Hitler
Page 139
fanatical devotion to H 338, 352
in Führer Bunker 902, 923, 929, 933
and Göring 471, 472
held in contempt 900
and Heß affair (May 1941) 612, 614
and H’s negotiations with Hindenburg 252, 253, 255
ideas of a future European federation 760
intended ‘European-Asiatic Bloc’ 583, 584
and invasion of Hungary (March 1944) 795
and Italian crisis (July 1943) 768–9
and Japan 606, 657–8
‘Jewish Question’ 577, 684, 758, 775
joins NSDAP 236, 338
leaves Führer Bunker 925
marriage 236
meeting with Ciano (May 1942) 710
and Molotov 584–5
and Munich Agreement negotiations (1938) 434, 435, 438, 442, 444
and Mussolini 580–81, 710
and occupation of France 561
‘Pact of Steel’ (1939) 487
personality 236, 338, 492, 585
and Polish crisis (1939) 470–71, 475, 501, 505, 507, 509–10, 511
proposals for ending war 896–7, 899
rejected by Dönitz 962
and remilitarization of Rhineland 352, 353
replaces Neurath at Foreign Office 398, 400
and Russian campaign 710
and Soviet-German non-aggression pact (1939) 496, 498–9
and Soviet-German trade treaty (1939) 488–9, 495–6
and Spanish Civil War 363
talks with Guderian (January 1945) 896
trial and execution 964
urges peace offers with Stalin 730, 773
and Vichy France 581–2, 583
Richthofen, Wolfram Freiherr von 734, 735
Riefenstahl, Leni 319
Riga 687, 689
Right: animosity towards Berlin 123
bourgeois 200–201, 204, 226
counter-revolutionary 105–6, 121
determination to eliminate democracy and socialism 256
first attempt to take over state 93
and German defeat in First World War 60, 67
and H’s cabinet 260
nationalist 105–7, 111, 156, 193
political murders 106, 231, 308
völkisch 86, 94, 132–3, 139–40, 144, 149, 151–3, 164–5
road-building 271–2, 425, 431, 632, 650, 702
Robinson, Simon 40
Rock Eyrie (Felsennest; Führer Headquarters) 556, 748
Rohland, Walter 655
Röhm, Ernst: attempts to revitalize Kampfbund 137
Chief of Staff of SA 216–17, 301, 302–12
and Frontbann 143
and the ‘German Revolution’ 303–4
H introduced to 94
homosexuality 216, 315
and H’s meetings with Papen 251
murdered 137, 189, 311, 312–13
and paramilitary organization of NSDAP 106–8, 118, 120–21, 122, 124
and putsch attempt (1923) 129, 131, 134, 143
and Schleicher 233
State Commissar (Bavaria) 278
and Strasser’s resignation of party offices 248
withdraws from politics and moves to Bolivia 162, 163, 216
Romania: declares war on Germany 867
economic satellite 487
German need to secure 862
oil-fields 487, 565, 581, 584, 604, 641, 642, 643, 646, 774–5, 801
rumours of German threats to 480
Soviet designs on 584, 585
treatment of Jews 758
Tripartite Pact (1940) 584, 604
Romanian army 591, 619, 729, 733, 738, 739, 742, 798, 867
Rome 425, 768, 769, 770, 775–6, 803
Rommel, Erwin: and Allied invasion 803–4, 807–8, 813, 861
death 875–6
El Alamein 727, 730
and Italian crisis (July 1943) 768, 769
and July plotters 875
replaced by Arnim 757
retreat 730, 736
seriously injured 861, 875
tactics 591
taking of Tobruk 717–18
urges H to end war 851, 861
Roosevelt, Franklin D.: armaments programme 712
at Casablanca Conference (1943) 754
death 918–19
declares war on Japan 656
at Evian Conference (1938) 462
grant of destroyers to Britain 571, 580
H’s attacks on 728
and public opinion 908–9
sends telegram after German invasion of Czechoslovakia 485
at Yalta Conference (1945) 893, 904
Roques, Karl von 673–4
Rosenberg, Alfred: anti-Bolshevism 152
and conflict with Churches 381
contributes to Auf gut Deutsch 95, 97
and Crystal Night 465
and deportation of Volga Germans 683–4
and development of genocidal programme 676, 694
and ‘Final Solution’ 716
heads Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories 634, 650, 925
and H’s refounding of NSDAP 163
and Nazi atrocities in Poland 521, 525
and the ‘Night of the Long Knives’ 311
and opening of Western Front 538
ousted 140
party chairman in H’s absence 132, 140, 141
and plans for ‘New Order’ 633, 634
and Thule Society 82
trial and execution 964
Rosenheim 89, 91, 92, 99
Roslavl 662
Rossini, Gioachino 20
Rostock 707–8
Rostov 590, 641, 654, 655–6, 657, 722
Rotterdam 557
Rover, Carl 712
Royal Air Force: Battle of Britain 569–70
Bomber Command 893
bombing of Berghof 907, 935
bombing raids 718, 727–8, 753, 762, 770, 861, 893–4, 921
‘dam-buster’ raids 762
Dunkirk 559
Royal Navy: Anglo-German Naval Agreement (1935) 337–8, 368–9, 486
destruction of French ships at Mers-el-Kébir 562
grant of US destroyers 570–71, 580
Mediterranean fleet 571, 580
sinking of Bismarck 617–18
strength of 471, 564
success against U-boat menace 761
RSHA (Reichssicherheitshauptamt; Reich Security Main Office) 679, 690, 825
rubber 361, 366, 556, 590, 630, 713
Ruhr: bombing raids 762–3
French occupation (1923) 118, 119, 121, 151, 170
iron dispute (1928) 191
taken by western Allies 911, 918, 919
Runciman, Walter, 1st Viscount 432, 433
Rundstedt, Gerd von: and Allied invasion 804–5, 807–8, 813, 893
in ‘Court of Honour’ 844
declaration of loyalty 796
and invasion of Czechoslovakia 429
and invasion of Soviet Union 636, 662–3
and opening of Eastern Front 590
and opening of Western Front 542, 544, 554, 558, 787
and opposition to H 542, 544, 819
and proposed invasion of Britain 563–4
at Rommel’s funeral 876
sacked 655–6, 813, 861, 892
Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria 161
Russia: drive for world revolution 384
and H’s quest for ‘living space’ 146, 152–5, 158, 180, 182, 362
and Japan 361, 580 see also Bolshevism; Soviet Union
‘Russian Fanfare’ 626
Russian Revolution 61, 93, 178
Rust, Bernhard 247, 925
Rzhev 723, 724
SA (Sturmabteilung): absorbs Stahlhelm 289
antisemitic violence 340, 343
banned 228–30
and boycott of Jewish businesses 287
Brownshirts 202, 303
continuing the ‘German Revolution’ 303
and destruction of trade union movement 289
development of 88, 97, 108, 123
and emergency decree (1933) 276, 281
equipping of 118, 306
‘German Day’ demonstration (Coburg; 1922) 109
H takes over as supreme leader 216
homosexuality in 315
and H’s appointment as Chancellor H’s crushing of SA leadership 285, 301–16
mob violence 279, 301, 302–3, 315
and Nazi seizure of power in the Länder 278
and November pogrom (1938) 457–8
party rallies 194, 223
and personal loyalty to H 185–6, 216, 217, 304, 308
Pfeffer von Salomon as leader 170, 186, 216
Potempa murder affair (1932) 236–8
Prussian terror-wave (1933) 273
Röhm and 107–8, 118, 120, 162, 216–17, 302–12
role of party support troop 162
Stennes’s revolt (1931) 217
streetfights with Communists 230–31
tensions with NSDAP 216–17
torchlight procession (30 January 1933) 261
and Total War Effort 858 Wöhrden incident (1929) 191–2
working class support of 205
SA-Mann (newspaper) 304
Saar 332–3, 578, 911
Saarbrücken 559
Sachsenhausen concentration camp 459, 547
St Germain Treaty (1919) 401
St Nazaire 863
Sakhalin 586
Salmuth, Hans von 601
Salò, Repubblica di 774
Salonika 605, 768
Salzburg 51, 100, 404, 494, 500
Salzkammergut 768
San river 499, 517
Sander, Gerhard 831
Sanssouci 379
Saône river 866
Sardinia 763, 767, 772
Sauckel, Fritz 749, 854, 964
Saur, Karl Otto 799, 800, 801, 950
Saxony: lifts ban on H’s public speaking 184
Nazi seizure of power 278
Soviet invasion 919
state elections: (1929) 192–3, 200;
(1930) 204
striking metal-workers 200
Scandinavian campaign (1940) 552–4
Schacht, Hjalmar: and anti-Jewish legislation 342, 343–4, 347, 463
at Bad Harzburg rally 223
and boycott of Jewish businesses 286, 287
and economic crisis of 1936 359, 360
and Four-Year Plan 364–5, 367
and funding of Nazi regime 269
and H’s Reich Chancellery entourage 293
and July plotters 846
and ‘Keppler Circle’ 243
leaves Economic Ministry 383, 398
and Nazi economic policy 270, 418
President of Reichsbank 232, 267
sacked 472
Schädle, Franz 960
Scharnhorst (battleship) 704
Scharnhorst, Gerhard von 809
Scharrer, Eduard 153
Schaub, Julius: and crushing of SA leadership 310
in Führer Bunker 922, 925, 931
and H’s leadership style 212
and November pogrom (1938) 458–9, 466
and putsch attempt (1923) 173, 375
in Reich Chancellery entourage 293, 375
in wartime Führer Headquarters 515, 556, 879
Schaumberg-Lippe 278
Scheldt estuary 866
Schellenberg, Walter 943–4, 945
Schemm, Hans 278
Schenk, Ernst Günther 953
Scheringer, Richard 207, 208
Scheubner-Richter, Max Erwin von 97, 117, 124, 126, 131, 152
Schichtl, Rosalia 3
Schicklgruber family 1
Schicklgruber, Johann (H’s paternal great-grandfather) 1
Schicklgruber, Maria Anna see Hiedler, Maria Anna
Schirach, Baldur von: ‘evacuation’ of Jews from Vienna 594–5, 687
imprisonment 964–5
leads Hitler Youth and Nazi Students’ Federation 191
marriage 218, 765
offers resignation 765–6
Reich Youth Leader of NSDAP 218
Schirach, Henriette von 765
Schlabrendorff, Fabian von 819, 821–2
Schlegelberger, Franz 705, 707
Schleicher, Kurt von: appointed Reich Chancellor 245, 249
and banning of SA 229, 230
deal with H 229–30, 232–3, 236, 238
isolation 251
murdered 312, 314, 316, 940
ousts Papen 224
overtures to Gregor Strasser 244, 245, 246
and Papen’s appointment as Chancellor 230
resignation as Chancellor 252, 253
and Röhm 306
target of Nazi aggression 236
and vote of no-confidence in government 239, 252
Schleswig-Holstein 188, 191, 205, 961
Schleswig-Holstein (battleship) 508
Schlitt, Ewald 707, 708
Schloß Hirschberg 877
Schmid, Wilhelm 310
Schmidt, Ernst 68–9, 70, 561
Schmidt, Guido 403–4, 405
Schmidt, Otto 394, 395–6
Schmidt, Paul: at H’s meeting with Hácha 477
at Munich Agreement negotiations (1938) 434, 435, 438, 440, 441, 443, 445
and H’s negotiations with Eden 336
and H’s talks with Mussolini 757, 842
and negotiations with Molotov (November 1940) 585
and Polish crisis talks (1939) 501, 503, 505, 507, 510
on Ribbentrop 338
Schmidt-Falk, Elsa 29
Schmitt Carl 239 316
Schmorell, Alexander 741
Schmundt, Rudolf: death 875
declaration of loyalty 796
and deportation of Jews 684
and dismissal of Manstein and Kleist 797
and drive for Moscow 643
and Halder 726
and Heim 733
and H’s security 821
in wartime Führer Headquarters 515, 556, 725
and winter crisis on Eastern Front (1941–2) 662, 665
Schneidhuber, August 310
Schnitzler, Arthur 23
Schnurre, Karl 489
Schoengarth, Karl 696
Scholl, Hans 741
Scholl, Sophie 741
Schönerer, Georg Ritter von 22, 23, 29, 32, 36, 401
Schönerer movement 22, 36, 37, 39–40, 401
Schopenhauer, Arthur 54
Schorfheide 924
Schörner, Ferdinand 797, 891, 927, 941, 950, 952
Schreck, Julius 70, 293, 310
Schröder, Kurt von 243, 249–50
Schroeder, Christa 374, 478, 515, 625, 626, 701, 923, 925
Schulenburg, Friedrich Werner Graf von der 488, 489, 498, 586
Schulenburg, Fritz-Dietlof Graf von der 825, 846
Schulte, Karl Joseph 355
Schultze, Walter 131
Schuschnigg, Kurt 317, 386, 403–8, 409–10
Schutzstaffel see SS
Schwägermann, Günther 960
Schwarz, Franz Xaver 187, 219, 225
Schwarze Korps, Das (SS newspaper) 467, 468–9
Schwede-Coburg, Franz 534
Schwerin von Krosigk, Lutz Graf 232, 254, 263, 916, 925, 950, 962
Schwerin von Schwanenfeld, Ulrich Wilhelm Graf 846
Schwielow Lake 953
‘scorched earth’ order (March 1945) 912–13, 931
Scotland 611–12, 616
SD (Sicherheitsdienst; Security Service): and anti-Jewish policy 383, 452–3, 577, 678–9, 681
crackdown on black-marketeers 706
and development of genocidal programme 675, 678, 698
Eichmann and 330, 415
‘Jewish Department’ 330, 415
origins of 452
reports on popular opinion 432, 731, 740, 762, 907, 915
and the SA 308
and
the SS 452
and the Wehrmacht 672
Sea of Azov 651, 719, 724, 772
Sealion, Operation 563–4, 570
Sebottendorff, Rudolf Freiherr von 82
‘Second Law for the Coordination of the Länder with the Reich’ (1933) 283, 284
Second World War: Allied advances in the west 806–10, 813, 851, 861–7
Allied assault on Germany 892–3, 908, 914, 918, 935, 961
Ardennes offensive 873, 875, 879, 880–87, 892
Balkan campaign 603–5, 607–10, 648
Battle of Britain 569–70
battle for Stalingrad 648, 727, 728–9, 731, 733–6, 737–44
Britain declares war on Germany 510
D-Day (6 June 1944) 804–6
Dunkirk evacuation 557–9
German army spring/summer offensive (1942) 700, 710–13, 717, 718, 719–26
German army’s winter crisis on Eastern Front (1941–2) 645–6, 647, 651–6, 661–7, 693, 700, 704, 710
German capitulation xxix, 895, 904, 958–9, 961–3
German invasion of France 557, 559–62
German invasion of Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa) 622–4, 626–51
last German counter-offensive (March 1945) 908, 914
last German offensive in the east (Operation Citadel) 755–6, 762–3, 766–7, 771–2, 774–5, 787–9, 797–8
North African campaign 591, 717–18, 727, 729–30, 731, 732–3, 736, 756–7, 760–61
opening of Eastern Front 565–6, 567–9, 578–9, 586–91, 597–603, 609–10, 618–21
opening of Western Front 537–41, 547–8, 550–51, 554–6
Red Army advance on Berlin 892, 904, 920–21, 923–4, 926–7, 928, 931, 934–42, 946, 952, 953–4
Scandinavian campaign 552–4
Soviet counter-offensives: (December 1941) 656, 661–2, 664, 690;
(December 1943) 786, 787;
(spring 1944) 797–8;
(summer 1944) 810–11, 813–14, 851, 867–8, 879;
(winter 1945) 886, 888–92, 894–6, 905, 908, 914, 918
United States enters 656
‘world war’ term 693
Sedan, battle of (1870) 123
Seeckt, Hans von 120, 127, 384–5
Seidlitz, Gertrud von 117
Seißer, Hans Ritter von 126–7, 128–9, 130, 133, 134, 135
Seldte, Franz 193, 222, 254–5, 260, 270, 925
Semper, Gottfried 33
Sevastopol 663, 710, 717, 719, 798
Seven Years War 781, 882, 909, 918
Severing, Carl 231
Seydlitz-Kurzbach, Walter von 796, 897
Seyß-Inquart, Arthur 404, 405–6, 409–12, 950, 964
Shanghai 463
Shirer, William: on the Anschluß 410–11
on H’s public speaking 354, 440–41, 486