Anonymous Soldiers

by Bruce Hoffman

  6. Letter, Dec. 3, 1945, NA, FO 371/45387.

  7. Ibid.

  8. Ibid.

  9. HQ Palestine, Jerusalem, Appreciation of the Likely Reaction of the Jews to BROADSIDE, Nov. 15, 1945, NA, WO 169/19745.

  10. The Reverend V. J. Pike to Chaplain General, London, in MEF Report 34, Feb. 12, 1946, NA, WO 169/22932.

  11. Wilson (1949), xiii; Farran (1950), 372–73; Anderson (1947–48), 201.

  12. Blaxland (1971), 27; Gater to Markham, letter, Sept. 28, 1945, and Shaw to Eastwood, Nov. 26, 1945, NA, CO 733/451/75015/55B.

  13. Stanley to Gort, letter, June 15, 1945; F. J. Bradstreet (crown agents) to J. M. Martin (assistant undersecretary, Colonial Office), letter, Sept. 4, 1945; Gater to Markham, letter, Sept. 28, 1945; Trafford Smith to A. J. D. Winnifrith (Treasury), letter, Jan. 9, 1946; W. W. Clark, minute, Dec. 4, 1945; Gater to Cunningham, Dec. 6, 1945; Rymer-Jones to Eastwood, June 15, 1945. All in NA, CO 733/451/75015/55B.

  14. Extract from Conclusions of DO (45) 12th Meeting, Nov. 5, 1945, NA, AIR 20/4962; Blaxland (1971), 32–33.

  15. Debates, House of Commons, vol. 415, col. 2330 (Hall), Nov. 15, 1945; First Division, Directive 9, Nov. 7, 1945, NA, WO 169/19656; A Year as an Intelligence Officer, S 25/6910, CZA; Farran (1950), 345; Wilson (1949), 19.

  16. Extract from Conclusions of DO (45) 12th Meeting, Nov. 5, 1945, NA, WO 32/10260.

  17. General HQ, Middle East, to Cabinet Offices, telegram, Nov. 14, 1945, V/4, Cunningham Papers; Cabinet Defence Committee DO (45) 31 Report by the Chiefs of Staff, Nov. 19, 1945, NA, PREM 8/627 pt. 1; Brief for the Secretary of State DO (45) 31 ACSB, Nov. 21, 1945, NA, WO 32/10260.

  18. Ismay to Attlee, minute, Nov. 29, 1945, NA, PREM 8/83; E. E. Sabben-Clare, minute, Nov. 29, 1945, NA, CO 968/96/2; Cabinet Defence Committee DO (45) 17th Meeting, Dec. 12, 1945, NA, CO 968/96/2.

  19. Tuchman (1962), 22; Creech Jones to N. Ollerenshaw, letter, April 10, 1947, NA, CO 733/477/75156/151A/47; Memorandum on the Comparative Treatment.

  20. Memorandum on the Comparative Treatment.

  21. Barnett (1960), 79–80; Churchill (1956), 3:80; Craster (1991), 203; Fergusson (1970), 124–25; Mead (2007), 110; Times, Feb. 1, 1983.

  22. Craster (1991), 203–7; “The True Story of How Auchinlek Removed Alan Cunningham from Command of the Eighth Army in November 1941” (written by Montgomery’s hand), BLM 54, Montgomery Papers; Churchill (1956), 3:445–46; Gilbert (1983), 1242; Danchev and Todman (2002), 208, 211, 257–58, 261, 331, 433–34; Mead (2007), 112; Fearne (1757), 130.

  23. Christmas Eve 1945, Lloyd Phillips Papers, 4/2; Rymer-Jones Papers, 142; interview by Lloyd Phillips, 29–30, Scrivenor Papers; Craster (1991), 207; Crum (1947), 224; Times, Nov. 9, 1945.

  24. Ullendorff (1988), 113; Daily Telegraph, April 17, 2011; Palestine Post, Nov. 12 and 22, 1945; Pearlman and Ben-Gurion (1965), 81–82; Times, Nov. 10, 1945; Crum (1947), 224.

  25. Cunningham to Bevin, note, Nov. 1945, Cunningham Papers, VI/1.

  26. Pearlman and Ben-Gurion (1965), 81.

  27. Kimche (1954), 113–22; Bauer (1970), 3–42, 66–99; Debates, House of Commons, vol. 416, cols. 2067–68 (Hall), Dec. 3, 1945; Cunningham to Hall, telegram, Dec. 1, 1945, Cunningham Papers, I/1; Heller (2003), xiv; Slutsky (1972), 860–65; Trevor (1948), 163–73; Wilson (1949), 30–33; Palestine Post, Nov. 27, 1945.

  28. Palestine Post, Nov. 27, 1945.

  29. Ibid.; Trevor (1948), 171.

  30. Palestine Post, Nov. 27, 1945.

  31. Wilson (1949), 32–33.

  32. Heller (2003), 118; Slutsky (1972), 864.

  33. DSO Intelligence Summary 3, Dec. 1945, NA, WO 169/19758; Illegal Jewish Military Organisations, Nov. 28, 1945, NA, FO 371/45386; CID Report, Dec. 14, 1945, 47/152, HA; Kellar to Martin, letter, Dec. 13, 1945, NA, KV 2/1435; Heller (2003), 118; Inner Zionist Council Meeting, Nov. 26, 1945, NA, WO 169/19745.

  34. Palestine Sessional Papers, Secret Minutes of the 22nd Meeting, Nov. 14, 1945, NA, CO 814/41; Cunningham to Shaw, letter, Nov. 29, 1945, Cunningham Papers, V/4.

  35. OSS Report XL32214, Dec. 6, 1945, RG 226, NARA; Bell (1977), 150; Cunningham to Hall, telegram, Dec. 4 and Nov. 28, 1945, NA, FO 371/45388; Halifax to Bevin, Nov. 30, 1945, NA, FO 371/45388; Kellar, note, Dec. 20, 1945, NA, KV 2/1435.

  36. Cunningham to Shaw, letter, Dec. 20, 1945, Cunningham Papers, VI/1.

  37. GHQ MEF, Review 41, Jan. 4, 1946, NA, WO 169/22882; Robertson to Kellar, note, Jan. 7, 1946, NA, KV 2/3428; Robertson to Trafford Smith, letter, Jan. 11, 1946, NA, KV 2/3428; Palestine Post, Dec. 28 and 30, 1945; Times, Dec. 28 and 29, 1945; Bell (1977), 151–52; Edward Horne (1982), 294; Slutsky (1972), 865–66; Trevor (1948), 175.

  38. Palestine Post, Dec. 30, 1945; Times, Dec. 31, 1945; Bell (1977), 152; Slutsky (1972), 865; Wilson (1949), 35; note of interview, Dec. 28, 1945, Cunningham Papers, V/1; Cunningham to Hall, telegram, Dec. 29, 1945, NA, PREM 8/627 pt. 1; GHQ MEF, Review 41; Trevor (1948), 175.

  39. Times, Dec. 31, 1945; Bell (1977), 151; Edward Horne (1982), 295, 312.

  40. Note of interview, Dec. 28, 1945; Cunningham to Hall, telegram, Dec. 30, 1945, NA, PREM 8/626 pt. 1; Robertson to Trafford Smith, letter, Jan. 10, 1946, NA, KV 2/1435.

  41. Trevor (1948), 176.

  42. Cunningham to Hall, telegram, Dec. 29, 1945, Cunningham Papers, I/1; Cunningham to Hall, telegram, Dec. 29, 1945, NA, PREM 8/627 pt. 1.

  43. CM 1 (46), Jan. 1, 1946, NA, CAB 128/5.

  44. Slutsky (1972), 866; Paget to Brooke, telegram, Jan. 2, 1946, NA, WO 169/22882; Robertson to Trafford Smith, letter, Jan. 10, 1946, NA, KV 5/34; Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Daily News Bulletin, Dec. 28, 1945, NA, KV5/29; extract, Jan. 4, 1946, NA, KV 2/2375.

  45. Garfield (2004), 162; Peter Clarke (2008), 397, 402–3; Rosecrance (1968), 35; Paget, Middle East Forces Review, 1945; Anglo-American Committee of Enquiry, JP (46) 15 (Final), Jan. 21, 1946, Cunningham Papers, V/2.

  46. Top Secret: Jewish Military Organizations, Oct. 7, 1945, Morris Papers, 1/1/2; CID Report, Dec. 14, 1945; OSS Report XL32214; Scott to Martin, draft letter, Jan. 3, 1946, NA, CO 733/463; extract from DSO, HQ Palestine, Jan. 28, 1946, NA, KV 5/29; Gyles Isham to Kellar, Feb. 11, 1946, NA, KV 5/29; Palestine: Irgun Zvai Leumi, Feb. 21, 1946, NA, KV 5/34; FMI 3-07.22 (2004), 1–3; Thiel (2011).

  47. Robertson to Trafford Smith, letter, Jan. 10, 1946, NA, KV 5/34; Robertson to Colonial Office, letter, Jan. 25, 1946, NA, KV 5/34; Robertson to Trafford Smith, letter, Feb. 4, 1946, NA, KV 5/34; extract from reports dated Jan. 24 and 30, 1946, NA, KV 5/34; GHQ MEF, Cairo, Military Intelligence Review 44, Jan. 25, 1946, NA, WO 169/22882; Jewish Terrorist Outrages Since His Excellency’s Arrival in Palestine (n.d.), Cunningham Papers, V/4.

  48. CID Report, Feb. 1946, 47/35, HA; Irgun Zvai Leumi, Feb. 21, 1946, NA, KV5/34; The Rival Forces in Palestine (n.d.), Morris Papers, 1/1/2.

  49. Lieutenant Colonel H. A. Wickstead (DSO, HQ Palestine) to Kellar, letter, Jan. 14, 1946, NA, KV 5/29; Kellar to Trafford Smith, telegram, Feb. 19, 1946, NA, KV 5/29.

  50. Trafford Smith, minute, Jan. 9, 1946, NA, CO 733/451/75015/55B.

  51. Charteris, Fortnightly Newsletter 6, Jan. 1946, NA, WO 275/63; Haifa Sector, HQ Third Parachute Brigade, Preliminary Intelligence Summary, Jan. 27, 1946, NA, WO 261/216; Gyles Isham to Kellar, telegram, Feb. 11, 1946, NA, KV 2/3428; Palestine and Transjordan, Monthly Summary 4, DSO, HQ Palestine, Jan. 1946, NA, WO 169/23031; Baghdad to Foreign Office, telegram, Feb. 8, 1946, NA, CO 537/1768.

  52. Gale (1968), 160; Meade (2007), 154; D’Arcy, Directive on the Degree of Force to Be Used in Internal Disturbances in Palestine, Jan. 11, 1946, NA, WO 275/16.

  53. OSS Report XL45057, Feb. 8, 1946, RG 226, NARA; Palestine Post, Jan. 20 and 21, 1946.

  54. GHQ MEF, Military Intelligence Review 44, NA WO 169/22882; Slutsky (1972), 866–67; Palestine Post, Jan. 21, 1946.

  55. Trevor (1948), 182–86; Edward Horne (1982), 243.

  56. Military Court Procedures (n.d.), Brebber Papers, II/1; Palestine Post, Jan. 29, 1946; Trevor (1948), 182–86.

&
nbsp; 57. Mathieson to Kellar, letter, July 15, 1946, containing Palestine: Terrorist Outrages, 3–4; HQ Palestine, Fortnightly Intelligence Newsletter 8, Feb. 2–16, 1946, NA, WO 169/23021; Jewish Terrorist Outrages Since His Excellency’s Arrival in Palestine; Niv (1975), 4:229; Cunningham to Hall, telegrams, Jan. 31 and Feb. 1, 1946, Cunningham Papers, I/1; Charteris, memorandum, Jan. 11, 1946, NA, KV 5/34; CID Report, Feb. 1946; Palestine: Irgun Zvai Leumi, Feb. 21, 1946.

  58. Cunningham to Hall, telegram, Feb. 1, 1946; HQ Palestine, Fortnightly Intelligence Newsletter 8, Feb. 2–16, 1946; minute of interview, Feb. 19, 1946, S 25/28, CZA; Rival Forces in Palestine; Rymer-Jones Papers, 132, 143, 144; HQ Palestine, Operational Instruction 22, Jan. 10, 1945, NA, WO 169/19743; Cunningham to Hall, telegram, Jan. 31, 1946.

  59. Cavendish (1990), 20; “Gyles Isham”; Isham to Kellar, telegram, Feb. 11, 1946, NA, KV 2/3428; Director General to D.B., minute, March 26, 1945, NA, KV 5/29; Gort to Stanley, telegram, March 19, 1945, NA, CO 537/457/13 75156/151K; Eastwood and A. C. Jones, minutes, March 21, 1945, NA, CO 537/457/13 75156/151K; Top Secret Policy Regarding Suspected Jewish Terrorists in HM Forces, Aug. 1945, NA, CO 537/457/13 75156/151K; G. M. Liddell (director B Division, MI5) to A. Canning (deputy assistant commissioner, Metropolitan Police, Special Branch), letter, Jan. 15, 1946, NA, KV 2/3428.

  60. Petrie to Maxwell, letter, April 2, 1945, NA, KV 5/29; Kellar, Reports on Visits to SIME and CICI, Feb. 1945, NA, KV 4/384.

  61. Petrie to Maxwell, letter, April 2, 1945; Top Secret Policy Regarding Suspected Jewish Terrorists in HM Forces; Martin to Gates, minute, Aug. 20, 1945, NA, CO 537/457/13 75156/151K; J. C. Robertson (for Kellar) to D. Bates (Colonial Office), top secret letter, Nov. 10, 1945, NA, CO 733/457/13; Measures Undertaken by MI5, NA, CO 733/457/13; J. C. Robertson to D.B., note, Oct. 31, 1945, NA, KV 2/3428; Robertson to Brigadier E. R. Haylor (HQ, British army on the Rhine), Feb. 15, 1946, NA, KV 2/3428; Kellar to SIME, secret telegram, Feb. 16, 1946, NA, KV 2/3428; Walton (2008), 448; Petrie to Maxwell, letter, April 2, 1945; Killearn to Bevin, telegram, Nov. 19, 1945, NA, KV 5/29.

  62. Isham to Kellar, secret telegram, Jan. 5, 1946, NA, KV 2/3428; Robertson to Trafford Smith, letter, Jan. 11, 1946; Robertson to T. E. Bromley (Foreign Office), letter, Jan. 15, 1946, NA, KV 2/3428; Shaw to Hall, telegram, Feb. 13, 1946, NA, KV 5/29; Liddell to Canning, letter, Jan. 15 and Feb. 14, 1946, NA, KV 5/29; Kellar to Bromley, Jan. 15, 1946, NA, KV 5/29; Kellar to Lieutenant Colonel F. H. W. Gore (War Office), Jan. 16, 1946, NA, KV 5/29; Kellar to Martin, Jan. 22, 1946, NA, KV 5/29; Robertson to Haylor, Feb. 15, 1946, NA, KV 5/29; Lieutenant Colonel H. A. Wickstead (DSO, HQ Palestine) to Kellar, letter, Jan. 14, 1946, NA, KV 5/29; Robertson to Trafford Smith, Feb. 15, 1946, NA, KV 5/29; D’Arcy to SIME, Feb. 15, 1946, NA, KV 5/29; R.A.P. to AIG (CID), Feb. 24, 1946, O’Sullivan Papers; Mathieson to Kellar, letter, July 15, 1946, containing Palestine: Terrorist Outrages, 4; HQ Palestine, Fortnightly Intelligence Newsletter 8; “Tidyings,” 35; Palestine Post, June 25, 1946; Segev (2000), 474–75; Paget to Candle Jerusalem et al., telegram, Feb. 20, 1946, NA, KV 5/29.

  63. Cunningham to Hall, telegram, Feb. 19, 1946, Cunningham Papers, I/1; CM (46) 17, Feb. 21, 1946, NA, CAB 128/5.

  64. Crum (1947), 45, 82, 120, 162; Crossman (1947), 117; Anglo-American Committee, box 11, March 14, 1946, Leahy Papers, RG 43, NARA; Roberts to Kellar, telegram, Feb. 11, 1946, NA, KV 5/29; Mathieson to Kellar, letter, July 15, 1946, containing Palestine: Terrorist Outrages, 4; Jewish Terrorist Outrages Since His Excellency’s Arrival in Palestine; Begin (1977a), 237–41; Gurion (1950), 65–67; Niv (1975), 4:239–41; Blaxland (1971), 34; Palestine Post, March 7, 1946; HQ Palestine, Armed Raid on Sarafand Camp on March 6, 1946, March 15, 1946, NA, WO 169/23021.

  65. Crossman (1947), 118; Crum (1947), 160–61.

  66. Michael J. Cohen (1982), 96–102; Heller (2003), 28, 80; Dugdale (1973), 226–30; Chaim Weizmann (1949), 2:441; Vera Weizmann (1967), 202; Times, March 7, 1946; Nachmani (1980), 1; Brutton (1996), 25; Lloyd Phillips to the Reverend A. Lloyd Phillips, letter, March 2, 1946, Lloyd Phillips Papers.

  67. Palestine Post, March 7, 1946; Crossman (1947), 15–16; Crum (1947), 5–6. In addition to Crossman, the British delegation included Sir John Singleton, a London high court judge; the Labour peer Lord Morrison; Major Reginald Manningham-Buller, a Conservative Party MP; Wilfrid Crick, a banker; and Sir Frederick Leggett, a labor mediator. Among the American members were Judge Joseph C. Hutcheson Jr., a distinguished Texas jurist; Dr. James G. McDonald, formerly the League of Nations high commissioner for German refugees and subsequently America’s first ambassador to Israel; Frank W. Buxton, a Pulitzer Prize winner and newspaper editor; Dr. Frank Aydelotte, the director of Princeton University’s Institute for Advanced Study; a former ambassador to Italy named William Phillips; and Bartley C. Crum, a corporate lawyer.

  68. Nachmani (1980), 1.

  69. Anglo-American Committee, box 11, March 14, 1946, Leahy Papers; Crum (1947), 219–20; Nachmani (1987), 171–74.

  70. Crossman (1947), 157–58; Anglo-American Committee, box 11, March 14, 1946, Leahy Papers; OSS Report XL49021, March 22, 1946, RG 226, NARA; Hall to Cunningham, telegram, April 11, 1946, Cunningham Papers, I/1; Nachmani (1987), 178–79.

  71. Crum (1947), 262–83; Crossman (1947), 165–87; Michael J. Cohen (1982), 104–5; Cunningham to Hall, March 30, 1946, NA, CO 733/75156/151A pt. 1; Kellar to Trafford Smith, letter, Jan. 21, 1946, NA, KV 5/33.

  72. Government of Palestine, Palestine Railways: Report of the General Manager on the Administration of the Palestine Railways and Operated Lines and on the Ports of Palestine for the Year 1946/47 (Haifa: Warhaftig’s Press, 1948), 12, box 1, files 13–16, Scrivener Papers; Mathieson to Kellar, letter, July 15, 1946, containing Palestine: Terrorist Outrages, 4; Jewish Terrorist Outrages Since His Excellency’s Arrival in Palestine; Bell (1977), 159; Trevor (1948), 199–200; HQ British Troops, Palestine and Transjordan, Fortnightly Intelligence Newsletter 12, March 31 to April 14, 1946, NA, WO 169/23022.

  73. Chiefs of Staff Joint Planning Staff, JP (46) 68 (Final), April 9, 1946, NA, AIR 20/4963.

  74. Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry (1946), 5, 44–48, 76–85; Report of Anglo-American Committee, April 22, 1946, NA, FO 371/52521.

  75. Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry (1946).

  76. Cabinet Defence Committee DO (46) 14, April 24, 1946, NA, WO 32/10260.

  CHAPTER 13: ONLY DEATH WILL FREE US

  1. HQ Palestine, Fortnightly Intelligence Newsletter 13, April 15–28, 1946, NA, WO 169/23022; Cunningham to Hall, telegram, April 26, 1946, NA, KV 5/29; Washington Registry SI Intelligence Field Files, Report 401, April 29, 1946, RG 226, box 19, file 22, folder 1, NARA; Wilson (1949), 46; Palestine Post, April 26 and 28, 1946; Times, April 27, 1946; Niv (1975), 4:263–64; Trevor (1948), 201.

  2. Washington Registry SI Intelligence Field Files GP Palestine, Report 401, April 29, 1946, RG 226, box 19, file 22, folder 1; Lloyd Phillips to Reverend A. Lloyd Phillips, letter, April 28, 1946, Lloyd Phillips Papers, 4/2; Times, April 29, 1946.

  3. Record of a meeting on April 26, 1946, Cunningham Papers, V/4.

  4. Wilson (1949), 47; Times, April 29, 1946; Trevor (1948), 201–2.

  5. Mitchell (1969), 56; Blaxland (1971), 36; GHQ MEF, Cairo, Military Intelligence Review 57, April 26, 1946, NA, WO 169/22882; Wilson (1949), 45, 48; Trevor (1948), 202; HQ South Palestine District, Intelligence Summary 1, May 11, 1946, NA, WO 169/23057.

  6. Farran (1950), 345–46; J. Abbott to Barbara Castle, letter, April 28, 1946, NA, CO 733/456/75156/151A pt. 1; “A Soldier’s Will,” n.d., S 25/6910, CZA.

  7. Captain R. H. Medley to Kellar, letter, May 7, 1946, NA, KV 5/29.

  8. CP (46) 173, April 27, 1946, NA, CAB 129/9; Byrnes to Truman, telegram, May 9, 1946, Leahy Papers, 56, RG 218, NARA.

  9. Meeting on April 28, 1946, May 6, 1946, NA, FO 371/52521; CM (46) 38, April 29, 1946, NA, CAB 128/5; Minutes of 8th Meeting, May 3, 1946, NA, FO 371/52520.

  10. Ovendale (1979), 419; Michael J. Cohen (1990), 129�
�30; Bevin to Byrnes, letter, May 1, 1946, NA, FO 371/52519.

  11. Byrnes to Truman, telegram, May 9, 1946; CC 092 Palestine (5-3-46), Section 2, JIC 355, May 18, 1946, Leahy Papers, 56, RG 218, NARA.

  12. Bevin to Attlee, telegram, May 1, 1946, NA, AIR 20/4963; Debates, House of Commons, vol. 422, cols. 195–99, May 1, 1946; Palestine: Statement of Information Relating to Acts of Violence, 8–9.

  13. Cunningham to Hall, telegram, April 29, 1946, NA, PREM 8/627; Minutes of 8th Meeting, April 30, 1946, NA, FO 371/52520.

  14. DSO Intelligence Summary 8, May 1946, NA, WO 169/23031; HQ South Palestine District, Intelligence Summary 1, May 11, 1946, NA, WO 169/23057; Kellar to Trafford Smith, letter, May 14, 1946, NA, KV 5/29; extract from report, May 18, 1946, NA, KV5/34; Rymer-Jones Papers, 149; D’Arcy to Lieutenant General Sir Evelyn Barker, letter, May 31, 1946, D’Arcy Papers; Women of Jaffa to Cunningham, letter, May 6, 1946, CS POL/9/46, ISA; Munira Darwich El Asir et al. to High Commissioner, letter, May 8, 1946, CS POL/9/46, ISA; “The Youth Qaalquilya” to High Commissioner, petition, May 15, 1946, CS POL/9/46, ISA; District Commissioners Office, Galilee District, Fortnightly Report for April 30, 1946, NA, CO 537/1707.

  15. Ismay to Attlee, telegram, May 4, 1946, and Bevin, note, May 8, 1946, NA, FO 371/52525.

  16. COS Committee (46) 77, May 15, 1946, NA, CO 537/1697.

  17. Minutes of a staff conference, May 16, 1946, NA, FO 371/52525; COS Committee (46) 95, June 19, 194, NA, FO 371/52530; Hall to Cunningham, telegram, June 16, 1946, Cunningham Papers, I/1.

  18. Michael J. Cohen (1982), 116–23; Slutsky (1972), 879; HQ Palestine, Intelligence Newsletter 16, June 9, 1946, NA, WO 169/23022; Daily Telegraph, June 7, 1946; Guela Cohen (1966), 191–201; Begin (1977b); Heller (1995), 42, 92, 106, 108, 111; Shindler (2010), 146, 211, 219; DSO Intelligence Summary 9, June 28, 1946, NA, WO 169/23031; Jewish Standard, June 14, 1946, NA, KV 5/35.

  19. GHQ MEF, Intelligence Newsletter 64, June 14, 1946, NA, WO 169/22882; DSO Intelligence Summary 9; Shaw to D’Arcy, letter, June 15, 1946, D’Arcy Papers; Jewish Standard, June 14, 1946; Slutsky (1972), 879; Hall to Cunningham, telegram, June 16, 1946.