Charles Darwin

by Janet Browne

  73. More Letters 1:312.

  74. See L. Clark 1984 for the cool response.

  75. Much of the French reaction is given in J. Harvey 1997. See also Conry 1974 and J. Harvey 1983.

  76. Life and Letters 3:118.

  77. Quatrefages to Darwin, 29 March 1869, DAR 175.

  78. To Hooker, 8 March [1869], DAR 94:116–17.

  79. Núñez 1977 and Glick 1988b.

  80. Pancaldi 1991.

  81. Described in Corsi and Weindling 1985.

  82. Emma Darwin 2:207.

  83. Emma Darwin 2:224.

  84. Emma to Fanny Allen, late June–early July 1865, Wedgwood/Mosely archive, Wedgwood Archive Collection, Keele University, 422.

  85. Haight 1940, p. 237. For the tradition of entrepreneurial medicine in which Chapman was engaged see R. Porter 1989.

  86. Quoted from Colp 1977, p. 83.

  87. Chapman 1864.

  88. H. B. Jones 1850. On Bence Jones’s medical system see Coley 1973 and M. Stone 1998. Francis Darwin’s recollection is in DAR 140(3):13.

  89. Mellersh 1968. Burton 1986 deals with FitzRoy’s meteorological researches, especially FitzRoy 1862. See Anderson 1987 and Gates 1988 for Victorian suicide.

  90. Mellersh 1968, pp. 243–46. Much of Darwin’s knowledge of these developments came through his old Beagle friend Bartholomew Sulivan; see Sulivan 1896.

  91. Burton 1986.

  92. To Hooker, 4 May [1865], DAR 115:268, Mellersh 1968, p. 283.

  93. Colp 1985, p. 390.

  94. Wedgwood/Mosely archive, Wedgwood Archive Collection, Keele University, 422. See also Life and Letters 3:36.

  95. More Letters 2:156–57.

  96. Emma Darwin 2:209.

  97. J. C. Wedgwood 1909, p. 17. Emma Darwin’s views on Langton are in DAR 219.9.81.

  98. See for example Briggs 1981.

  99. Royal Society of London Archives, Soirée Bills, 1861–72; Posters, 1863–72. I am grateful to M. B. Hall and the Royal Society’s archivists for their help on this matter.

  100. Soirée Bills, Royal Society of London Archives, 1861–72

  101. DAR 219.9:42. It may have been that the pair of silver candlesticks mentioned in Darwin’s will as “presented to me by the Royal Society,” were given on this occasion.

  102. Haeckel 1866, in which he discussed Darwin’s theories throughout, especially vol. 2, pt. 2, pp. 163–294. See Darwin to Ernst Haeckel, 18 August [1866], Haeckel Haus, Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat, Jena. For Haeckel’s voice see DAR 219.9.202.

  103. Quoted from Desmond and Moore 1991, p. 539.

  104. More Letters 2:350; see also DAR 219.9:202.

  105. From Hooker, 16 January 1866, DAR 102:53–55.

  106. L. Huxley 1918, pp. 98–105. See also Beer 1996, which discusses this story as a “parable.”

  107. DAR 219.1:84.

  108. Walford 1868, an updated version of Reeve 1863–67. On fame see Braudy 1986 and Goffman 1990.

  109. More Letters 1:264. The craze for cartes de visite is discussed in Wynter 1862 and Darrah 1981. See also Browne 1998. On portrait photography more generally see Prescott 1985 and G. Clarke 1994. On representation and self-representation see Gilman 1976, Tagg 1988, Yeo 1988, Shortland 1996, Green-Lewis 1996, Armstrong 1998, Homans 1999, and Jordanova 2000.

  110. Marchant 1916, vol. 1, p. 248.

  111. Burke 2001.

  112. To Hooker, 25 November [1867], DAR 94:37–38.

  113. Woolner 1917.

  114. To Hooker, 26 November [1868], DAR 94:98–101.

  115. Erasmus Darwin to Emma Darwin, DAR 105(ser. 2):121. Darwin’s bust was exhibited by Woolner at the Royal Academy in 1870. It is currently displayed at Down House.

  CHAPTER 8: THE BURDEN OF HEREDITY

  1. Useful sources are Vorzimmer 1963, Olby 1963, Geison 1969, Bartley 1992, and Winther 2000. On commercial animal breeding see Russell 1986.

  2. Variation 2:358.

  3. Notebooks B2, 4.

  4. Hodge 1985. See also Farley 1982 on nineteenth-century notions of animal and plant reproduction.

  5. Victorian manners and social connections are touched on in Briggs 1965, Davidoff 1973, Curtin 1987, Collini 1991, and Cannadine 1999.

  6. Gay 1984–88, Davidoff and Hall 1987, and L. Stone and Stone 1986. See also M. J. Peterson 1989 and Wedgwood and Wedgwood 1980 for family connectivity in the period.

  7. A. Richardson 1998a and 1998b. See also Bender 1996.

  8. Economic themes in science are explored in Mirowski 1994, Power 1996, and Poovey 1998.

  9. Variation 2:404.

  10. Notebooks 690.

  11. Variation 2:175.

  12. Variation 2:143.

  13. Jenkin 1867. See especially Morris 1994 and Cookson and Hempstead 2000.

  14. Quoted from Hull 1973, pp. 315, 316.

  15. Cookson and Hempstead 2000, pp. 165–68, although the authors claim that Darwin did not adjust his argument to accommodate Jenkin’s comments.

  16. Correspondence 11:223. On Lamarck see R. W. Burkhardt 1977, Jordanova 1984, and Corsi 1988b.

  17. A. Desmond 1989, Desmond and Moore 1990.

  18. Variation 2:387.

  19. In 1842 Darwin served on the British Association committee that drew up rules for zoological nomenclature; see Correspondence, vol. 2. On classification and evolutionary theory see Crowson 1958, Ritvo 1995, and McOuat 2001.

  20. To George Darwin, 27 May [1867], DAR 210.1.1.

  21. To H. W. Bates, 22 February 1868, Houghton Library, Harvard University; to Charles Lyell, 19 March 1868, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.

  22. More Letters 2:371.

  23. To T. H. Farrer, 29 October [1868], Linnean Society of London.

  24. To Hooker, 21 March [1867], DAR 94:13.

  25. The inscribed copy to an “opponent” was listed for sale at Sotheby’s 11 December 1992. Presentation lists are in DAR 210.18. It seems that Darwin usually sent a copy of his books to Camilla Ludwig, as if she too were a member of the family. A number of items, mostly offprints of significant reviews of Darwin’s works, are listed in Sotheby’s sale as above, described as “from the collection of C. Ludwig, Leipzig.”

  26. Freeman 1977, p. 122. See Scudo and Acanfora 1985.

  27. Variation 2:321. Julia Pastrana is discussed in Howard 1977 and Bondeson 1997.

  28. To Hooker, 17 November [1867], DAR 94:35–36. Hooker’s reaction to pangenesis is in L. Huxley 1918, vol. 2, pp. 109–10. The remark to Huxley is in More Letters 1:287.

  29. Stamhuis et al. 1999. See also De Vries 1909.

  30. From Hooker, 26 February 1868, DAR 102:200–3; DAR 94:67.

  31. To Hooker, 19 November [1869], DAR 94:159–61, partly in Life and Letters 3:110.

  32. Waller 2001. The standard biography is Forrest 1974.

  33. Means 1876.

  34. Waller 2001.

  35. Galton 1908, pp. 287–88.

  36. Galton 1869, p. 210.

  37. Galton 1908, p. 290.

  38. DAR 219.9.80.

  39. Pearson 1914–30, vol. 2, p. 160. The full correspondence between Darwin and Galton on pangenesis is printed in ibid., pp. 156–77.

  40. Bynum 1991. Pearson 1913–40 provides an authoritative account of Galton’s laws of heredity, vol. 2, pp. 298–309. See also Forrest 1974, pp. 187–206.

  41. Life and Letters 3:120.

  42. To John Tyndall, 8 September 1870, Royal Institution of Great Britain.

  43. Gayon and Zallen 1998.

  44. Variation 2:430.

  45. Variation 2:426–27.

  46. F. Darwin 1916, p. ix.

  47. DAR 140(4):55–56.

  48. DAR 219.1:85.

  49. Life and Letters 1:135. See also DAR 219.1.17.

  50. F. Darwin 1916, p. xii.

  51. DAR 219.1:17.

  52. Emma Darwin 2:216.

  53. DAR 219.8.6. See also 219.9.56. George Darwin’s letter to his brother Leonard is in DAR 219.6.2.

  54. Emma Darwin 2:218.

&nb
sp; 55. Cobbe 1904, pp. 487–88.

  56. T. H. Huxley 1869.

  57. L. Huxley 1900, vol. 1, p. 300.

  58. More Letters 1:313.

  59. They rented Redoubt House, Freshwater; see Hinton 1992, p. 18.

  60. Life and Letters 3:92, 102, and Emma Darwin 2:220–22.

  61. E. Agassiz 1868, vol. 2, p. 666. Longfellow was invited to a garden party at Tennyson’s house at which more than forty guests attended. Thwaite 1996, p. 443.

  62. Emma Darwin 2:220. Neither of these photographs has been located in catalogues of J. M. Cameron’s works.

  63. Emma Darwin 2:222.

  64. See Page 1983 for interviews and recollections of Tennyson, many of them engineered by Cameron.

  65. Hoge 1981. See Thwaite 1996 for Emily Tennyson, especially p. 459 on Darwin’s theories.

  66. Allingham 1907, pp. 184, 185.

  67. Hopkinson 1986 and Hinton 1992, p. 33. See also Cameron 1893 and Weaver 1984. For portrait photography in Victorian England see Prescott 1985, Weaver 1989, G. Clarke 1994, and Jordanova 2000. More generally see Fyfe and Law 1988 and Cowling 1989.

  68. Photographic News 8 (3 June 1864):266; British Journal of Photography 11 (1864):261.

  69. Cameron 1893, p. 9.

  70. Hopkinson 1986, p. 68.

  71. Correspondence 12:240. The attribution to William Darwin is in a letter from Darwin to Asa Gray, ibid., pp. 212, 214n. Hooker refers to J. R. Herbert’s fresco of Moses on Mount Sinai in the Moses Room, Houses of Parliament, completed in 1864.

  72. Correspondence 12:271.

  73. Something of the history of beards is given in Asser 1966 and Cooper 1971. Darwin’s beard is discussed in Browne 1998.

  74. James Hannay, “The Beard,” Westminster Review 62 (1854):48–67, in which Hannay states that the beard was a symbol of “revolution, democracy and dissatisfaction with existing institutions.… only a few travellers, artists, men of letters and philosophers wear it” (p. 49).

  75. Colp 1985. Berg 1951 summarizes the psychoanalytic view.

  76. Descent of Man 2:317–23, 372, 379–80. Gender relations in Darwin’s evolutionary biology are examined in E. Richards 1983 and 1989, Russett 1989, and Jann 1994. See also Mangen and Walvin 1987, D. Roberts 1978, and Shortland 1996. Masculinity is discussed in Tosh 1999.

  77. The Royal Society copy, on the original Colnagi mount, with blind stamp, is the only copy I have seen with this mechanically reproduced text at the bottom.

  78. Life and Letters 3:102 and Classed Account Books, 19 August 1868, Down House Archives.

  79. From Hooker, 30 August 1868, DAR 102:229–32.

  80. More Letters 2:376–77.

  81. Emma Darwin 2:215.

  82. To Hooker, 2 July [1870], DAR 94:175–76.

  83. Life and Letters 3:75.

  84. A copy is in DAR 53(i)ser. B:2.

  85. Freeman 1977, pp. 120–22. Printed in 1868 but also distributed in manuscript during 1867. It is reproduced in facsimile in Freeman and Gautry 1975.

  86. Browne 1985a.

  87. More Letters 1:287.

  88. Life and Letters 2:91.

  89. Wallace 1905, vol. 2, p. 386. See McKinney 1972 and, more generally on sexual selection, Cronin 1991. For Argyll, see Campbell 1867 and 1869 and Gillespie 1977.

  90. To Charles Kingsley, 10 June [1867], DAR 96:28–29, 32.

  91. Dublin University Magazine 74 (1869):589, quoted from Ellegard 1990, p. 308.

  92. L. Huxley 1918, vol. 2, p. 121.

  93. Marchant 1916, vol. 1, p. 221.

  94. Dupree 1988, p. 338.

  95. The rise of naturalism is discussed in R. Young 1970, Chadwick 1975, Royle 1974, F. M. Turner 1974, and Lightman 1987. See also Paradis and Postlewait 1981, Helmstadter and Lightman 1990, and Lightman 1997.

  96. L. Huxley 1900, vol. 1, pp. 319–20. See also A. Desmond 1997, pp. 374–75. For the use of “agnostic” before Huxley see Blinderman 1995.

  97. K. M. Lyell 1881, vol. 2, p. 341. See also Dupree 1988, pp. 299–301.

  98. DAR 219.9.60.

  99. More Letters 1:312

  100. Life and Letters 3:107.

  101. For example, Variation 2:224.

  102. More Letters 1:267–68.

  103. Wallace’s copy of Darwin 1859 is in Cambridge University Library, Keynes collection; see especially pp. 82–86. Beddell 1988 transcribes Wallace’s annotations.

  104. Paul 1988. See also Peel 1971 and Haines 1991.

  105. Spencer 1864–67, vol. 1, pp. 444–45.

  106. Touched on in Depew and Weber 1995.

  107. More Letters 1:261.

  108. Spencer 1864–67, vol. 1, pp. 444–45.

  109. Marchant 1916, vol. 1, p. 242.

  110. Toulmin and Goodfield 1965, Gould 1987, and Burchfield 1990. See also Geikie 1874.

  111. Wallace 1905, vol. 2, p. 39.

  112. Life and Letters 3:121.

  113. A. R. Wallace to Charles Kingsley, 7 May 1869, Knox College Library, Galesburg.

  114. DAR 219.8.9. Darwin and Wallace’s interactions with Blyth are discussed variously in Eisley 1959, Beddall 1973, and Schwartz 1974. A general account of Blyth’s life is in Geldart 1879.

  115. Marchant 1916, vol. 1, p. 235.

  116. Wallace 1869b. Darwin’s remark is in Marchant 1916, vol. 1, p. 241.

  117. K. M. Lyell 1881, vol. 2, p. 441.

  118. Marchant 1916, vol. 1, p. 244. Wallace’s spiritualism is discussed in R. Smith 1972. See also Wallace 1866 and 1875.

  119. Quoted from Ellegard 1990, p. 309.

  120. Oppenheim 1985. On mesmerism see Winter 1998.

  121. Wallace 1905, vol. 2, p. 280.

  122. Wallace 1905, vol. 2, p. 286.

  123. Marchant 1916, vol. 1, p. 251.

  124. Life and Letters 3:112.

  CHAPTER 9: SON OF A MONKEY

  1. Correspondence 6:515.

  2. From W. W. Reade, [?January-April 1870], DAR 176.

  3. Woolner 1917. It is not entirely clear when Darwin saw the statue. It was exhibited at the Royal Academy galleries in 1866.

  4. To T. Woolner, 10 March [1869?], Bodleian Library, Oxford. See Descent 1:22.

  5. Descent 1:33.

  6. To T. H. Farrer, 13 [May 1870], Linnean Society of London.

  7. Life and Letters 3:129. William Farr’s visit to Down House is in DAR 219.9.90.

  8. Nature, 28 April 1870.

  9. G. Darwin 1875, p. 22.

  10. Descent 2:403.

  11. Barton 1990 and 1998, A. Desmond 2001.

  12. More Letters 3:135.

  13. Mivart 1871, p. 60. Darwin’s copy is in Darwin Library, Cambridge University Library.

  14. Mivart’s life and work are discussed in J. Gruber 1960. Quotation from ibid., p. 52.

  15. More Letters 3:144–45.

  16. From Mivart, 10 January 1872, DAR 171.

  17. Life and Letters 3:106.

  18. Cobbe 1904, pp. 485–88. The quotation is from p. 487.

  19. The adjusted letter is in the Echo, 25 August 1870, p. 2. See Emma Darwin 2:432 and DAR 219.9.91.

  20. Cobbe 1894, vol. 2, p. 126.

  21. Marchant 1916, vol. 1, p. 251.

  22. Calculated from Ellegard 1990.

  23. Unpublished lecture, Janet Browne, “Science and Medicine in Mudie’s Circulating library,” University of London, February 2000.

  24. To David Forbes, 31 July [1870], American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.

  25. Classed Accounts, Down House Archives.

  26. Descent 1:206.

  27. Searby 1997, vol. 3, pp. 203–33, and MacLeod 1982a.

  28. Keynes 1943, p. 4.

  29. Emma Darwin 2:253.

  30. Raverat 1952, p. 146.

  31. Autobiography, p. 97.

  32. Cambridge University Examination papers, 1871–72.

  33. Stebbins 1988. See also letter from J.L.A. Quatrefages, 29 March 1869, DAR 175.

  34. George Darwin to Henrietta Darwin, April 1869, Wedgwood/Mosely archive, Wedgwood Archive
Collection, Keele University, 473.

  35. Pearson 1914–30, vol. 2, p. 176.

  36. Emma Darwin to Fanny Allen, Wedgwood/Mosely archive, Wedgwood Archive Collection, Keele University.

  37. Life and Letters 3:124. See also the letter from Sedgwick, 30 May 1870, More Letters 2:236–37.

  38. Emma Darwin to Fanny Allen, undated letter, Wedgwood/Mosely archive, Wedgwood Archive Collection, Keele University.

  39. Woolner 1917, p. 284.

  40. See Jones and Gladstone 1998.

  41. Atlay 1903, p. 348. See also Ward 1965.

  42. A. Desmond 1997. Royle 1984 gives a sense of how dangerous Huxley’s views might have seemed to conservative Oxford dons. See also Lightman 1987.

  43. L. Huxley 1900, vol. 1, p. 331.

  44. To B. J. Sulivan, 30 June 1870, Calendar 7256.

  45. Cronin 1991. See particularly Jann 1994.

  46. Descent 1:35.

  47. Descent 1:62.

  48. Taub 1993, Alter 1999, pp. 73–79, 100. See also Descent 1:53.

  49. Alter 1999, 111–26.

  50. Nature, 6 January 1870, p. 257, referring to Schleicher 1863, translated by Bikkers in 1869.

  51. Descent 1:56.

  52. Emma Darwin’s letter is in DAR 219.9.72. Julia Wedgwood’s critique is in DAR 139.12:17.

  53. Descent 1:73.

  54. Descent 1:71.

  55. Descent 2:404–5.

  56. Descent 1:180.

  57. Descent 1:205.

  58. From W. D. Fox, 18 [November 1870], DAR 164.

  59. Descent 2:368–69.

  60. Descent 2:327–28. Jann 1994 analyses the masculine assumptions underpinning Darwin’s sexual biology. See also E. Richards 1983.

  61. To Asa Gray, 15 March [1870], Gray Herbarium, Harvard University.

  62. Marchant 1916, vol. 1, p. 247.

  63. W Elwin to John Murray, 21 September 1870, John Murray Archives. Printed in part in Paston 1932, pp. 230–32.

  64. University College London, Archives, Pearson papers 613:3. For female assistance in scientific matters see M. J. Peterson 1989.

  65. DAR 112:144.

  66. To Henrietta Darwin, [March? 1870], British Library, Add 58373.

  67. To Henrietta Darwin, [March–June 1870], DAR 185.

  68. Emma Darwin 2:241.

  69. DAR 219.9.72. See Descent 1:77–78.

  70. From John Murray, 28 September [1870], DAR 171.

  71. From John Murray, 1 July 1870, DAR 171.

  72. Marchant 1916, vol. 1, p. 253.

  73. From John Murray, 28 September [1870], DAR 171.