 1945, NA, CO 733/456 75156/43/143; Esco (1947), 2:1049–50; Vera Weizmann (1967), 199; Gilbert (2007), 242; Joint Intelligence Committee, Jan. 11, 1945, in OSS Report XL8799; Trevor (1948), 142–43.

  14. Giles to Shaw, letter, April 24, 1945, NA, CO 733/457 75156/151J; Lev-Ami (1978), 256; Andronovitch to Assistant Chief of Staff, letter, June 19, 1945, RG 226, box 32, Washington CI and TSS Files, NARA.

  15. Shertok to Weizmann, memorandum of interview with Scott, May 22, 1945; OSS R&A Memorandum 253.

  16. Shertok to Weizmann, memorandum of interview with Scott, May 22, 1945.

  17. Ibid.; interview between Giles and Kollek, June 18, 1945.

  18. Weizmann to Churchill, letter, May 22, 1945, WA; Churchill to Weizmann, letter, June 8, 1945, WA; Weizmann to Churchill, letter, June 13, 1945, WA; Gort to Stanley, telegram, May 23, 1945.

  19. Mathieson to Kellar, letter, July 15, 1946; Shaw to Hall, letter, Aug. 24, 1945, NA, CO 733/456 75156/75; Rymer-Jones Papers, 139; Bell (1977), 136; Edward Horne (1982), 292; Wagner (2010), 121; Trevor (1948), 132.

  20. Pinkerton to Secretary of State, Washington, D.C., letter, July 20, 1945, OSS Report XL14438, RG 226, NARA; Government of Palestine, memorandum, April 24, 1946, NA, CO 537/1828; Shaw to Hall, letter, Aug. 24, 1945.

  21. Colville (1972), 263–64; Andronovitch to U.S. Army HQ, Middle East, telegram, June 24, 1945, RG 226, box 31, folder 4, Washington CI and TSS Files, NARA; Palestine Post, June 7 and Aug. 6, 1945.

  22. Michael J. Cohen (1988), 176; Grigg, memorandum, June 17, 1945, NA, FO 371/45378.

  23. Memorandum, CP (45) 55, July 2, 1945, NA, PREM 3 296/10.

  24. COS Joint Planning Staff, JP (45) 167, July 10, 1945, NA, CO 733/463/75872/131; Mordecai Allen, report, April 11, 1945, RG 226, box 31, folder 213, Washington CI and TSS Files, NARA; Harold Beeley, minute, July 10, 1945, NA, FO 371/45378.

  25. Michael J. Cohen (1978), 178; copy of a minute (COS 100635) for General Ismay to Churchill, July 12, 1945, NA, CO 733/463/75872/131; Stanley to Churchill, minute, July 13, 1945, NA, CO 733/463/75872/131.

  26. Michael J. Cohen (1982
), 20; “1945 Labour Party Election Manifesto”; Churchill (1956), 6:536–37; Gilbert (1988), 105–7; Harris (1982), 262.

  27. Bullock (1983), 55; Peter Clarke (2008), 367; Harris (1982), 37, 252–53; Taylor (1965), 477.

  28. Bullock (1960), 1:3–5, 15–57, 156–58, 572, 651; Bullock (1960), 2:3–5; “Ernest Bevin (1881–1951)”; Bullock (1983), 123, 56; Taylor (1965), 141n4, 478; Harris (1982), 294.

  29. Moran (1966), 266; Michael J. Cohen (1982), 19.

  30. Bullock (1983), 44; Peter Clarke (2008), 365; Goldsworthy (1971), 10; Louis (1986), 4–5.

  31. Bullock (1983), 48, 165–66.

  32. Ibid., 47, 164; Hurwitz (1976), 215; Louis (1986), 4; Michael J. Cohen (1986), 80; Harris (1982), 389.

  33. Andronovitch to Assistant Chief of Staff, Aug. 3, 1945, RG 226, box 32, folder 223, Washington CI and TSS Files, NARA; DSO Intelligence Summary 46, Aug. 1–31, 1945, NA, WO 169/19758; Bagon (2003), 61–62; Bethell (1979), 202; Fighting Judea, Oct. 1945, K-4 3/15, JI; interview with Kollek, Aug. 18, 1945, NA, KV 5/34; Bauer (1966), 203–5; Peter Clarke (2008), 387–89; Rose (2009), 71–72.

  34. Michael J. Cohen (1982), 22; Dugdale (1973), 224; Bullock (1983), 166.

  35. Goldsworthy (1971), 14; Bullock (1983), 435; Dugdale (1973), 224; Michael J. Cohen (1982), 22.

  36. Harris (1982), 390; Freundlich and Ganin (1996); Bullock (1983), 48, 173; Peter Clarke (2008), 388; Michael J. Cohen (1978), 184; Bauer (1966), 204.

  37. Bullock (1983), 167, 173; Peter Clarke (2008), 387; Freundlich and Ganin (1996); Kurzman (1983), 260–61.

  38. Talk on British Foreign Policy, Nov. 21, 1946, Archives of the Council on Foreign Relations; Bullock (1983), 49, 51, 54; Peter Clarke (2008), 314, 365, 367, 386; Creech Jones to Elizabeth Munro [sic], letter, Oct. 23, 1961, box 32/6, Creech Jones Papers; Dockerill (1988), 14, 31; Monroe (1961), 11.

  39. Bullock (1983), 50; Morgan (1984), 511; Bartlett (1972), 9, 11.

  40. Harris (1982), 270–71, 275–76; Michael J. Cohen (1982), 29; Bartlett (1972), 11–12; Bullock (1983), 50; Monroe (1963), 152–53; Dewar (1984), 14.

  41. Chiefs of Staff Committee Note on JP (45) 145 (Final), Aug. 9, 1945, NA, WO 193/973; Alan Brooke, minute, Aug. 7, 1945, NA, WO 193/973; Aug. 7 and 8, 1945, NA, WO 193/973.

  42. COS Joint Planning Staff, JP (45) 167, July 10, 1945, NA, FO 371/45378; Administrative Directive to C-in-C, MEF, Aug. 9, 1945, NA, WO 106/2326; Peter Clarke (2008), 365.

  43. Palestine Committee: Report by the Lord President of the Council, Sept. 8, 1946, CP (45) 156, NA, CAB 129/2.

  44. Shaw to Hall, letter, Aug. 24, 1945.

  45. Ibid.; 400th A.M.E.T., April 11, 1945, RG 226, box 31, folder 213, Washington CI and TSS Files, NARA; Andronovitch, report, Aug. 11, 1945, RG 226, box 31, folder 4, Washington CI and TSS Files, NARA; Paget, report, Aug. 16, 1945, NA, FO 371/45379; Beeley and Baxter, minutes, Aug. 21 and 22, 1945, NA, FO 371/45379.

  46. CP (45) 156, Sept. 8, 1946, NA, CAB 129/2.

  47. CP (45) 185, Sept. 10, 1945, NA, CAB 129/2; Syrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs to HM Legation, Damascus, letter, Aug. 12, 1945, NA, CO 733/456/75156/151 A pt. 2; Eastwood, minute, Aug. 25, 1945, NA, CO 733/456/75156/151 A pt. 1; CID, Tel Aviv, Aug. 27, 1945, 62, ISA; Shaw to Hall, telegram, Aug. 18, 1945, NA, CO 733/451/75015/55B; W. W. Clark, note, Aug. 25, 1945, NA, CO 733/451/75015/55B; J. M. Martin to F. J. Bradstreet (crown agents), letter, Aug. 30, 1945; Bradstreet to Martin, letter, Sept. 4, 1945, NA, CO 733/451/75015/55B; Gater to Sir Henry Markham, Admiralty, letter, Sept. 28, 1945, NA, CO 733/451/75015/55B; Blaxland (1971), 30–33; Charters (1989), 88; Wilson (1949), 4–5; Paget (1976), 241. A wartime British infantry division comprised approximately 17,500 men. British War Office and U.S. War Department (2005), 23–24.

  48. Begin (1977a), 177; Shaw to Hall, telegram, Aug. 18, 1945; DSO Intelligence Summary Extract, Aug. 17, 1945, NA, KV 5/34; Mathieson to Kellar, letter, July 15, 1946; DSO Intelligence Summary 46; DSO Intelligence Summary 113, Sept. 9, 1945, NA, WO 169/19758; Lieutenant Colonel J. V. Prendergast to Kellar, letter, Sept. 5, 1945, NA, KV 5/2; Geula Cohen (1966), 75; Heller (1995a), 151; Livni (1987), 134; Niv (1975), 4:176.

  49. OSS Report XL25355, Oct. 30, 1945, RG 226, NARA; interview with Kollek, no. 4, Sept. 15, 1945, NA, KV 5/29; interview with Kollek, Aug. 18, 1945; Andrew (2009), 356; DSO Intelligence Summary Extract, Aug. 27, 1945, NA, KV 5/29.

  50. OSS Report XL25355; DSO Intelligence Summary 47, Sept. 1–30, 1945, NA, WO 169/19758; Paget to Brooke, telegram, Oct. 30, 1945, NA, WO 106/3107; Begin (1977a), 181.

  51. Weizmann to Attlee, letter, Sept. 21, 1945, NA, PREM 8/88; Attlee to Weizmann, letter, Sept. 28, 1945, NA, PREM 8/88.

  52. Telegram 1 to London from Sneh in Jerusalem, Sept. 23, 1945, in Palestine: Statement of Information Relating to Acts of Violence, Cmd. 6873 (1946), 4.

  53. Diaspora Headquarters of the Irgun Zvai Leumi, Background of the Struggle for the Liberation of Eretz Israel: Facts on the Relations Between the Irgun Zvai Leumi and the Haganah (New York: Information Department, American League for a Free Palestine, Inc., 1947), 6–7; interview with Kollek, DSO, HQ Palestine, Oct. 20, 1945, NA, KV 5/34; extract from SIME Report, Oct. 30, 1945, NA, KV 5/34; Begin (1977a), 184–87; Niv (1975), 4:179–81; telegram 5 to London from Jerusalem, Nov. 1, 1945, in Palestine: Statement of Information Relating to Acts of Violence, 5; OSS Report XL23242, Oct. 6, 1945, RG 226, NARA; OSS Report XL25259, Oct. 17, 1945, RG 226, NARA; Golan and Nakdimon (1978), 110; Bauer (1963), 205; Heller (1995a), 152; Kister (2000), 124–25; Livni (1987), 139; Rose (2009), 85; Shamir (1994), 58–59; Slutsky (1972), 854–57; Zadka (1995), 58–59.

  54. Wagner (2010), 129–30; Bar-Zohar (1968), 82–83; Gort to Hall, telegram, Oct. 10, 1945, NA, CO 733/456/75156/151 A pt. 1; Paget, Middle East Forces Review, 1945, 11; Trevor (1948), 152–53.

  55. OSS Report XL21545, Oct. 18, 1945, RG 226, NARA; Malcolm P. Hooper (American consul, Jerusalem) to Secretary of State (Byrnes), letter, Oct. 29, 1945, in OSS Report XL29671, RG 226, NARA; telegrams Nos. 6 and 7 to London from Jerusalem, Oct. 12 and 14, 1945, in Palestine: Statement of Information Relating to Acts of Violence, 6; Esco (1947), 2:1201–2; Bell (1977), 145.

  56. Trevor (1948), 153; Scott to Mrs. Robert Scott, letter, Oct. 6 and 14, 1945, Scott Papers.

  57. Gort to Hall, telegram, Oct. 17, 1945, NA, FO 371/45381; Colville (1972), 236, 266; Rymer-Jones Papers, 140; Bond (1991), 34; interview by Mr. Lloyd Phillips, April 29, 1969, 28, Scrivenor Papers; Rymer-Jones Papers, 135; Colville (1972), 260, 264–65; Grigg to Churchill, letter, Jan. 27, 1945, NA, PREM 4/52/3; Pearlman and Ben Gurion (1965), 74–75.

  58. Colville (1972), 264–65; Rymer-Jones Papers, 135.

  59. Colville (1972), 263–66; Gort to Hall, telegram, Oct. 13, 1945, NA, AIR 20/4962; OSS Report XL21545.

  60. Trevor (1948), 157.

  61. Palestine: Statement of Information Relating to Acts of Violence, 3–5; Gort to Hall, telegram, Nov. 1, 1945, NA, CO 733/456/75156/151A pt. 1; Gort to Hall, telegram, Nov. 2, 1945, NA, AIR 20/4962; Debates, House of Commons, vol. 415, cols. 785–88 (Hall), Nov. 2, 1945; Paget, Middle East Forces Review, 1945, 11; Cabinet Defence Committee DO (45) 12, Nov. 5, 1945, NA, PREM 8/627 pt. 1; Palestine Post, Nov. 2, 1945; Blaxland (1971), 31; Niv (1975), 4:183; Slutsky (1972), 858–60; Trevor (1948), 157–58.

  62. Marlowe (1959), 201; Palestine: Statement of Information Relating to Acts of Violence, 5; Palestine Post, Nov. 2, 1945; Trevor (1948), 158.

  63. Halifax to Bevin and Attlee, telegram, Oct. 3, 1945, NA, FO 800/484 Pa/45/9; Truman to Churchill, memorandum, July 24, 1945, NA, FO 800/484 Pa/45/1; Bullock (1983), 164; Michael J. Cohen (1982), 55.

  64. Michael J. Cohen (1982), 56–57; Bullock (1983), 174–77; Harris (1982), 391–92; Attlee to Truman, telegram, Sept. 14, 1945, NA, PREM 8/89.

  65. Creech Jones to Elizabeth Munro [sic], letter, Oct. 23, 1961; Halifax to Bevin, telegram, Oct. 4, 1945, NA, FO 371/45380; Bevin to Halifax, telegram, Oct. 12, 1945, NA, FO 800/484 Pa/45/13.

  66. Bullock (1983), 176; CM (45) 40, Oct. 11, 19
45, NA, CAB 128/1; Bevin to Halifax, telegram, Oct. 12, 1945; Abdullatif Salah (president of the National Bloc) to Shaw, letter, Nov. 3, 1945, NA, CO733/457/75156/151B; Paget, Middle East Forces Review, 1945, 10; Trevor (1948), 159.

  67. Bevin to Halifax, telegram, Nov. 6, 1945, NA, PREM 8/627 pt. 1; Halifax, aide-mémoire, Nov. 6, 1945, in FRUS Diplomatic Papers 1945 (1969), 867N.01/11-645, 812–13.

  68. Palestine: Statement of Information Relating to Acts of Violence, 6; Giles to Shaw, top secret letter, Oct. 27, 1945, 115/45, HA; Trevor (1948), 158–59.

  69. OSS Report XL26254, Nov. 8, 1945, RG 226, NARA; Blaxland (1971), 31; Trevor (1948), 159.

  70. Rymer-Jones Papers, 140; Palestine Post, Nov. 4, 1945; Colville (1972), 266.

  71. Colville (1972), 267; Palestine Post, Nov. 4, 1945.

  72. Hurewitz (1976), 236–37.

  73. Palestine Post, Nov. 14 and 15, 1945; Cunningham to Hall, telegram, Dec. 1, 1945, Cunningham Papers, I/1; Bullock (1983), 181; Trevor (1948), 160–61.

  CHAPTER 12: TO DEFEND AND TO GUARD FOREVER

  1. Slutsky (1972), 860; Palestine Post, Nov. 15 and 16, 1945.

  2. Hooper to Byrnes, telegram, Nov. 15, 1945, 824, in FRUS, 1945; Scott to Hall, telegrams, Nov. 16 and 17, 1945, Cunningham Papers, I/1; memorandum, April 24, 1946, NA, CO 537/1828; Debates, House of Commons, vol. 415, cols. 2521–23 (Hall), Nov. 16, 1945; Palestine Post, Nov. 15 and 16, 1945; Blaxland (1971), 32–33; Dewar (1984), 20; Slutsky (1972), 860–61; Wilson (1949), 26–28; Trevor (1948), 161–63.

  3. Scott to Hall, telegram, Nov. 16, 1945, NA, AIR 20/4962; Palestine Post, Nov. 18, 1945; Wilson (1949), 28–29; Slutsky (1972), 860–61; Trevor (1949), 162.

  4. Proclamation by the Officer Administering the Government, Nov. 15, 1945, Fraser Papers; Trevor (1948), 163; Slutsky (1972), 861; Palestine Post, Nov. 16 and 18, 1945.

  5. Ahron David Sobel to Fitzgerald, letter, Nov. 23, 1945, CS POC/30/45, ISA.