Anonymous Soldiers

by Bruce Hoffman

  38. Montgomery Diary, pt. 5, chap. 33, “December 10, 1946, to February 3, 1947,” BLM 178/1, Montgomery Papers; Montgomery (1958), 421.

  39. Hamilton (1981), 293–94, 300–302, 304–5; Rose (2009), 45; Army Council Secretariat Minutes of the Meeting of the Defence Committee DO (46) 145, Jan. 1, 1947, NA, WO 32/10260.

  40. Army Council Secretariat Minutes of the Meeting of the Defence Committee DO (46) 145, Jan. 1, 1947; Montgomery (1958), 421; interview with Rabbi Fishman, Jan. 1, 1947.

  41. Note of conference, Jan. 3, 1947, Cunningham Papers, V/4.

  42. CM (47) 6, Jan. 15, 1947, NA, CAB 128/9; Montgomery to Dempsey, telegram, Jan. 15, 1947, NA, WO 216/194; Creech Jones to Cunningham, telegram, Jan. 20, 1946, Cunningham Papers, I/4; Montgomery to Dempsey, telegram, Jan. 2, 1947, NA, WO 216/194; Dempsey to Montgomery, telegram, Jan. 16, 1947, NA, WO 216/194; Times, Jan. 4 and 6, 1947; Bell (1977), 186.

  43. Fletcher-Cooke, “The Compulsive ‘Cuppa’ ” (unpublished MS), 1971, 4, Fletcher-Cooke Papers; Tomlinson, Memoir: Jerusalem (n.d.), Tomlinson Papers; Graves (1949), 55, 57.

  44. O’Sullivan, Annual Report for J2 Section, 1947, Jan. 26, 1948, O’Sullivan Papers; summary of recent searches in Palestine, Jan. 1947, NA, CO 733/477 75156/151; Niv (1975), 5:76, 86–87; John Gutch (assistant secretary, CO) to Cunningham, telegram, Jan. 14, 1947, Cunningham Papers, I/4; Montgomery to Dempsey, telegram, Jan. 16, 1947, NA, WO 216/194; Debates, House of Commons, vol. 432, cols. 1303–4 (Stanley), Jan. 31, 1947; Trevor (1948), 295, 300.

  45. Montgomery to Dempsey, telegram, Jan. 16, 1947; Gurney to Creech Jones, telegram, Jan. 21, 1947, Cunningham Papers, I/4; Montgomery, “December 10, 1946 to February 3, 1947.”

  46. Debates, House of Commons, vol. 432, col. 1323, Jan. 31, 1947.

  47. Niv (1975), 5:79–83, 88; Golan (2003), 94, 280–81; Rymer-Jones Papers, 110, 147; Barker to Montgomery, telegram, Jan. 9, 1947, BLM 210/7, Montgomery Papers; Begin (1977a), 254–55; Bell (1977), 161; Bethell (1979), 298; Gruner (1950), 83–98; extract from Jewish Standard, Jan. 3, 1947, NA, KV 5/38 OF 608/1; Times, Jan. 25, 1947; Begin (1977a), 255–56; Manchester Guardian, Jan. 8, 1947.

  48. Dempsey to Montgomery, telegram, Jan. 21, 1947, NA, WO 216/194; Cunningham to Creech Jones, telegram, Jan. 21, 1947, Cunningham Papers, I/4; Barker, Operation Policy, Jan. 23, 1947, Cunningham Papers, I/4; note of a meeting at Government House, Jan. 21, 1947, Cunningham Papers, V/4; record of conference at GHQ MELF, Cairo, Nov. 25, 1946, BLM 177/5, Montgomery Papers; Debates, House of Commons, vol. 432, cols. 196–201 (Mackeson, Smithers, and Creech Jones), Jan. 22, 1947.

  49. Times, Jan. 27, 1947; telegram 11, Jan. 27, 1947, in Tauber (2012), 67; Trevor (1948), 301–2.

  50. Bethell (1979), 299; Times and Palestine Post, Jan. 28, 1947; Bell (1977), 188; Trevor (1948), 302.

  51. Creech Jones to Cunningham, telegram, Jan. 29, 1947, NA, CO 537/3870; Cunningham to Creech Jones, telegram, Jan. 27, 1947, NA, CO 537/3870; Note of meeting, Jan. 27, 1947, Cunningham Papers, V/4; Barker to Antonius, letter, Jan. 31, 1947, P/867, ISA; Debates, House of Commons, vol. 432, cols. 772–76, Jan. 28, 1947; Times, Jan. 28 and 30, 1947.

  52. Times, Jan. 4 and 29–31, 1947; Palestine Post, Jan. 29, 1947; Gurney to Creech Jones, telegram, Jan. 7, 1947, NA, CO 537/2294; Gurney to Creech Jones, telegram, Jan. 8, 1947, Cunningham Papers, I/4; Martin to Sir George Gater, minute, Jan. 10, 1947, NA, CO 537/3870; Gurney to Creech Jones, telegram, Jan. 13, 1947, Cunningham Papers, I/4; Cunningham to Creech Jones, telegram, Jan. 21, 1947, NA, CO 537/2294; HQ South Palestine, Intelligence Summary 21, Jan. 13, 1947, NA, WO 261/171; Bethell (1979), 299–300; telegram 11, Jan. 27, 1947, in Tauber (2012), 67; Begin (1977a), 256–57.

  53. Cunningham to Creech Jones, telegram, Jan. 30, 1947, NA, CO 537/2298; Bevin to Inverchapel, telegram, Feb. 7, 1947, NA, CAB 104/272; Wilson (1949), 121; Times, Jan. 28, 1947; Cunningham to Creech Jones, telegram, Jan. 29, 1947, NA, CO 537/3870; Fortnightly Intelligence Newsletter 34, Jan. 1947, NA, WO 275/63; quoted in Debates, House of Commons, vol. 432, col. 1977, Feb. 6, 1947; Barker to Antonius, Jan. 31, 1947, P/867, IDA; Dempsey to Montgomery, telegram, Jan. 29, 1947, NA, WO 216/194.

  54. Montgomery to Dempsey, telegram, Jan. 30, 1947, NA, WO 216/194.

  55. Creech Jones to Montgomery, Jan. 28, 1947, BLM 210/0, Montgomery Papers; Montgomery, “December 10, 1946, to February 3, 1947”; Montgomery to Dempsey, telegram, Jan. 31, 1947, NA, WO 216/194; Montgomery (1958), 422.

  56. Times, Jan. 27, 1947; Debates, House of Commons, vol. 432, cols. 1306, 1326–27, 1345–49, Jan. 31, 1947.

  57. Trevor (1948), 304–5; Wilson (1949), 102–3; Gurney, Chief Secretary’s Office, Jerusalem, notice, Jan. 31, 1947, NA, WO 261/215; Gurney to All Department Heads, letter, Feb. 7, 1947, SF/50/47/A, Keating Papers, IWM; Barker to Dempsey, telegram, Feb. 1947, NA, WO 261/140; Third Parachute Brigade Operational Instruction 26, Feb. 1, 1947, NA, WO 261/215.

  58. Cunningham to Creech Jones, telegram, Feb. 13, 1947, NA, CO 537/2294; Trevor (1948), 305, 306n69; Palestine Post, Feb. 2, 1947; Sherman (1997), 201–2.

  59. Secretary of State George Marshall to Inverchapel, telegram, Feb. 6, 1947, in FRUS, 1947, 1030; Creech Jones to Attlee, note, Feb. 4, 1947, NA, CO 537/2298; security meeting, Feb. 5, 1947, Cunningham Papers, IV/2; Operation Fantail, Feb. 5, 1947, NA, WO 275/36; Lloyd Phillips to the Reverend A. Lloyd Phillips, letters Jan. 21 and Feb. 3, 1947, Lloyd Phillips Papers, 4/2.

  60. Tomlinson, Memoir: Jerusalem; Times, Feb. 1, 1947; Sherman (1997), 201, 251.

  61. HQ South Palestine District, Quarterly Historical Report for Quarter Ending March 31, 1947, app. B, April 24, 1947, NA, WO 261/171; Blaxland (1971), 44; Wilson (1949), 103; Tomlinson, Memoir: Jerusalem; Times, March 5, 1947.

  62. Wilson (1949), 103; CP (47) 59, Feb. 13, 1947, NA, CAB 129/17; Fletcher-Cooke, “Sir Henry Gurney,” April 18, 1963, Fletcher-Cooke Papers; Fletcher-Cooke, “Compulsive ‘Cuppa,’ ” 6–8; Sherman (1997), 202;; Lloyd Phillips to the Reverend A. Lloyd Phillips, letters, Feb. 17 and Feb. 22, 1947, Lloyd Phillips Papers, 4/2.

  63. Fletcher-Cooke, “Sir Henry Gurney”; The Sports Club of Jerusalem Annual General Meeting, March 21, 1947, box 2/4, Keating Papers; Fletcher-Cooke, “Compulsive ‘Cuppa,’ ” 6–8; interview with Ivan Lloyd Phillips (n.d.), Scrivenor Papers; Golani (2009), 3–6; Brutton (1996), 80–82.

  64. Debates, House of Commons, vol. 432, cols. 1301–2 (Stanley), Jan. 31, 1947; CP (47) 59, Feb. 13, 1947, NA, CAB 129/17; HQ First Infantry, Quarterly Historical Report, Dec. 14, 1946, NA, WO 261/652; Montgomery Diary, pt. 4, chap. 33, “November 28, 1946, to December 1, 1947,” BLM 177/1, Montgomery Papers; Montgomery, “War Office Period”; CM 22 (47) Feb. 14, 1947, NA, CAB 128/9; Blaxland (1971), 42.

  65. Barker, Special Order of the Day, Feb. 12, 1947, NA, WO 275/4; Blaxland (1971), 44.

  66. CP (59) 18, Feb. 13, 1947, NA, CAB 129/17; CP (47) 49, Feb. 6, 1947, NA, CAB 129/17; CM (47) 18, Feb. 7, 1947, NA, CAB 128/9; Louis (1984), 460.

  67. Dugdale (1973), 249; Times, Feb. 11 and 12, 1947; CM (47), 22 Feb. 14, 1947, NA, CAB 128/9; Newsweek, Feb. 24, 1947; Hurewitz (1976), 272–73.

  68. Treasurer, notes, March 6, 1939, Tegart Papers, II/1; Pimlott (1986), 389–90; Garfield (2004), 343–44, 347–52; Palestine Post, Feb. 12 and 13, 1947; Times, Feb. 14, 1947; Peter Clarke (2008), 476; Harris (1982), 335; Fauvell and Simpson, “History of British Winters.”

  69. CP (47) 49, Feb. 6, 1947, NA, CAB 129/17; Debates, House of Commons, vol. 432, col. 1349, Jan. 31, 1947; Debates, House of Commons, vol. 425, col. 1871 (Dalton), July 23, 1946; Sherman (1997), 190; CM (46) 90, Oct. 24, 1946, NA, CAB 128/6; CM (47) 9, Jan. 17, 1947, NA, CAB 128/9.

  70. Pimlott (1986), 389; Peter Clarke (2008), 471–72; Michael J. Cohen (1982), 30; CM (47) 9, Jan. 17, 1947, NA, CAB 128/9; CM (47) 13, Jan. 28 1947, NA, CAB 128/9; Bullock (1983), 354; Morgan (1984), 333.

  71. Gordon (1969), 132; Morgan (1984), 213; Peter Clarke (2008), 476–77; CM 22 (47), Feb. 14, 1947, NA, CAB 128/9.

  CHAPTER 17: AN INSTRUMENT OF DEATH

  1
. Cunningham to Creech Jones, telegram, Feb. 24, 1947, NA, CO 537/2294; Trevor (1948), 310; Bullock (1983), 367; Peter Clarke (2008), 482–83; Debates, House of Commons, vol. 433, col. 989 (Churchill), Feb. 18, 1947; Debates, House of Commons, vol. 433, col. 1901 (Stanley), cols. 1938–39 (Ayrton Gould), cols. 1978–90 (Crossman), Feb. 24, 1947; Times, Feb. 15, 1947; Palestine Post, Feb. 16, 1947.

  2. CM 22 (47), Feb. 14, 1947, NA, CAB 128/9; Debates, House of Commons, vol. 433, col. 989, Feb. 18, 1947; Cunningham to Creech Jones, telegram, Feb. 24, 1947; telegrams 13 and 14, Feb. 19 and 20, 1947, in Tauber (2012), 68–69; Palestine Post, Feb. 19 and 20, 1947.

  3. Wilson (1949), 112–16; HQ Chief Engineer, Palestine and Transjordan, Palestine Pamphlet: Terrorist Methods with Mines and Booby Traps, Dec. 1946, 5–15, 10.684, CZA; Cunningham to Creech Jones, telegram, April 28, 1947, Cunningham Papers, I/4.

  4. Cunningham to Creech Jones, telegram, Feb. 24, 1947; telegram 15, Feb. 20, 1947, in Tauber (2012), 69; Palestine Post, Feb. 21, 1947.

  5. Wilson (1949), 13, 102–3; Blaxland (1971), 44; J. R. Cochrane (General Staff) to 283 Wing RAF, letter, Feb. 21, 1947, NA, WO 275/86; Palestine Post, March 4, 1947.

  6. Telegram 17, Feb. 28, 1947, in Tauber (2012), 71.

  7. Times, March 3, 1947; Niv (1975), 5:103.

  8. Destruction of the Officers’ Club (n.d.), O’Sullivan Papers; Times, March 3, 1947; Palestine Post, March 2, 1947; telegram 20, March 1, 1947, in Tauber (2012), 72–73; Niv (1975), 5:102–3; “Welcome to the Yeshurun Central Synagogue.”

  9. Cunningham to Creech Jones, telegram, March 2, 1947, NA, CO 537/2299; telegram 22, March 2, 1947, in Tauber (2012), 73–75; Palestine Post, March 2, 1947.

  10. Cunningham to Creech Jones, telegram, March 2, 1947; MacMillan, “Palestine: Narrative of Events from February 1947 Until Withdrawal of All British Troops,” July 3, 1948, MacMillan Papers; First Infantry Report on Operation Elephant, LeRay Papers.

  11. Cunningham to Creech Jones, telegram, March 2, 1947.

  12. MacMillan, “Palestine: Narrative of Events.”

  13. Operation Elephant, April 1947, LeRay Papers; CP (47) 107, March 16, 1947, NA, CAB 129/18; Ben-Gurion to Attlee, telegram, March 18, 1947, NA, FO 371/61900; Trevor (1948), 318n76; Palestine Post and Manchester Guardian, March 4, 1947; Times, March 3, 1947; Palestine Gazette Extraordinary, March 9, 1947, NA, KV 5/30; CP (47) 107, March 26, 1947, NA, CAB 129/18; Operation Elephant, April 1947, LeRay Papers; Gale (1968), 172.

  14. Palestine Post, March 4, 1947; Times, March 17, 1947; Gale (1968), 172; Cunningham to Creech Jones, telegram, March 24, 1947, Cunningham Papers, I/4; Attlee to Crossman, letter, March 31, 1947, Crossman Papers; security meeting, Feb. 5, 1947, Cunning Papers; Director of Plans to Director of Joint Planning, report, March 21, 1947, NA, CO 537/2299.

  15. Cunningham to Creech Jones, telegram, Feb. 13, 1947, NA, CO 537/2299; Dempsey to Montgomery, telegram, July 23, 1946; Sixth Airborne Division, Intelligence Summary 33, March 7, 1947, NA, WO 275/58; Sixth Airborne Division, Intelligence Summary 34, March 14, 1947, NA, WO 275/58.

  16. Cunningham to Creech Jones, telegram, March 3, 1947, NA, CO 537/2299.

  17. Begin (1977a), 93, 326; CP (47) 107, March 16, 1947, NA, CAB 129/18.

  18. Samuel Katz (1968), 124; Begin (1977a), 319.

  19. Sunday Express, March 2, 1947; Manchester Guardian, March 4, 1947.

  20. Debates, House of Commons, vol. 434, cols. 34–37 (Silverman, Pickthorn, Cocks, Lindsay, Mackeson, Nicholson, and Churchill), March 3, 1947.

  21. Palestine Post, March 3, 1947; Wilson (1949), 262; telegrams 23–27, March 4–9, 1947, in Tauber (2012), 75–78; Cunningham to Creech Jones, telegram, March 11, 1947, Cunningham Papers, I/4; Sixth Airborne Division, Intelligence Summary 34, March 14, 1947.

  22. Telegrams 29–33, March 12–17, 1947, in Tauber (2012), 79–82.

  23. Barker to Antonius, March 3, 1947, P/867, ISA; security conference, March 14, 1947, Cunningham Papers, IV/1; CP (47) 95, March 19, 1947, NA, CAB 129/17; Gale (1968), 173; E. M. Fitzgerald, minute, April 3, 1947, NA, CO 537/2287; Cunningham to Creech Jones, telegrams, March 11 and 14, 1947, NA, CO 537/2294; HQ British Troops, G Branch, Historical Record, Jan.–March, 1947, NA, WO 261/566; HQ Palestine, Fortnightly Intelligence Newsletter, March 1–14, 1947, NA, CO 275/64.

  24. Montgomery Diary, pt. 7, chap. 43, “Palestine—February 3–June 21, 1947,” BLM 180/1, Montgomery Papers; Cunningham to Creech Jones, telegram, March 14, 1947, NA, CO 537/2299; Gale (1968), 172–73; Director of Plans to Director of Joint Planning, report, March 21, 1947; Gale (1968), 172–73.

  25. Cunningham to Creech Jones, telegrams, March 15 and 17, 1947, NA, CO 537/2299.

  26. Cunningham to Creech Jones, telegram, March 17, 1947, NA, CO 537/2294; Daily Telegraph and Palestine Post, March 17, 1947; telegram 33, March 17, 1947, in Tauber (2012), 82; HQ Palestine, Fortnightly Intelligence Newsletter 38, March 15–28, 1947, NA, WO 275/64; Trevor (1948), 323; Sixth Airborne Division, Intelligence Summary 35, March 21, 1947, NA, WO 275/58; Ben-Gurion to Attlee, telegram, March 18, 1947.

  27. Cunningham to Creech Jones, telegram, March 16, 1947, NA, CO 537/2299; security conference, March 14, 1947; Operation Elephant, April 1947, NA, WO 261/653; Montgomery, “Palestine—February 3–June 21, 1947.”

  28. CM (47) 30, March 20, 1947, NA, CAB 128/9.

  29. Debates, House of Lords, vol. 146, col. 3, March 3, 1947; CM (47) 30, March 20, 1947, NA, CAB 128/9.

  30. High Commissioner’s Report for Feb. 1947, March 18, 1947, NA, CO 537/2281; Sixth Airborne Division, Intelligence Summary 33, March 7, 1947, NA, WO 261/660; Sixth Airborne Division, Intelligence Summary 35, March 21, 1947; Secretary, Arab Union Club, Haifa, to Cunningham, letter, March 18, 1947, CS D/237/46, ISA; Gurney to Creech Jones, telegram, March 24, 1947, NA, CO 537/2299; Campbell to Bevin, telegram, March 24, 1947, NA, FO 371/61905.

  31. CP (47) 107, March 26, 1947, NA, CAB 128/9; COS (47) 54, April 21, 1947, NA, CO 537/2299.

  32. CM (47) 33, March 27, 1947, NA, CAB 128/9; Montgomery (1958), 423; CM (47) 33, March 27, 1947, NA, CAB 128/9; Cunningham to Gurney, telegram, March 24, 1947, NA, CO 537/2299; JP (47) 38 (0), March 25, 1947, NA, CO 537/2299; CP (47) 107, March 26, 1947, NA, CAB 128/9.

  33. Lloyd Phillips to the Reverend A. Lloyd Phillips, letter, March 2, 1947, Lloyd Phillips Papers; Keating to Cyril Conner (director of Overseas Programme Services, BBC, London), letter, April 23, 1947, Keating Papers, IWM; Cunningham to Creech Jones, telegram, March 13, 1947, NA, FO 371/61905; interview with Ivan Lloyd Phillips (n.d.), Scrivenor Papers.

  34. Chairman and Secretary to Gurney, letter, March 24, 1947, CS D/27/46, ISA; Gray to Gurney, letter, April 17, 1947, CS D/27/46, ISA; Debates, House of Commons vol. 436, col. 45 (Creech Jones to Mellor), April 17, 1947; Keating to Conner, letter, April 23, 1947; Cunningham to Creech Jones, telegram, April 4, 1947, NA, FO 371/61772.

  35. HQ Sixth Airborne Division, Quarterly Historical Report for the Quarter Ending March 31, 1947, NA, WO 261/170; HQ Gaza, Quarterly Historical Report for the Quarter Ending March 31, 1947, April 1, 1947, NA, WO 261/170; Eban to Jewish Agency Executive, Address to the Imperial Defence College, memorandum, March 10, 1947, S 25/6908, CZA; Lieutenant Colonel H. Edinew to Gurney, letter, April 4, 1947, CS D/160/40, ISA; Meyerson to Commander, Eighth Infantry Brigade, letter, April 17, 1947, S 25/6910, CZA.

  36. Tavin and Alexander (1982), 88–89, 95–96, 98–99, 133; “The Soldiers of the Underground to the Soldiers of the Occupation Army,” March 1947, K-4 3/15, JI; “It’s Worth Thinking About,” March 1947, Jerusalem and the East Mission Papers.

  37. Debates, House of Commons, vol. 435, col. 200, March 26, 1947; Debates, House of Commons, vol. 436, col. 1938 (Creech Jones), April 30, 1947; telegrams 35–42, March 19–31, 1947, in Tauber (2012), 86–87; Cunningham to Creech Jones, telegram, March 31, 1947, NA, CO 537/2301; Palestine Post, March 31 and April 1, 1947; Charters (1989), 192; Wilson (1949), 262.

  38. Creech Jones to Dalton, draft letter, March 6, 1947, NA, CO 537/2279; Palestine P
ost, April 1, May 1, and July 1, 1947; Times, April 1 and 18, 1947; Gurney to Creech Jones, April 23, 1947, Cunningham Papers, I/4; John Higham, minutes, April 1 and 18, 1947, NA, CO 537/2279; Cunningham to Creech Jones, letter, April 11, 1947, NA, CO 537/2279; Cunningham to Creech Jones, telegram, April 24, 1947, NA, CO 537/2301; Cunningham to Creech Jones, telegram, April 24, 1947, NA, CO 537/1822; Financial Situation, May 18, 1947, NA, CAB 129/19; minutes by William Mathieson, April 18 and May 3, 1947, John Higham, April 19, 1947, Trafford Smith, April 25 and May 8, 1947, and Sir Thomas Lloyd (permanent undersecretary), May 8, 1947, NA, CO 537/2300; CM (47) 48 May 20, 1947, NA, CAB 128/9; CM (47) 48, May 20, 1947, NA, CAB 128/9; Debates, House of Commons, vol. 435, col. 1871 (Dalton), July 23, 1946, and col. 30 (Wilkes and Alexander), March 17, 1947; Times, Jan. 8, 1947; Gurney to Cunningham, telegram, Jan. 14, 1947, NA, CO 537/2300; Cunningham to Creech Jones, telegram, April 28, 1947.

  39. Trafford Smith, minute, April 25, 1947.

  40. Trafford Smith and Lloyd, minutes, April 25, 1947, NA, CO 537/2300; Trafford Smith, minute, Dec. 10, 1946, NA, CO 537/1825; Martin, minute, Dec. 16, 1946, NA, CO 537/1825.

  41. CM (47) 33, March 27, 1947, NA, CAB 128/9; Gitlin (1974), 15; Montgomery (1958), 423.

  42. Cunningham to Creech Jones, telegram, March 19, 1947, NA, CO 733/477/75156/151A; Debates, House of Commons, vol. 427, col. 90, written answers (Creech Jones), Oct. 10, 1946; Debates, House of Commons, vol. 436, col. 46, written answers (Creech Jones), April 17, 1947; Memorandum on the Comparative Treatment; French (2011), 92; Rymer-Jones Papers, 147; Bevin to Inverchapel, telegram, Jan. 1, 1947, NA, FO 371/61799; Inverchapel to Bevin, telegram, Jan. 6, 1947, NA, FO 371/61799; Inverchapel to Byrnes, letter, Jan. 8, 1947, NA, FO 371/61800; Barker to Antonius, March 24, 1947, P/867, ISA; Manchester Guardian, April 30, 1947.

  43. Army Council Secretariat ACSB/2322, March 20, 1947, NA, WO 32/10260; Montgomery, “Palestine—November 28/December 1, 1946”; MacMillan, “Palestine: Narrative of Events”; CM (47) 33, March 27, 1947, NA, CAB 128/9; COS (47) 54, April 21, 1947, NA, CO 537/2299 75156/175.