The World War II Chronicles

by William Craig

  Pravda, 34–35, 58, 60, 68–69, 97, 103, 110, 369

  prison camps, Soviet, xiii, 304, 363, 387, 389, 396, 435, 437; German survivors, 397

  prisoners of war: casualties among, 388, 389, 390; German, 362, 364, 388, 394, 402, 435–437; guidelines on care of, 326–327; interrogation of, 133, 265; Italian, 264, 275, 277, 281, 300, 363; killing of, 10, 188, 189, 380, 381, 388, 399; political indoctrination of, 393; repatriation of, 394–395, 396, 397, 399, 401–402, 403, 435–437; rioting by, 363; Rumanian, 184, 187–188, 363; Russian, 5, 40, 41, 71, 184, 202, 327–329. See also cannibalism

  propaganda: German, 161, 195, 295, 367; Soviet, 125, 149, 291, 305, 323, 324

  prostitution, 169–170

  Pugachev, Yemelyan, 29

  Pugliese, Dr. Vincenzo, 392, 406

  Pushkin Street, 58

  Pushkinskaya Street, 30, 93

  quartermasters, German, 112, 113, 142, 164, 184, 189, 238, 298, 352, 359–360

  radio communications: German, 140, 184, 335, 346, 353–354, 355–356; monitoring of Soviet by Germans, 234; in spy network, 23; Soviet, 76, 126–127, 134, 175, 384

  Radio Moscow, 39

  Rado, Alexander, 23

  railroads, 69, 113, 149. See also trains

  Railroad Station Number One, 34, 54, 92, 96, 100

  Rastenburg, Nazi headquarters at, 163, 192, 199, 200, 206, 207, 210, 232, 274, 299

  rations, cutting of, 220, 226, 233

  Razin, Stenka, 29

  Red Army, xi, 4, 9, 19, 20, 22–23, 70, 71, 212, 229, 325–326, 378–379

  ARMIES: First Guards, 71; First Tank, 4, 41; Second Guards, 232, 234, 258, 336; Third Guards, 264, 280; Fifth Tank, 179–180, 183; Twenty-first, 180, 183, 218; Twenty-fourth, 218; Sixty-second, 4, 39–40, 41, 73, 76, 80, 81, 125, 136, 146, 151, 176, 205–206, 218, 234, 284, 316, 386, 398

  CORPS: Fourth Mechanized (Tank), 173, 174, 191, 202; Thirteenth Mechanized, 191; Twenty-fourth Tank, 301, 302

  DIVISIONS: Thirteenth Guards, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96–97, 102, 104, 119–120, 368, 398, 402; Thirty-fifth Guards, 63, 82; Thirty-seventh Guards, 134, 136, 150; Thirty-ninth Guards, 123; Fifty-seventh, 218; Sixty-fourth, 72, 73, 84, 90, 218, 378; Sixty-fifth, 218, 368; Sixty-sixth, 72, 218; Eighty-seventh, 241; Ninety-fifth, 123, 150; One Hundred Twelfth, 123; One Hundred Eighteenth, 150, 159, 284; One Hundred Ninety-fourth, 123; Two Hundred Eighth, surrender of, 33, 75; Two Hundred Eighty-fourth Siberian, 103–104, 106, 120, 121, 122, 127, 150, 169, 396; Three Hundred Eighth, 123, 135, 150

  BRIGADES: Fourteenth Motor Artillery, 194; Twentieth Motorized, 45; Twenty-sixth Armored, 196, 197–198

  REGIMENTS: Fifty-third Mortar, 242; One Hundred Eighteenth, 157 See also Big Saturn; Little Saturn; Operation Uranus; STAVKA

  Red Army High Command, 19, 151, 179, 187, 217–218

  “Red House,” battle for, 155

  Red October Plant, 36, 69, 99, 106, 122, 123, 125, 126, 128, 133, 175, 286, 287, 324, 386; battle for, 135, 137, 284

  “Red Orchestra,” 23

  Red Star, 121

  refugees, xiii, xiv, 34, 165

  Reichenau, Field Marshal Walther von, 10

  Rentsch, Dr. Herbert, 116, 166, 221, 318, 360, 406

  Rettenmaier, Maj. Eugen, 155, 186, 225–226, 261

  Reuber, Dr. Kurt, 292–293

  Reutlingen, 270, 271

  Reymann, Lt. Georg, 339

  Rhine River, 115

  Richthofen, Gen. Freiherr von, 61, 131–132, 148, 154, 159, 163, 183, 193, 217, 245, 273, 280, 293, 295, 351

  Rimsky-Korsakov School of Music, 42

  Ritter Kreuz, Order of, 112

  rockets, Russian, 138–139, 224, 276, 291, 315

  Rodenburg, Gen. Carl, 114, 333, 335, 374, 401, 406

  Rodimtsev, Gen. Alexander Ilyich, 89, 94–95, 108, 113, 119, 136, 146, 368, 385–386, 402

  Rokossovsky, Gen. Konstantin, 117, 172, 203, 232, 234, 301–302, 316, 320, 325, 402

  Rolik group, 160

  Romanenko, Gen., 183

  Rome, xiii, 305, 306

  Rommel, Gen. Edwin, 153, 181, 232

  Rosati, Col., 306

  Rosenfeld, Col. Lothar, 303, 350

  Roske, Gen., 376, 378

  Rossler, Rudolf, 23–24, 402, 422–423. See also “Lucy”

  Rossoshka, 49

  Rostov, 3, 20, 78, 212, 214, 265, 281, 301, 310, 320, 400

  Rudnia 43

  Rumania, 9

  Rumanian Army, xiv, 13, 14, 159, 175, 183, 186, 188, 189, 213, 220, 273, 309; Third, 14, 149, 179, 179–180, 182, 201; Fourth, 187, 201–202, 214; troops taken prisoner, 363, 393

  Russia, Czarist, x, 28–29

  Russian Civil War, 20, 30, 103

  Rynok, 52, 124, 172–173, 186

  Salsk, 291, 294

  Sarayev, Col., 90

  Sarpa Lake, 187

  Sarpinsky Island, 37, 109

  Sascha, Oberleutnant, 353

  Sazakin (militiaman), 69

  Schacty, 346

  Scheibert, Lt. Horst, 236–237, 256

  Schlömer, Gen., 366, 369

  Schmidt, Gen. Arthur, 12, 114, 147, 190, 246, 300, 334, 336, 350, 354, 396, 406, 434; coolness noted, 175, 186, 193; on mutinous generals, 369; leadership of Sixth Army assumed by, 366, 402; on possible breakout, 196–197, 247, 249; secret inquiries on capitulation, 372; surrender negotiated, 375–376, 378; suspicions of Zitzewitz, 211, 303; teletype conversations with Army Group Don, 256–257, 259–261, 267–268, 269–270, 273–274, 290–291, 293–295; undue influence on Paulus alleged, 249, 402

  Schmundt, Gen., 344, 356

  Schröter, Heinz, 195, 196, 406

  Schulz, Gen., 249, 256–257, 259–260, 267–268, 269–270, 273, 290–291, 293–295, 300

  Schutzstaffeln (SS), 11, 291

  Schwäbisch Gmünd, 314, 396

  Schwarz, Grefreiter (Lance Cpl.), 342

  secret police: German, 23, 43–44; Soviet, 398. See also NKVD

  Seidel, Maj., 353

  self-inflicted wounds, 353–354

  Selle, Col. Herbert, 155, 157, 333, 334, 357–358, 402

  Serafimovich, 14, 149, 158, 161, 179, 188, 214, 245, 262

  Sety, 44, 45, 142

  Sevastopol, 215, 379

  “Severity Order,” 10–11, 12

  Seydlitz-Kurzbach, Gen. Walther, 13, 190, 204, 205, 207, 208, 215–216, 311, 317, 366, 369, 371, 379–382, 403

  sharpshooters, 121–122, 145, 403–404; German-Russian duel, 127–130. See also snipers

  Shumilov, Gen. Mikhail, 83, 378

  Siberia, 9, 103, 121; prison camps, xiii, 388, 400. See also Red Army (284th Siberian Division)

  Sicherheitdienst (SD), 11

  Sickenius, Col., 47, 353

  Sixth Army, German, 4, 8, 47; breakdown of, 288, 349–350, 351; casualties, 111, 260; command, 9, 10–13, 49, 147–148, 163; control of Volga, 80, 110; discipline and organization, 229; encirclement of, 202, 217–218, 229, 308, 311; escapees after surrender, 387–388; failure to break out, 387; forebodings of failure, 114; headquarters, 137, 190, 352–353, 368–369; Hitler and refusal to permit withdrawal, 198–199, 205–206; official mourning for loss of, 384; orders to take Stalingrad, 9; quartermasters, 164; role in victory of Kharkov, 12; Russian counteroffensive against, 88; Russian ultimatum to, 325–326; surrender, x, xii, 372, 375–376, 377–380, 383–384; victory at Ostrov, 41; war diary entries, 51, 233, 258–259, 295, 340; withdrawal proposed, 191–192, 251–252. See also Paulus; Schmidt

  Skudri Crossing, 124, 125

  slave labor, 321, 403

  Slotta, Sgt. Gottlieb, 166–167, 225, 324, 348, 406

  Smekhotvorov, Gen. F. N., 135, 284

  Smolensk, 71

  snipers: German, 98, 140; Russian, 89, 139, 172, 235–236, 399; training of, 122. See also sharpshooters

  Sogotskot, 243

  Solechnaya Street, 36; battle for, xii, 119–120, 401

  Sologub, Gen. Ivan Petrovich, 284

  Sorge, Richard, 23

  Southeast Front, 32, 117

  Sovetsky
, 198, 202

  Soviet Union: losses at Stalingrad, xiv–xv, 61; Nazi invasion of, 4, 23, 42, 83, 106; writing of history, x–xi. See also Bolshevik Revolution; Red Army

  Sovietskaya Street, 35, 160–161

  Spangenburg, Oberstleutnant, 353

  Spain, 153; Civil War, 94

  Spartakovka, 68

  Spitkovsky, Pvt. Abraham, 188, 406

  Stalin, Josef, x, 4, 22–27, 30, 68, 232, 386, 403; address to Russian people, 152; battle as contest of egos with Hitler, 157; character, 22; cooperation with Weimar Republic, 212; military conferences, 85–86, 88, 117, 173; military decisions, 26, 48, 61, 89, 118, 202–203, 234, 245, 300, 301, 315; military strategy, 24–25; and NKVD, 43; order to hold Stalingrad, 39, 61; order to launch counterattack, 161–162; victory over White Army, 30; and Zhukov, 77–78

  Stalingrad: advance by Germans on, 51, 56, 88; City Soviet, 35, 53, 60, 385; civilian volunteers, 54; climate, 3, 28, 33; command post at, 30, 32; death toll, xiv; decision to stand siege, 24–25; described, 30–38, 51; destruction, figures on, 385; entry of German troops, 88, 89; evacuation of civilians, xiv–xv, 34, 38, 56–57, 67, 97; evacuation of wounded, 110; first contact of Russian armies in and outside after siege, 368; geographical setting, 3; German headquarters in, 122–123; German losses, 343; German strategy of attack, 8–9, 13–14, 18; held by German troops, 220; history, 28–30; Hitler on taking of, 118–119, 154; naming of, 20, 30; newspaper reports of fall, 100; organization of militia, 90–91; population figures, xiv–xv, 30, 385; psychological importance of battle, xv–xvi; reconstruction of, xi–xii, 389–390; reinforcements brought into, 112, 124, 125; Russian Military Council at, 62–63; Russian plan of defense, 25–27; Russian counteroffensive, 88–89, 179, 182, 190; Russian losses, 368; survivors, xiii, 396–404; unattended wounded, German, 362; war memorial at, xii–xiii; wounded in battle, 386–387. See also casualties; factory district; street fighting; Tsaritsyn; weather; also names of streets, buildings, and locations, e.g. Mamaev Hill

  Stalingrad Front, 26, 32, 151; renamed Don Front, 117

  Stalingradski, 354; Flying School at, 122

  Starobelsk, 191, 192

  starvation, 30, 166, 229, 261, 320, 344, 363; autopsy showing, 318–319; mention of banned, 319; among prisoners, 390

  State Bank Building, 91, 92

  STAVKA (Soviet General Staff), 24–25, 32, 34, 48, 71, 158, 183, 187–188, 228, 234, 316, 423

  Stefan Norman, 225

  Steflea, Gen., 201–202

  Steidle, Col., 372

  Steinhilber, Sgt. Eugen, 198, 406

  Stempel, Gen., 367

  Stöck, Lt. Gerhard, 175, 182, 185, 186

  “storm troops,” in defense of Stalingrad, 90–91

  Strecker, Gen., 383

  street fighting, 76, 79, 90, 91–93; anticipated by Russian command, 33; German experts, 154–155; training in, 195; at Voronezh, 18–19

  Stuka aircraft, 32, 40, 42, 44, 58, 60, 70, 91, 93, 134 245

  Stuttgart, 113, 226, 270, 314, 402

  suicide, 367, 371, 372, 375, 384; Hitler on, 377, 382–383

  supply lines, 20, 78, 113, 164

  Susdal, prison camp at, 362, 390, 392

  Sverdlovsk, 40

  Swabia, 226

  Switzerland, 23, 158, 228, 402

  T-34 tanks, see Tanks, Russian

  Taganrog, Army Group Don headquarters at, 346, 347, 352, 361, 384

  Tambov, prison camp at, 363, 390

  tanks: German, 5, 40, 146, 159; Russian, 36, 41, 63, 166–167, 180, 184, 188, 194, 202, 223, 224, 236, 240, 263, 315, 334. See also entries under German Army, e.g. First Panzer; also entries under Red Army, e.g. First Tank

  Tashkent, 386

  Tatsinskaya, 67, 216, 217, 274, 280, 281, 290, 295; airfield at, 300

  Tazi airstrip, 302

  Tel Aviv, 397

  telephone communications: breakdown of Russian, 80, 89, 126, 134; cutting of German, 133, 248. See also BODO line

  teletype communications, German, 248–250, 252–255, 256–257, 267–268, 269–270, 277–279, 290–291; cut off by Russians, 300

  Terek River, 183

  Thiel, Maj., 350, 351

  Thuringia, 153

  Till, Lt., 238–239

  Toepke, Lt. Gunter, 205

  Tomskuschin, Maj. Nikolai, 39–41, 403, 406

  Tomskuschin, Vladimir, 41, 403

  torture, 43–44, 117, 436

  trains: Germans supplied by, 73; Russian, attacked by Germans, 63, 191; in transport of prisoners, 327–329

  Trepper, Leonard, 23

  Trotsky, Leon, 22

  Tsaritsa, Gorge, 33–34, 55, 101, 234, 286, 365, 368, 378; command post under, 30–32, 36, 47, 54, 57, 80, 99; German assault on, 94, 99; removal of headquarters, 80–81; return of headquarters to, 88; siege of command post, 93–94

  Tsaritsyn, 20, 29

  Tunisia, 296

  Turla, Don Guido, 391

  typhus, 365, 369, 389–390

  Tzatza lakes, 88, 149, 173, 174, 187

  Ukraine, 4, 17, 85, 104, 106, 116, 118, 119, 120, 132, 143, 166, 221, 387, 436

  Ulm, 399

  United Press International, 336

  Univermag Department Store, xii, 35, 102, 109–110, 368–369, 370, 378, 396; taken by Germans, 111

  Upper Silesia, 210

  Ural Mountains, 9, 40, 103, 121, 149, 387, 389

  Uralsk, 57

  Usenko, Capt., 368

  Uzbekistan, 120, 389

  Vadeneyeva, Maria, 102

  Vasilevsky, Marshal Alexander Mikahilovich, 26, 85–86, 88, 117, 161–162, 173, 183, 203, 217, 228, 231–232, 233–234, 241

  Vassilevska, 250, 258, 266, 273, 274, 279

  Vatutin, Gen., 161, 183, 300, 301

  Verkhne-Kumski, 237, 239, 240, 241, 243, 250, 253, 254

  Verkhne-Tsaritsyn, 231

  Vertaichy, 112, 388

  Victor Emmanuel, King, 305

  Viersen, xi

  Vinnitsa, Nazi headquarters at, 17, 21, 79, 85, 110

  Viskov, Constantin, 54, 59, 97

  Vitebsk, 211

  Vladimir prison camp, 390

  vodka, rations of, 168–169, 324, 325

  Vodolagin, Mikhail, 60, 68–69, 97

  Volga River, xi, xv, 3, 8, 28, 36, 55–56 61; crossed by Mongols, 28; crossing points, 34, 69, 124–125; described, 32, 38; ferry landing on, 89, 91, 110; German moves toward, 20, 21, 24, 52, 91, 92, 111, 119, 141; ice bridge over, 220, 307; replacements ferried over, 112, 124, 125, 128; Russian defenses of, 9. See also ice packs

  Volgograd Defense Museum, xii, 406

  Volsky, Gen. Viktor T., 173–174, 191, 202

  Voporonovo, 355

  Voronezh, 154, 388, 422; battle at, 18–19, 24, 121, 155

  Voronov, Gen. N. N., 315–316, 333,

  Wagemann Capt. Eberhard, 354

  Wagner, Gustav, 270, 271

  war crimes, Germans accused of, 400, 436

  Warsaw, 15

  weapons, 14, 36, 95. See also artillery

  weather, effect of on battle, 28, 33, 163–164, 183–184, 186, 194, 217, 222, 291, 303

  Weichs, Gen. Freiherr von, 192, 200

  Wenck, Col. Walter, 214, 228

  Wendt, Siegfried, 198, 406

  Werth, Alexander, 336

  West Germany, 396, 399, 402, 403, 435; army of, 401. See also names of towns

  wheat: harvest, 32; and Nazi objectives, 119; supplies, 102, 142

  White Army, Russian, 20, 30

  Wiedemann, Sgt., 195–196

  Wiesbaden, 46

  Willig, Capt., 325

  Wirkner, Sgt. Hubert, 210, 224–225, 324, 338, 357–359, 365, 381, 403, 406

  Wohlfahrt, Sgt. Ernst, 138–139, 156, 338, 351–352, 406

  Wolfs Lair, see Rastenburg

  workers, mobilization of, see militia

  World War I, xiv, 15, 29, 212; veterans of, 12, 13, 130

  wounds, self-inflicted, 353–354

  Yamy, 80, 83, 84, 88

  Yelchenko, Lt. Fyodor, 377–378,
379n

  Yelin, Col., 92, 93, 102–103, 119

  Yelshanka, 54, 60

  Yeremenko, Gen. Andrei Ivanovich, 25–27, 30, 53, 151, 187, 192, 222, 403; demoted, 301–302, 320; given supreme responsibility for defense of Stalingrad, 48; orders given by, 54, 74, 75, 134; plan of defense, 32–38, 45, 47–48, 73–74; Stalin and, 61, 83, 88; visit to Chuikov command post, 135–136. See also Khrushchev

  Young Fascist League, 15

  Yugoslavia, 4

  Zabolotnov, Lt., 119

  Zaitsev, Vassili, 121–122, 127–130, 145–146, 236, 386, 397, 403–404

  Zaitsevski Island, 243

  Zeitzler, Gen. Kurt, 163, 199, 206–207, 210, 217, 232, 246, 271, 274, 277, 333, 356, 381–386

  Zholudev, Gen. Victor, 123, 134, 136, 150, 285

  Zhukov, Marshal Georgi Konstantinovich, x, 70–71, 77–78, 85, 86, 88, 117, 158, 217, 218, 228, 301–302, 404; plan for counterattack, 161–162, 171, 173–174, 404

  Zitzewitz, Maj. Coelestin von, 210–211, 303–304, 354, 356–357, 404

  Zybenko, 286, 334, 335

  About the Author

  William Craig (1929–1997) was an American historian and novelist. Born and raised in Concord, Massachusetts, he interrupted his career as an advertising salesman to appear on the quiz show Tic-Tac-Dough in 1958. With his $42,000 in winnings—a record-breaking amount at the time—Craig enrolled at Columbia University and earned both an undergraduate and a master’s degree in history. He published his first book, The Fall of Japan, in 1967. A narrative history of the final weeks of World War II in the Pacific, it reached the top ten on the New York Times bestseller list and was deemed “virtually flawless” by the New York Times Book Review. In order to write Enemy at the Gates (1973), a documentary account of the Battle of Stalingrad, Craig travelled to three continents and interviewed hundreds of military and civilian survivors. A New York Times bestseller, the book inspired a film of the same name starring Jude Law and Joseph Fiennes. In addition to his histories of World War II, Craig wrote two acclaimed espionage thrillers: The Tashkent Crisis (1971) and The Strasbourg Legacy (1975).

  All rights reserved, including without limitation the right to reproduce this ebook or any portion thereof in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of the publisher.

  The Fall of Japan copyright © 1967 by William Craig Ltd.

  Enemy at the Gates copyright © 1973 by William Craig Ltd.