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American Uprising

Page 22

by Daniel Rasmussen

Latrobe, Benjamin, 77

  LeClerc, Charles Victor Emmanuel, 44, 45

  Lincoln, Abraham, 192, 193–94, 195–96, 197

  Lindor (coachman), 127

  Lindor, Gros, 125, 155

  Lindor, Petit, 125

  Livingston, Robert, 51–52

  Louis (slave), 155

  Louisiana

  attempted Americanization of, 54–56, 159, 167

  brutal slave conditions in, 48–49

  Claiborne as governor of, 52–53, 55–56, 59, 60, 162

  constitution of, 177

  court system of, 160–61

  and Deep South economy, 178–79

  environment of, 77

  foreign culture of, 52, 54, 55–59

  French Creoles in, 55, 56

  French sale of, 51–52

  German Coast of, 10–11

  history of, 205–6

  martial law in, 170–73

  and Mississippi River, 46, 47

  oral history in, 203

  secession of, 188

  slave trade in, 175–76

  slave trials in, 151–57

  statehood of, 162, 177–79, 185

  state militia in, 171–72

  sugar production in, 47–48, 52

  territory of, 51–52

  Louisiana (cont.)

  and U.S. Navy, 188–90

  and War of 1812, 180–82

  white supremacy in, 169, 204, 205, 206–7

  Louisiana Courier, 161

  Louisiana Gazette, 171, 175

  Louisiana Purchase, 51–52, 63

  Madison, James, 56, 58, 172

  and expansionism, 63, 186

  and War of 1812, 180, 181

  Major (hostler), 127

  Malcolm X, 214

  Malo, Juan, 88–89

  maroon colonies

  formation of, 88

  influence of, 90

  joining the revolt, 125

  Martin, François-Xavier, 119n233

  Marxist ideology, 202–3

  Mathurin (slave), 103, 154

  McDonogh, John, 71

  Meuillion plantation, 87, 126–27

  Mexico

  and Adams-Onis Treaty, 184

  and Texas, 185

  U.S. war with, 185, 186

  Milton, Major, 143

  Mingo (slave), 124

  Mississippi River, 9–10, 46–47, 63

  as channel of commerce, 10, 47

  levees of, 72

  New Orleans control of, 46

  today, 199

  U.S. Navy in Civil War on, 188–90

  Monroe, James, 52, 183–84, 186

  Monroe, North Carolina, segregation in, 211–15

  Moore, Larry, 65

  Mooreland plantation, 193

  mosquitoes, 77

  NAACP, in Monroe, North Carolina, 211–14

  Natchez Indians, 237n141

  National Intelligencer, 161

  National Rifle Association, 212

  Native Americans

  heads on poles, 239n149

  Indian Removal (1830), 184–85

  settlement in Florida, 62, 183

  slavery among, 237n141

  Trail of Tears, 186

  U.S. elimination of, 183, 184–85, 186

  and War of 1812, 179, 181

  Nazi Germany, 208

  Nede (slave), 156

  New Orleans

  Afro-American History Society of, 201–2

  armed resistance in, 88

  Battle of, in War of 1812, 179–82

  Calaboose in, 157

  decapitated heads on display in, 148–49, 150

  diverse population of, 53, 55–57, 59, 88

  federal troops permanently stationed in, 172–73, 180

  history written in, 207

  on January 9, 115–21

  King’s Ball in, 13

  map, 95

  market in, 19–20

  martial law in, 170–73

  Mississippi River controlled by, 46

  Place d’Armes in, 20

  refugees fleeing to, 116–17

  restoring order in, 144, 150–51, 157

  slave communication networks in, 87–88

  slave revolt (1795) in, 150

  slave trade in, 23, 31–33, 49, 179, 186

  slave trials in, 157–59

  socializing in, 35, 57

  stabilization of, 174–76

  sugar planting in, 15

  and U.S. Navy, 188–90

  vulnerability of, 119–20, 207

  waterfront of, 31

  New York, slave revolt in, 36

  New York Times, 208

  Nigeria, slaves from, 25

  Nontoun (slave), 127

  Northup, Solomon, 73, 77, 140, 141–42, 177

  Orleans Gazette for the Country, 53

  Orleans Territory, 63, 90, 160, 162

  Oyo empire, Dahomey, 22

  Pain, Pierre, 108

  Paquette, Robert, 209

  Perret, Charles, 135–36, 137, 140, 141, 144

  Perry (slave), 124

  Peter (slave), 127

  Phillips, Ulrich B., American Negro Slavery, 206–7, 208, 209

  Phillips, Wendell, 84

  Pierre (slave), 104, 231-32n104, 240n15

  planters. See sugar planters

  Pointe Coupée, slave conspiracy at, 89

  Polk, James K.

  and expansionism, 186

  and war with Mexico, 185

  Prospect Bluff, Florida, 182–83, 186

  Quamana

  Asante heritage of, 106–7

  birth of, 22

  capture of, 140, 151

  and Deslondes, 83, 86

  execution of, 157, 187

  fomenting unrest, 21-25, 33-34, 35-37, 86-87, 91, 181, 240n15

  forced migration of, 23, 24

  and master’s departure, 106

  purchase of, 32–33

  and slave army, 110, 126, 216

  trial of, 151–57

  Reconstruction, 205

  Reine, Pierre, 128, 154

  Republican Party, 197

  Rice, Spotswood, 196

  Rilleaux, Delhommes, 108

  Rixner family, 136

  Robaine (slave), 156

  Rochambeau, comte de, 45

  Rubin (maroon), 125

  Saint Domingue. See Haiti

  St. Malo, 88–89

  St. Martin, Pierre Bauchet, 152

  St. Martin family, 136

  Second Amendment, 170

  Seminole Indians, 184

  Senegambia, slaves from, 23

  Shaw, John, 119–20, 148, 151, 158

  Simon (slave), 124, 234n124

  Skipwith, Fulwar, 64–67

  slave army

  decapitation of, 140, 142, 147–51, 152, 157, 159, 169

  executions of, 157

  federal militia called against, 142–44

  initial attacks by, 97–111, 216

  slave army (cont.)

  January 10 battle, 135–42

  leaders identified in trial, 156

  march toward New Orleans, 110–11, 115–31, 137

  reprisals against, 142–44, 147–49, 157–60, 169

  slave drivers

  authority of, 74, 78, 84

  communication networks of, 81

  Deslondes, 74–81, 85

  functions of, 77–78, 80

  punishments meted out by, 78–80

  travels of, 80–81

  slave revolts

  activist historians’ studies of, 204, 208–9

  British crown’s threat of, 172

  in Cuba, 35, 98

  and Deslondes. See Deslondes, Charles

  fears of, 172–73, 181, 182, 183, 207

  as fight for freedom, 216–17

  government protection against, 173

  in Haiti, 37, 42–45, 48, 49, 89, 90, 101, 102, 110, 117, 150, 206

  keeping memory alive, 201–2

  modern-day cover-up of, 199–210

  in New Orle
ans (1795), 150

  in New Orleans (1811) (see January 8–29 dates; slave army)

  Pointe Coupée conspiracy of, 89

  punishments for, 98, 170

  on slave ships, 28–29

  strategic impact of, 203, 207, 210

  talk about, 77–78, 80, 89–90

  war oaths sworn in, 36

  slavery

  chattel system of, 17

  and Civil War, 197–98

  contemporary histories of, 205–9

  death as endemic to, 24, 41, 49

  depicted in modern-day tours, 200–201

  and Emancipation Proclamation, 191, 192–95

  as fact of life, 170, 174–76

  and “farmers,” 186

  New Orleans trade in, 23, 31–33, 49, 179, 186

  opposition to system, 178

  status and wealth linked with, 16, 193

  and sugar planting, 15–16, 17–18

  and Supreme Court, 197

  slaves

  African, 17–18, 20, 25, 40–41, 53, 90

  as cargo, 24

  coercion of, 15, 17–18, 41, 74, 78–80

  communication networks of, 29, 33, 34, 81, 86–88, 102, 104

  dances of, 20–21, 34, 35

  diseases of, 77

  and doctors, 126

  fomenting unrest among, 21–25, 33–34, 35–37, 86–87

  forced migration of, 23, 24, 28–29, 40–41

  freed, returned to slavery, 183

  government protection from, 172

  headmen, 36

  joining Union army, 190–98

  labor of, 73–74, 75

  as messengers, 34

  military-style discipline of, 75

  music of, 20

  populations of, 17, 179

  as property, 16, 41

  punishments of, 29–30, 41, 43, 49, 74, 78–80

  redistribution of, 34

  refusing to fight, 104, 107–8, 125

  relationships between, 83–84

  religious ceremonies of, 43

  rented out, 34

  restrictions on liberties of, 174

  return on investment in, 80

  runaway, 62, 63, 88, 182–83

  skin color of, 84

  smuggled in by pirates, 175–76

  socializing, 20–21, 34, 35

  in specific national groups, 36

  torture devices used on, 79

  trials of, 153–56, 157–59, 160

  and U.S. Civil War, 190–98

  vegetable gardens of, 19–20

  white owners having sex with, 84

  women, 30, 81, 83, 84

  Smillet (slave), 127

  Spain

  Adams-Onis Treaty with, 184

  civil unrest in, 62

  colonies of, 182, 183

  French conquest of, 62, 63

  militia attack on maroon insurrection, 88–89

  territories usurped by U.S., 183–84

  and West Florida, 61–63, 68, 182, 183

  Stevenson, Adlai E., 216

  sugar

  price of, 32

  production process of, 74–76

  sugar cane, 76–77

  sugar mill, 76

  sugar plantations

  and emancipation, 193–94

  expansion of the system, 177–78

  as factories, 72, 73

  mansions of, 71–72

  as military-style camps, 78

  overseers of, 73–74

  slave quarters of, 73

  and U.S. Civil War, 191

  sugar planters, 14–18

  compensation for property losses, 174–76

  counterattack by, 121–22, 128, 129–30, 136–42, 143

  daily routine of, 16–17

  fleeing the slave revolt, 104–6, 108, 123, 128

  in Louisiana, 47–48, 52

  meeting with Claiborne, 168–71

  newspaper critiques of, 161

  profits of, 15, 16, 18, 32, 41, 49

  reprisals of, 142–44, 147–49, 205

  and slavery, 15–16, 17–18

  and slave trials, 152–57, 162

  volunteer corps of, 170–71, 180

  and War of 1812, 180–82

  and white supremacy, 205, 207

  Tacky (Coromantee slave), 150

  Taney, Robert, 197

  Texas

  and Adams-Onis Treaty, 184, 185

  U.S. annexation of, 185

  Theodore (slave), 158

  Thomassin, M., murder of, 142

  Thompson, Charles, 120

  Thrasher, Albert, On to New Orleans!, 202–3

  Toussaint L’Ouverture, François-Dominique, 44, 45

  Trail of Tears, 186

  Trask estate, 156

  Trépagnier, François

  death of, 109, 110, 128, 142, 154, 155, 206

  Gayarré’s story about, 205–6

  grave of, 125, 206

  and slave revolt, 108

  standing to fight, 108–9, 136

  Trépagnier estate

  Deslondes’ travel to, 80–81, 83, 86

  Dominique’s warning at, 107–8

  slave revolt at, 107–9, 110, 126

  Trépagnier family, 32, 108

  Trouard, Achille, 103

  Trouard estate, 158

  Troxler family, 136

  Trudeau, René

  and Jacob (slave), 122

  staying to fight, 121

  Turner, Nat, 209

  Twi dialect, 22

  Union League, 216

  United States (schooner), 23

  Universal African Legion, 216

  U.S. Army

  Bureau of Colored Troops, 195

  and slave revolt, 161

  slave volunteers to, 190–98

  U.S. Navy, 188–90

  U.S. Supreme Court:

  Brown v. Board of Education, 211

  Dred Scott, 197

  and integration, 214

  Vaudreuil, Marquis de, 14

  War of 1812, Battle of New Orleans, 179–82

  Washington, D.C., in War of 1812, 180, 182

  Waters, Leon, 201–2

  West Florida, 61–70

  Claiborne’s plan to topple, 61, 62–64, 66–68, 183

  and Louisiana Purchase, 63

  Republic of, 66, 69

  resistance in, 69–70

  Skipwith’s takeover of, 64–67

  as Spanish territory, 61–63

  U.S. annexation of, 68–69, 117, 160, 168–69, 183

  U.S. military force in, 120, 143

  Wykoff’s plan for, 63–64

  Wilkes, Joe, 124

  Wilkinson, James, 55, 56

  Williams, Mabel, 211

  Williams, Robert F., 211–16, 217

  Wimprenn, Hans, 142

  Windward Coast, slaves from, 23

  Wykoff, William Jr., 63–64

  Zamora family, 136

  Zenon (slave), 154, 240n15

  Copyright

  AMERICAN UPRISING. Copyright © 2011 by Daniel Rasmussen. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the non-exclusive, non-transferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, down-loaded, decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.

  FIRST EDITION

  Maps by Nick Springer, Springer Cartographics LLC.

  * * *

  Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

  Rasmussen, Daniel.

  American uprising : the untold story of America’s largest slave revolt / Daniel Rasmussen. — 1st ed.

  p. cm.

  Includes bibliographical references and index.

  ISBN 978-0-06-199521-7

  EPu
b Edition © 2010 ISBN: 9780062084354

  1. Slave insurrections—Louisiana—New Orleans Region—History—19th century. 2. New Orleans Region (La.)—History—19th century. 3. Slavery—Louisiana—New Orleans Region—History—19th century. 4. African Americans—Louisiana—New Orleans Region—History—19th century. 5. New Orleans Region (La.)—Race relations. I. Title.

  F379.N557R37 2011

  976.'03—dc22

  2010017855

  * * *

  11 12 13 14 15 OV/RRD 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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