Anonymous Soldiers
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20. Charteris, memorandum, June 23, 1946, NA, WO 275/40; A. J. Kellar, Report Middle East Visit, July 1946, NA, KV 4/18; GHQ MEF, Weekly Intelligence Review 65, June 21, 1946, NA, WO 169/22882; Palestine Post, June 13, 1946; Bethell (1979), 243–44; Bullock (1983), 277–78; Michael J. Cohen (1982), 117–18; DSO Intelligence Summary 9; Slutsky (1972), 879.
21. Gurion (1950), 67, 70–75; Trevor (1948), 208–9; Begin (1977a), 241–45; Bethell (1979), 244; Washington Registry SI Intelligence Field Files, Report 473, June 16, 1946, RG 226, box 19, file 22, folder 3, NARA.
22. Cunningham to Hall, telegram, June 20, 1946, Cunningham Papers, I/1; Bethell (1979), 245. A different version of the story credits the acquisition of the list to a sympathetic British officer. See Dekel (1959), 96, 127–38; Trevor (1948), 211–12n14; Pa’il and Pinhas (2003), 206.
23. Charteris, memorandum, June 23, 1946; DSO Intelligence Summary 9; Allon (1970), 146–61; Slutsky (1972), 880–86.
24. Charteris, memorandum, June 23, 1946; DSO Intelligence Summary 9; Jewish Telegraphic Agency Bulletin, June 19, 1946, NA, KV 5/35; Mathieson to Kellar, letter, July 15, 1946, containing Palestine: Terrorist Outrages, 7; Jewish Terrorist Outrages Since His Excellency’s Arrival in Palestine; Palestine Post, June 18, 1946; Bethell (1979), 246; Slutsky (1972), 886–87; Cunningham to Hall, letter, July 1, 1946, NA, CO 733/456/75156/151A pt. 2.
25. Charteris, memorandum, June 23, 1946; Jewish Telegraphic Agency Bulletin, June 19, 1946; Mathieson to Kellar, July 15, 1946, containing Palestine: Terrorist Outrages, 7; Jewish Terrorist Outrages Since His Excellency’s Arrival in Palestine; Times and Palestine Post, June 19, 1946; Begin (1977a), 245–46; Bethell (1979), 246–47; Gurion (1950), 76–78; Wilson (1949), 55–56; extract from DSO report, June 15, 1946, NA, KV 5/34.
26. Palestine Post, June 21, 1946; Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Daily News Bulletin, June 25, 1946, NA, KV 5/35; Washington Registry SI Intelligence Field Files, Report 491, June 26, 1946, RG 226, box 19, file 22, folder 3, NARA; Slutsky (1972), 887; Palestine Press Review, June 26, 1946, NA, WO 275/108; Palestine Post, June 21 and 25, 1946; Barker to D’Arcy, letter, May 31, 1946, D’Arcy Papers.
27. Mead (2007), 58–60; Bell (1977), 159; Fergusson (1970), 39–40; Barker to Weizmann, letter, June 18, 1946, S 25/6908, CZA.
28. Charteris, memorandum, June 23, 1946; Daily Telegraph and Times, June 22, 1946; Palestine Post, June 23, 1946; Trevor (1948), 215; Hamilton (1986), 633–34; Montgomery (1958), 378–79, 381.
29. The Palestine Police Force Annual Administrative Report, 1946, NA, CO 814/40; Stephen Brooks, note, Imperial War Museum, Nov. 20, 1986, Montgomery Papers; Hamilton (1986), 109, 127, 267, 341, 621, 636, 665; Montgomery Diary, pt. 1, chap. 3, “Palestine First Tour, June 9–26, 1946,” BLM 175/1, Montgomery Papers; Montgomery (1958), 378; Montgomery to Dempsey, letter, Aug. 5, 1946, BLM 211/9, Montgomery Papers; Montgomery to Hall, letter, Aug. 6, 1946, BLM 211/10, Montgomery Papers; Golani (2010), 183.
30. Hall to Cunningham, telegram, Dec. 29, 1945, Cunningham Papers, I/1; Cunningham to Hall, telegram, Dec. 30, 1945, NA, PREM 8/627 pt. 1; Howard (1983), 253.
31. Montgomery, “Palestine First Tour”; “True Story of How Auchinlek Removed Alan Cunningham from Command of the Eighth Army in November 1941”; “Supersession Lt. Gen. Sir Alan Cunningham as Commander Eighth Army, November 1941,” BLM 54, Montgomery Papers.
32. Barnett (1960), 239; Lewin (1976), 501; Atkinson (2003), 418; Hamilton (1986), xv, 623.
33. Hamilton (1986), 636–37; Montgomery, “Palestine First Tour”; Montgomery (1958), 381.
34. Shaw to D’Arcy, letter, June 15, 1946.
35. Montgomery, “Palestine First Tour.”
36. Montgomery (1958), 381–83.
37. Cunningham to Hall, telegram, June 19, 1946, Cunningham Papers, I/1; extract from DSO report, June 17, 1946, NA, KV 5/35; Washington Registry SI Intelligence Field Files, Report 474, June 19, 1946, RG 226, box 19, file 22, folder 3, NARA; Military Action to Be Taken to Enforce Law and Order in Palestine, June 22, 1946, NA, WO 275/29; Trevor (1948), 215.
38. Cunningham to Hall, telegram, June 19, 1946.
39. CP (46) 238, June 19, 1946, NA, CAB 129/10; COS (46) 76, June 19, 1946, and Secretary, Chiefs of Staff, to Gater (Colonial Office) and Sir Orme Sargent (Foreign Office), letter, June 19, 1946, NA, FO 371/52530.
40. Harriman to Truman, telegram, June 19, 1946, in FRUS, 1946 (1969), 7:63; Cunningham to Hall, telegram, June 21, 1946, Cunningham Papers, I/1.
41. CM (46) 60, June 20, 1946, NA, CAB 128/5; Palestine: Statement of Information Relating to Acts of Violence, 3–10.
42. CM (46) 60, June 20, 1946; Attlee to Bevin, telegram, June 20, 1946, NA, CAB 127/270.
43. Cunningham to Hall, telegram, June 20, 1946; Military Action to Be Taken to Enforce Law and Order in Palestine.
44. Palestine Post, June 28, 1946; GHQ MEF, Intelligence Review 65, June 21, 1946, NA, WO 169/22882; Charteris, memorandum, June 23, 1946.
45. Palestine Press Review, June 19, 26, 20, and 21, 1946, NA, WO 275/108; DSO Intelligence Summary 9; GHQ MEF, Weekly Intelligence Review 66, June 28, 1946, NA, WO 169/22882.
46. Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Daily News Bulletin, June 25, 1946; Palestine Post, June 21, 1946; Daily Telegraph, June 25, 1946; Jewish Chronicle, June 28, 1946; Bell (1977), 164–66; Begin (1977a), 245–46; Bethell (1979), 247–48; Trevor (1948), 214; Washington Registry SI Intelligence Field Files, Reports 481 and 482, June 20 and 27, 1946, RG 226, box 19, file 22, folder 3, NARA.
47. Brutton (1996), 35; Wilson (1949), 57; Operation Agatha, Operation Instruction 68, June 1946, Cunningham Papers, V/4; Cunningham to Hall, telegram, June 25, 1946, Cunningham Papers, I/1.
48. Mead (2007), 116–21; Montgomery to Dempsey, personal directive, June 27, 1946, NA, WO 126.
49. Wilson (1949), 58–59; Cunningham to Hall, telegram, June 29, 1946, NA, FO 371/52534; Report on Operation Agatha, June 20 to July 1, 1946, NA, FO 371/52547; Charters (1989), 117–18; Rose (2009), 107.
50. Report on Operation Agatha; Who’s Who of Palestine, 54, 68, 106, 121; Heller (2003), 130; Trevor (1948), 216–18.
51. Report on Operation Agatha; Begin (1977a), 204; Charters (1989), 118; Wagner (2010), 163; Dekel (1959), 25, 142–45; Dempsey to Montgomery, telegram, July 4, 1946, NA, WO 216/194; Zadka (1995), 139; Memorandum on Jewish National Institutions in Acts of Violence, 1947, Catling Papers; App. 39, HQ Palestine, Oct. 1946, Catling Papers; Wilson (1949), 60–61.
52. Appendix A: Narrative of Events by Parachute Brigade on Operation Agatha, July 1, 1946, NA, WO 275/29; Barker to D’Arcy, letter, July 2, 1946, D’Arcy Papers; Montgomery to Dempsey, telegram, July 3, 1946, BLM 211/4, Montgomery Papers; note of interview, July 20, 1946, NA, CO 537/1822; Dempsey to Montgomery, telegram, July 4, 1946; Report on Operation Agatha; CM 63 (46), July 1, 1946, NA, CAB 128/6; Kellar to Trafford Smith, letter, Jan. 10, 1946, NA, KV 2/1435; Washington Registry SI Intelligence Field Files, July 5, June 30, and July 15, 1946, RG 226, box 19, file 22, folders 3 and 4, NARA; Barker to D’Arcy, letter, July 1, 1946, D’Arcy Papers; Michael J. Cohen (1982), 85; Zadka (1995), 140; Bauer (1966), 207; Charters (1989), 118; Dr. Weizmann at a Jewish Agency meeting (n.d.), RG 226, box 19, file 22 folder 3, NARA; Laqueur (1992), 258; Cunningham to Hall, telegram, June 27, 1946, NA, FO 371/52534.
53. Report on Operation Agatha; Dugdale (1973), 237; Cunningham to Hall, telegram, June 29, 1946, Cunningham Papers, I/1; notes of an interview, July 1, 1946, Cunningham Papers, V/1; notes of an interview, July 3, 1946, Z 4/S226, CZA; Palestine Press Review, July 8, 1946, NA, WO 275/108; Geula Cohen (1966), 223; Michael J. Cohen (1982), 87; Meir (1973), 64–65; Sherman (1997), 179–80; Vera Weizmann (1967), 205; Brutton (1996), 36; Barker, Operational Instruction 67: Military cum Police Operations, June 17, 1946, NA, WO 275/13; App. A, July 1, 1946, NA, WO 275/29; Rose (2009), 108–9; Wilson (1949), 60; Third Infantry Brigade Report on Operation Agatha, app. D2, July 3, 1946, NA, WO 261/679; Barker to D’Arcy, letter, July 2, 1946; Fortnightly Intelligence Newsletter 18, Jun
e 24 to July 7, 1946, NA, WO 275/63.
54. Rose (2009), 109; Report on Operation Agatha; Third Infantry Brigade Report on Operation Agatha, app. D2; Meir (1975), 195; Dekel (1959), 145–46; Dugdale (1973), 237; Trevor (1948), 219–24; Vera Weizmann (1967), 204–6.
55. Vera Weizmann (1967), 207–8.
56. Palestine Press Review, July 8, 1946; Report on Operation Agatha; Mitchell (1969), 57.
57. Notes of an interview, July 3, 1946; Michael J. Cohen (1982), 88.
58. Debates, House of Commons, vol. 424, cols. 1795–97, July 1, 1947.
59. Manchester Guardian, July 1, 1946; Inverchapel to Bevin, telegram, July 3, 1946, NA, CO 537/1737; Attlee to Truman, telegram, June 29, 1946, in FRUS, 1946, 7:639–40.
60. Hall to Cunningham, telegram, July 4, 1946, NA, CO 537/1737; Lloyd Phillips to His Reverend A. Lloyd Phillips, letter, July 7, 1946, Lloyd Phillips Papers, 4/2; HQ Palestine and Transjordan, Fortnightly Intelligence Newsletter 34 (n.d.), NA, WO 261/566; Washington Registry SI Intelligence Field Files, Report 505, July 9, 1946, RG 226, box 19, file 22, folder 3, NARA; Vera Weizmann (1967), 207–8; Baumel (2005), 200.
61. Inverchapel to Bevin, telegram, July 8, 1946, NA, CO 537/2287; Cunningham to Hall, July 11, 1946, NA, CO 537/2287; Haifa District Fortnightly Report for June 16–30, July 4, 1946, NA, CO 537/1707; Palestine Press Review, July 2, 1946, NA, WO 275/108.
62. CM 76 (46), July 11, 1946, NA, CAB 128/6; Memorandum on Jewish National Institutions in Acts of Violence, 1947, app. 20, Account of an Interview, July 12, 1946; Cunningham to Hall, telegram, July 14, 1946, Cunningham Papers, I/1; Washington Registry SI Intelligence Field Files, July 15, 1946; Dr. Weizmann at a Jewish Agency meeting; DSO Intelligence Summary 9, June 1946, NA, KV 5/30; Washington Registry SI Intelligence Field Files, Report 509, July 12, 1946, RG 226, box 19, file 22, folder 3, NARA; Extract DSO Palestine, July 10, 1946, NA, KV 5/30; Robertson to Deputy Commander Burt (Special Branch, New Scotland Yard), letter, June 21, 1946, NA, KV 2/3428; H. A. R. Philby (MI6) to Liddell, letter, June 25, 1946, NA, KV 2/3428; Colonel Maurice Oldfield (SIME) to Kellar, telegram, July 2, 1946, NA, KV 2/3428; H. J. Seeger to Kellar and Isham, letter, July 6, 1946, NA, KV 2/3428; Kellar to Burt, letter, July 9, 1946, NA, KV 2/3428.
63. Montgomery to Dempsey, telegram, July 3, 1946, NA, WO 216/194; Dempsey to Montgomery, telegram, July 4, 1946; Kellar to Trafford Smith, letter, July 9, 1946, NA, KV 2/1435; Memorandum on Jewish National Institutions in Acts of Violence, 1947, containing CID HQ PPF, Jerusalem, Memorandum on the Participation of the Jewish National Institutions in Acts of Lawlessness and Violence, July 31, 1947.
64. Bauer (1966), 207–8; Wilson (1949), 61; Heller (2003), 130; Brenner (1982), 131–32; Golan and Nakdimon (1978), 114; Sherman (1997), 179–80.
65. Note of interview, July 20, 1946, NA, CO 537/1822; Vera Weizmann (1967), 205–6; Dugdale (1973), 238; Laqueur (1992), 262; Dekel (1959), 142–47; Michael J. Cohen (1982), 87; Thurston Clarke (1981), 96; Cunningham (1948), 485.
66. Dempsey to Montgomery, telegram, Nov. 16, 1946, NA, WO 216/194; Washington Registry SI Intelligence Field Files, Report 491; Bell (1977), 168; Trevor (1948), 224; Times, July 20, 1946; Palestine Post, July 21, 1946.
67. Times, July 22, 1946; note of interview, July 20, 1946, NA, CO 537/1822.
68. Washington Registry SI Intelligence Field Files, Report 510, July 15, 1946, Report 500, July 1, 1946, and Report 505, July 9, 1946, RG 226, box 19, folder 3, NARA; The Voice of Fighting Zion, broadcast of July 7, 1946, NA, KV5/34; Washington Registry SI Intelligence Field Files, June 30–July 15, 1946, RG 226, box 19, file 22, folder 3, NARA.
69. Palestine: Anglo-U.S. Report—Military Implications, July 10, 1946, NA, PREM 8/627 COS (46) 188 (0).
70. Anglo-U.S. Report—Military Implications, Report by the Chiefs of Staff, July 10, 1946, NA, FO 371/6571 E6571/4/g. 31 CP (46) 267; CM (46) 67, July 11, 1946, NA, CAB 128/6.
71. Monroe (1961), 29; Lieutenant Colonel Prescott (DSO, Jerusalem) to Kellar, letter, July 17, 1946, NA, KV 5/30; extract from DSO report, July 10, 1946, NA, KV 5/35; Washington Registry SI Intelligence Field Files, Report 510; Lloyd Phillips to Reverend A. Lloyd Phillips, letter, July 7, 1946.
CHAPTER 14: DEFENSE AND CONQUEST
1. Top Secret: Area Surrounding Headquarters Palestine, Jan. 1945, NA, WO 169/19849; Barker (2006), 56; Borisov (1947), 131; Cavendish (1990), 19; Thurston Clarke (1981), 36–37, 48–49, 94–95, 105; Crossman (1947), 118, 122; Hirst (1978), 108; Montefiore (2011), 461, 477; Daily Telegraph, July 23, 1946; Roman (2007), 34; Sherman (1997), 163, 165, 180; Vilnay (1948), 68.
2. Oz (2004), 3; Montefiore (2011), 462; Sherman (1997), 163, 165.
3. Roman (2007), 33; Vilnay (1948), 60; Barker (2006), 55–56; James (1967), 287–88.
4. Thurston Clarke (1981), 37; Jerusalem Post International Edition, Oct. 18, 1981; Roman (2007), 35; Sherman (1997), 165.
5. Thurston Clarke (1981), 29, 37; Montefiore (2011), 477; Crossman (1947), 118; Begin (1977a), 52, 212; Aviezer and Nakdimon (1978), 115.
6. Begin (1977a), 83–84, 213–15; O’Sullivan, Destruction of the King David Hotel, Dec. 6, 1946, O’Sullivan Papers; summary of letter from DSO, Palestine, July 26, 1946, NA, KV 5/36; Robertson to Trafford Smith, letter, July 29, 1946, NA, CO 537/1715; Aviezer and Nakdimon (1978), 115–16; Barker (2006), 55; Bell (1977), 168–69; Niv (1975), 4:277–78.
7. Begin (1977a), 121, 215; Thurston Clarke (1981), 83–85; Edward Horne (1982), 300–301; Bethell (1979), 257–58; O’Sullivan, Destruction of the King David Hotel.
8. Begin (1977a), 217.
9. Thurston Clarke (1981), 39–45.
10. Times, Sept. 17, 1977; Thurston Clarke (1981), 51–52, 89, 94–95.
11. Memorandum on Jewish National Institutions in Acts of Violence, 1947, app. LVa, J. P. I. Fforde (assistant inspector general, CID) to Sir Henry Gurney (chief secretary), letter, July 1947, containing “The Truth About the King David,” National Military Organisation, July 22, 1947; Niv (1975), 4:277–78; Aviezer and Nakdimon (1978), 115–16; Begin (1977a), 215–16; Thurston Clarke (1981), 97–99.
12. Memorandum on Jewish National Institutions in Acts of Violence, app. LVa, July 22, 1947; Begin (1977a), 218; Bell (1977), 168–69; Thurston Clarke (1981), 123–24, 160; Heller (1995), 161; Niv (1975), 4:277–78.
13. Assistant Inspector General J. P. I. Fforde to Shaw, letter, Aug. 16, 1946, NA, CO 537/2290; Barker to Hall, telegram, July 22, 1946, Cunningham Papers, I/1; “La Regence,” Dec. 13, 1946, Morris Papers, II/1; Manchester Guardian and Palestine Post, July 23, 1946; Begin (1977a), 218–19; Bethell (1979), 258–59; Thurston Clarke (1981), 163–66, 169, 180–81; Niv (1975), 4:279–80.
14. Fforde to Shaw, letter, Aug. 16, 1946; Cunningham to Hall, letter, Dec. 20, 1946, NA, CO 537/2290; Barker to Hall, telegram, July 22, 1946; “La Regence”; Palestine Post, July 23, 1946; Bethell (1979), 259; Thurston Clarke (1981), 170, 172–76, 233; Niv (1975), 4:279.
15. Fforde to Shaw, letter, Aug. 16, 1946; Brutton (1996), 46–47; Thurston Clarke (1981), 188–89, 196–99, 206–7; Bethell (1979), 260–62; Aviezer and Nakdimon (1978), 116.
16. Fforde to Shaw, letter, Aug. 16, 1946; Cunningham to Hall, letter, Dec. 20, 1946; “La Regence”; Aviezer and Nakdimon (1978), 116–17; Bethell (1979), 261–62; Brutton (1996), 46; Edward Horne (1982), 302; Thurston Clarke (1981), 196–99, 206–7.
17. Bethell (1979), 261; New York Times, Sept. 26, 1981.
18. Fforde to Shaw, letter, Aug. 16, 1946; “La Regence”; Palestine Post, July 23, 1946; Bell (1977), 171–72; Bethell (1979), 259–63; Brutton (1996), 46–47; Thurston Clarke (1981), 183–88, 200, 203–4, 221; Niv (1975), 4:280–82.
19. Fforde to Shaw, letter, Aug. 16, 1946; Scott to Mrs. Robert Scott, letter, July 28, 1946, Scott Papers; Cunningham to Hall, telegram, Aug. 3, 1946, NA, CO 537/1708; Palestine Gazette, Aug. 6, 1946, Shaw Papers; Thurston Clarke (1981), 222; Cunningham to Hall, Aug. 4, 1946, NA, CO 733/467/76046; Times, Sept. 17, 1977; Palestine: Cost of Terrorist Damage and Illegal Immigration, Brief for Cree
ch Jones, April 1947, NA, CO 537/2300; Sir John Gutch (assistant secretary, Middle East Department), minute, April 1947, NA, CO 537/2300; Palestine Post, July 23, 1946; Jerusalem Post International Edition, Oct. 18, 1981. See the calculator at MeasuringWorth.com, http://measuringworth.com/calculators/exchange/result_exchange.php.
20. Cunningham to Hall, telegram, Aug. 3, 1946; New York Times, Sept. 26, 1981; Times, July 20, 2006; Jerusalem Post, July 26, 2006; Segev, “The Spirit of the King David Hotel.”
21. Bethell (1979), 258, 261; Begin (1977a), 219.
22. Ymedad, “Yehuda Avner’s Scarlet Pimpernel”; Aviezer and Nakdimon (1978), 117.
23. Begin (1977a), 221.
24. OSS Report GP150, July 24, 1946, RG 226, box 19, file 22, folder 3, NARA; HQ British Troops in Palestine and Transjordan, G Branch, Historical Record, July–Sept. 1946, NA, WO 261/562; Extract: Appreciation of Situation Palestine, July 24, 1946, NA, KV 5/36; S. Prescott for DSO, HQ Palestine, to Kellar, letter, July 27, 1946, NA, KV 5/36; “Irgun Issues ‘Communiqué on Attack’ ” (n.d.), NA, KV 5/36.
25. OSS Report 518, July 23, 1946, and OSS Notes on the King David Hotel Bombing, July 24, 1946, RG 226, box 19, file 22, folder 3, NARA; Robertson to Trafford Smith, letter, July 29, 1946; Trevor (1948), 228; Manchester Guardian, July 23, 1946; Vera Weizmann (1967), 209; Palestine Press Review, July 23, 1946, NA, WO 275; Palestine Post, July 24, 1946.
26. Begin (1977a), 223–24; Thurston Clarke (1981), 243.
27. Begin (1977a), 224; Bethell (1979), 263; Thurston Clarke (1981), 245; Aviezer and Nakdimon (1978), 118; Niv (1975), 4:282.
28. Begin (1977a), 224; OSS Report 535, July 31, 1946, RG 226, box 19, file 22, folder 3, NARA; Sharif to Isham, letter, Dec. 19, 1946, Sir Gyles Isham Papers, I.215, NRO; Robertson to Trafford Smith, letter, Aug. 8, 1946, KV 2/1435; Thurston Clarke (1981), 245.
29. Palestine: Jewish Reaction to Blowing Up of King David Hotel, Aug. 12, 1946, NA 5/36; Memorandum on Jewish National Institutions in Acts of Violence, 1947, app. LVa, Fforde to Gurney, letter, July 1947, containing “The Truth About the King David”; Background of the Struggle for the Liberation of Eretz Israel: Facts on the Relations Between the Irgun Zvai Leumi and the Haganah (1947), 10–12.