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American Uprising

Page 21

by Daniel Rasmussen


  Databases and Web Sites

  American Uprising Slave Database. The database, created by the author, is a cross-reference of the St. Charles Parish Original Acts, encompassing the court trials and reimbursement claims translated by Glen Conrad, the trials from the City Court of New Orleans, as transcribed by Thrasher, and a set of runaway advertisements compiled by Thrasher.

  Declaration of the Rights of Man. Accessed at The Avalon Project, Lillian Goldman Law Library, Yale Law School: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/rightsof.asp.

  Destrehan Plantation. www.destrehanplantation.org/pdf/destrehan brochure.pdf

  Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo. Louisiana Slave Database 1719–1820, in Gwendolyn Midlo Hall, ed., Afro-Louisiana History and Genealogy, 1699–1860. CD-ROM. Baton Rouge: Louisiana University Press, 2000.

  Summer Institute of Linguistics, Inc. (SIL) Aukan–English Dictionary. www.sil.org/americas/suriname/Aukan/English/AukanEngDict Index.html.

  University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law faculty project Web site, www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/shipp/lynchingyear .html.

  Waters, Leon. Hidden History Tours. “Tours.” www.historyhidden .com/tours (accessed February 12, 2009).

  Index

  The pagination of this electronic edition does not match the edition from which it was created. To locate a specific passage, please use the search feature of your e-book reader.

  abolitionists, 178

  Abraham (slave), 124

  Adams, Henry, 59

  Adams-Onis Treaty, 184, 185

  Africa

  chanting in, 42

  embrenche (ritual scar) of, 25

  military oaths in, 36

  slaves from, 17–18, 20, 25, 40–41, 53, 90 (see also specific countries)

  African Americans

  and Bureau of Colored Troops, 195

  and civil rights movement, 214–17

  Congressional Medals of Honor awarded to, 195

  and constitutional amendments, 198

  courage of, 195–96, 198

  legally free, 197, 198

  lynchings of, 216

  in Reconstruction period, 205

  and segregation, 211–15

  violence against, 216

  volunteers to U.S. Army, 190–98

  Afro-American History Society, 201–2

  Akan people, 22, 23

  blood markings of, 86, 106

  Cuban revolt of, 35

  and guerilla warfare, 90

  in New Orleans revolt, 106–7

  New York revolt of, 36

  See also Asante kingdom

  Alabama National Guard, 214

  Amar (slave), 156, 240n15

  American expansionism

  and Civil War, 186

  and Claiborne, 68, 169

  driven by fear, 176

  in Florida (see Florida)

  in history, 210

  and Indian Removal, 184–85

  and Madison, 63, 186

  in Texas, 185

  and war with Mexico, 185, 186

  Americanization

  costs of, 163

  of Louisiana, 54–56, 159, 167

  American Revolution, 53, 54

  Andry, Gilbert, 98, 99, 100, 110, 128, 135, 136

  Andry, Manuel, 71–81

  and counterattack, 137, 140

  Deslondes as slave driver for, 74–81

  Deslondes’ attack on, 85, 99

  escape of, 99–100, 131, 135, 136

  help sought by, 135–36

  mansion of, 71–72, 99–101, 135–36

  and reprisals, 149, 153, 157, 206

  slave attack on, 98–100

  and slave trial, 153

  slave uprising plotted at plantation of, 86, 127

  Aponte Rebellion, Cuba, 98

  Aptheker, Herbert, American Negro Slave Revolts, 208–9

  Articles of Confederation, C.S.A., 188

  Asante kingdom

  heritage of, 106–7

  slaves from, 20, 22, 106

  Augustin (slave), 124, 234n126

  Baptiste (slave), 240n15

  Barry, John M., Rising Tide, 9

  Baton Rouge, takeover of, 65–68, 70

  Bay of Pigs, Cuba, 215

  Bayou Teche plantation, 193

  Bazile (slave), 126–27

  Bébé (dancing master), 14

  Bernoudy, Bernard, 107, 108

  Bernoudy plantation, 108, 124, 130, 137, 151

  Bight of Benin, slaves from, 23

  Bight of Biafra, slaves from, 23

  Black Mother, 229n80

  Black Power, 215, 216

  Black Workers Congress, 201

  Bois-Caiman, Haiti, revolt in, 43

  Bonaparte, Joseph, 62

  Bonaparte, Napoleon, 44, 46, 51–52

  Bonnie Blue Flag, 66

  Boukman (slave), 43

  Britain

  and Prospect Bluff fort, 182–83

  and slave revolt threats, 172

  treason in, 239n149

  and War of 1812, 179–82

  Brown, James

  at Claiborne meeting, 168

  Deslondes’ visits to, 83

  Kook and Quamana purchased by, 33

  plantation of, 32, 86–87, 105–6, 108

  and slave meetings, 86–87

  as U.S. senator, 178

  Brown v. Board of Education, 211

  Bureau of Colored Troops, 195

  Burr, Aaron, 67

  Butler, Benjamin, 190, 191, 192

  Butler and McCutcheon plantation, 124

  Caribbean Sea, map, 5

  Carnival (1811), 11

  crowning of the leader in, 21

  and King and Queen of the Twelfth Cakes, 13

  and King’s Ball, 13

  Carolina, 23

  Carter, Harvey, 120

  Cesar (slave), 158

  Charbonnet estate, 156

  Charles (slave of Kenner and Henderson plantation), 127

  Charleston, South Carolina, slave trade in, 24, 30

  Chelemagne (slave), 125

  Choctaw Indians, 237n141

  Christien, Madame, 158

  civil rights movement, 214–17

  Civil War, U.S.

  at Bull Run, 188

  and expansionism, 186

  and secession, 188

  and slavery, 197–98

  and slave volunteers to Union army, 190–98

  and U.S. Navy on Mississippi River, 188–90

  Claiborne, Eliza, 59–60

  Claiborne, Nathaniel, 59

  Claiborne, William C. C., 52–60

  American culture glorified by, 54, 159, 170, 185–86, 206

  and American expansionism, 68, 169

  on criminality, 159–61, 206

  early years of, 53–54

  federal militia called by, 142, 169

  government control promoted by, 162–63

  as governor of Louisiana, 52–53, 55–56, 59, 60, 162

  history written by, 68, 204, 206, 207

  and Louisiana statehood, 177–79

  martial law declared by, 170–73

  and New Orleans defense, 120–21, 142

  New Orleans lockdown ordered by, 117–19

  newspaper attacks on, 59–60

  official reports from, 120, 159, 161, 162

  opponents of, 56–60

  on planter violence, 205

  reforms introduced by, 174–76

  speech by, 168–71

  and state constitution, 177

  and U.S. Congress, 162, 178

  and West Florida, 61, 62–64, 66–68, 183

  Clapion, Madame, 141

  Coffy (maroon), 125

  Cole, James “Catfish,” 212, 213

  Communist movement, 204, 208–9

  Confederate States of America (C.S.A.), 188, 192

  Congressional Medal of Honor, 195

  Conrad, Joseph, 147

  Constitution, U.S.

  civil rights amendments to, 198
<
br />   on domestic insurrections, 173

  Second Amendment to, 170

  Creek Indians, 184

  Creoles, 55, 56, 88, 90, 200

  Croaker (slave), 127

  Cuba

  Bay of Pigs in, 215

  slave revolt in, 35, 98

  and West Florida, 67

  Cupidon (slave), 153–54, 155

  Dagobert (slave), 154, 155, 234n126, 240n15

  Dahomey, kingdom of, 22

  Daniel (slave), 124, 158

  d’Arensbourg family, 136

  d’Arensbourg plantation, 88

  Dawson (slave), 124

  Declaration of Independence, U.S., 172

  Declaration of the Rights of Man (French Revolution), 89

  Deep South

  civil rights movement in, 214–15

  economic boom of, 178–79

  Ku Klux Klan in, 212–13

  Reconstruction in, 205

  segregation in, 211–15

  Deep South (cont.)

  white supremacy in, 169, 204, 205, 206–7, 212

  Delery family, 136

  Deslondes, Charles

  communication network of, 83, 85

  death of, 142, 187

  denounced in slave trial, 154

  fleeing into the swamps, 140, 141

  paternity of, 84

  revolt plotted by, 85, 86, 90-91, 154, 181, 240n15

  revolt started by, 97–103, 110

  and slave army, 97–103, 110, 126, 130, 135, 216

  as slave driver, 74–81, 85

  and Trépagnier estate, 80–81, 83

  Dessalines, Jean-Jacques, 45–46

  Destrehan, Jean Noël

  and Claiborne as governor, 56

  Claiborne’s report to, 159–60

  education of, 14

  on Epiphany Sunday (1811), 11–14

  lifestyle of, 15, 16

  mansion of, 14, 125

  marriage of, 14

  opposition to Claiborne, 57–59

  as president of legislative council, 168

  production system pioneered by, 76–77

  and slavery, 17–18, 78

  and state militia, 171

  staying to fight, 121

  as sugar planter, 14–15, 16–17, 48

  as U.S. senator, 178

  wealth of, 16, 18

  Destrehan de Beaupré, Jean Baptiste Honoré, 14

  Destrehan plantation

  modern-day tours of, 200–201

  slave cabin of, 200

  slave revolt at, 110–11

  slaves imprisoned at, 140, 151–52

  slave trials in, 152–57

  Diligent, 29–30

  Dominique (slave), 107-8, 232n108

  Dorvin family, 136

  Douglass, Frederick, 192

  Dred Scott case, 197

  Elisha (slave driver), 127

  Emancipation Proclamation, 191, 192–95, 216

  Ephraim (slave), 124

  Epiphany Sunday (1811), 11–14, 20

  Equiano, Olaudah, 25–28

  African life of, 25–27

  capture of, 27–28

  Étienne (slave), 156, 158

  Eugene (slave), 155, 240n15

  Fanti dialect, 22

  farmers, definitions of, 186

  Farragut, David, 188–90

  First Louisiana Native Guard, 196

  Florida

  and Adams-Onis Treaty, 184

  free blacks and runaway slaves in, 62, 63

  Native Americans in, 62, 183

  Prospect Bluff fort in, 182–83, 186

  Spanish territory of, 61–63, 182, 183

  U.S. conquest of, 183, 184

  (see also West Florida)

  Fortier, Adelard, 105

  Fortier, Cadet, 127

  Fortier plantation, 128–31

  Fort Jackson, 188–90

  Fort St. Philip, 188–90

  France

  conquest of Spain by, 62, 63

  Haiti as colony of, 39–40, 44

  Louisiana Territory sold by, 51–52

  Napoleon’s army in, 44–45

  revolutionary influences from, 89–90

  and slave revolt in Haiti, 44–45

  slavery abolished by, 89

  François (slave), 104–5, 125

  Free-Soilers, 178

  French Revolution, 89, 90, 102

  Gallifet plantation, 41

  Garrett (slave), 124

  Garvey, Marcus, 216

  Gayarré, Charles, 205–6, 207

  German Coast of Louisiana, 10–11

  decapitated heads on display in, 148–49, 169

  map, 95

  modern-day tours of, 200–201

  plantations of, 32, 72–73

  Red Church in, 11, 110, 125

  slave revolt in (see January 8–29 dates; slave army)

  slaves socializing in, 34

  slave system in, 17, 18

  Gilbert (slave), 158

  Gold Coast, slaves from, 23

  Grand Pré, Louis de, 65–66

  Greeley, Horace, 197

  Griffe, Pierre, 142

  Guiam (slave), 127

  Gulf of Mexico

  map, 5

  and Mississippi River, 47

  Gustave (slave), 108, 109

  Haiti, 39–49

  as French colony, 39–40, 44

  republic of, 45–46, 47

  slave revolt in, 37, 42–45, 48, 49, 89, 90, 101, 102, 110, 117, 150, 206

  yellow fever in, 45

  Hambleton, Samuel, 148

  Hampton, Wade

  at Fortier plantation, 129, 130

  and New Orleans defense, 118, 119–21, 143–44

  and West Florida, 117

  Harry (slave), 127, 154, 230n87, 240n15

  Havana, slave trade in, 30

  Hector (slave), 158

  Henderson (Kenner and Henderson plantation), 87, 127

  Henderson, Stephen, 32

  Hidden History Tours, 201

  Hitler, Adolf, 208

  Hotard family, 136

  Hugo, Victor, 74

  Igbo people, 25

  Indian Removal (1830), 184–85

  Jackson, Andrew

  Native Americans eliminated by, 184–85, 186

  at Prospect Bluff, 182–83, 186

  and War of 1812, 180–81, 182

  Jacob (slave), 122, 187

  Jacobinism, 89

  Jamaica, slave trade in, 229n80

  January 8, 1811

  at Andry mansion, 99–101, 135–36

  at Bernoudy plantation, 108, 130, 137

  at Brown plantation, 105–6, 108

  at Destrehan plantation, 110–11

  January 8, 1811 (cont.)

  final preparations for attack, 97–99

  initial attacks, 99–103

  at Labranche plantation, 104–5, 108

  march toward New Orleans, 110–11

  at Pain plantation, 108

  at Rilleaux plantation, 108

  slave involvement in revolt, 107, 110, 128

  slaves choosing not to fight, 104, 107–8, 125

  at Trépagnier estate, 107–9, 110, 126

  at Trouard plantation, 103

  January 9, 1811

  Claiborne’s response, 117–19, 121

  at Fortier plantation, 128–31

  Hampton’s troops, 119–20, 121, 129–30, 143–44

  at Kenner and Henderson plantation, 127

  maroons joining the insurrection, 125

  at Meuillion plantation, 126–27

  New Orleans defense, 119–21

  New Orleans in chaos, 115–16, 117

  New Orleans lockdown, 117–19

  planters’ defense, 121–22, 128, 129–30, 143

  refugees fleeing into the city, 116–17

  slave march toward New Orleans, 123–31, 137

  January 10, 1811

  Andry’s actions, 135–37

  battle of planters vs. slave army, 135–42

&nb
sp; federal reinforcements called in, 142–44

  maintaining order, 144

  at Perret plantation, 135–36

  slaves captured, 140, 142

  slaves fleeing into swamps, 140–42

  January 12–21, 1811

  Claiborne’s response, 159–63

  heads on display, 147–51

  newspaper reports, 161

  order restored through death, 157–59

  Orleans Territory court system, 160–61

  slaves on trial, 151–59, 160

  January 29, 1811

  Claiborne’s speeches, 167–71

  martial law declared, 170–73

  planters paid for slaves killed, 174–76

  slave liberties curtailed, 174

  slave trade restrictions, 175–76

  Jasmin (slave), 125

  Jean (slave), 158, 240n15

  Jefferson, Thomas, 47, 61, 64

  and French culture in Louisiana, 54, 55

  and Louisiana Purchase, 51–52

  on white agrarian settlements, 184, 185–86

  Jerry (blacksmith), 127

  Jerry (slave), 158

  Jessamine (slave), 158

  Jewish activism, 208

  John (slave), 158

  Johnson, Isaac, 66

  Johnson, Octave, 194–95

  José I, king of Kongo, 23

  Joseph (coachman, Kenner and Henderson plantation), 127

  Joseph (slave, Trépagnier estate), 156

  Joseph the Spaniard, 34

  Kendall, John, “Shadow over the City,” 207, 208

  Kenner, Harry, 87, 127, 154

  Kenner, William, 32

  Kenner and Henderson plantation, 87, 127

  King, Martin Luther Jr., 214–15, 216

  King’s Ball, New Orleans, 13

  Kingston, slave trade in, 30

  Kongo

  civil wars in, 23, 90

  insurrectionary traditions of, 88, 90

  military ruse in, 130

  slaves from, 20

  Kook

  Asante heritage of, 106–7

  birth of, 22

  capture of, 140, 151

  and Deslondes, 83, 86

  execution of, 157, 187

  fomenting unrest, 21–25, 33–34, 35–37, 86–87, 91, 181, 240n15

  forced migration of, 23, 24

  and master’s departure, 106

  purchase of, 32–33

  and slave army, 110, 126, 216

  Trépagnier murdered by, 109

  trial of, 151–57

  Ku Klux Klan (KKK), 212–13

  Kwaku. See Kook

  Kwaku Anansi (trickster), 22

  Kwamina. See Quamana

  Labranche, Alexandre, 104–5, 108

  crossing the river, 125

  staying to fight, 121

  Labranche, Hermogène, 105

  Laclaverie, Mr., house burned, 128, 154

  Lafayette, Marquis de, 52

  Lafitte, Jean, 181

  L’Ami des Lois, 11

 

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