Hitler
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Olympic Games: Berlin (1936) 348, 351, 358–9, 617
Winter Olympics, Garmisch-Partenkirchen (1936) 348, 351
Omaha Beach 805, 806
opera 12, 13, 20–21, 25, 701, 709–10
Operation Alarich 768
Operation Anton 733
Operation Autumn Mist 883–4
Operation Axis 771, 772
Operation Bagration 810–11
Operation Barbarossa 587–91, 597–603, 609–10, 615–16, 618–21, 635–9, 645–8, 669, 674–5, 749
Operation Blue 711, 717, 718, 719–21
Operation Braunschweig 721–6
Operation Citadel 755–6, 762–3, 766–7, 769–70, 771–2, 774–5, 787–9
Operation Cobra 861–2
Operation Dragoon 866
Operation Felix 592
Operation Gomorrha 770
Operation Marita 604, 607–610
Operation Market Garden 866–7
Operation Mercury 608
Operation North Wind 884–5
Operation Overlord 804–6
Operation Sealion 563–4, 570
Operation Thunderclap 735
Operation Torch 732
Operation Typhoon 644, 649–50, 652
Operation Valkyrie 826–7, 829, 833–41, 846
Oppeln 891, 914
Oppenheim 893
opposition groups in Third Reich 535–7, 541–4, 548, 571, 740–41, 785, 816–20, 822–8, 833–41, 844–7
Oran 580, 730
Oranienburg 312, 921
orders: ‘Basic Order’ (January 1940) 716
‘Basic Order’ (April 1945) 919
‘Commissar Order’ (June 1941) 601–2, 819
‘Halt Order’ (December 1941) 665–7
‘scorched earth’ order (March 1945) 912–13, 931
Ordnungspolizei (regular police) 675
Orel 767, 769, 770
Organisation Todt (OT) 792, 799, 833, 836, 837, 882, 934
Orsha 810
Oscarsborg 553
Oshima, Hiroshi 619, 626, 657, 871–2, 883
Oslo 553
Ossietzky, Carl von 276
Ostara (periodical) 28–9
Oster, Hans 535–6, 541–2, 544, 820, 825, 846
Osthilfe (‘Eastern Aid’) 251
Ostjuden 92
Ostmark 413, 526
Ostministerium 690
‘Ostrogoth Gau’ 654
Ostrov 622, 846
OT (Organisation Todt) 792, 799, 833, 836, 837, 882, 934
Ott, Eugen 244, 657
Oven, Wilfred von 836
Overlord, Operation 804–6
pacifism 202, 265
‘Pact of Steel’ (1939) 487
Paderborn University 533
Palestine 453, 463, 485, 577, 580, 723
Pan-German League 153, 193
pan-Germanism: and antisemitism 61
in Austria 22, 401
and eastern expansion 15–4
and First World War 61
and Gottfried Feder 73
H’s pan-German nationalism 36, 40, 47, 70, 151, 401
in Munich 80
and Schönerer movement 37, 39–40, 401
and working-class movement 36
Panther tanks 756, 767, 877
Panzer Corps ‘Großdeutschland’ 894–5
Panzer divisions 554, 636, 639, 644, 652–3, 654, 655–6, 665–6, 733–4, 735, 797, 805, 811, 861, 927
Papen, Franz von: Ambassador to Austria 317, 402, 403–5
appointed Chancellor 230
attempts to tame H 307–8, 309
big business support for 243
deposes Prussian government 231, 273, 274, 278, 283–4
and Enabling Act (1933) 263–4
Hindenburg favours 302
house-arrest (1934) 312
and H’s negotiations with Hindenburg 249–50, 251–5
imprisonment in Nuremberg 313
Marburg speech 307–8
offers H Vice-Chancellorship 233–4
opposition to 236
ousted by Schleicher 224
plans to topple Schuschnigg 386
and Potempa murder affair 238
and Reich Concordat with the Holy See 290, 295
resignation of government 242, 244–5
and sterilization law 295
Vice Chancellor in H’s cabinet 260, 302
and vote of no-confidence in government 239–40
Paris 836, 841 H’s visit (28 June 1940) 561–2
liberation 866
occupation 559–60
Paris Conference (1921) 96
Parkinson’s Syndrome 782, 871
Pas de Calais 806
Pasewalk: H hospitalized in 42, 60, 62–6
‘patriotic associations’ 114, 118, 124, 126–7, 133
Patton, George S. 864, 884, 914
Patzig, Conrad 309
Paul, Prince of Yugoslavia 603, 605
Paulus, Friedrich 723, 726, 728–9, 733–4, 735, 737, 738–40
Pavelic, Ante 758
Pearl Harbor 607, 656, 658, 660, 690, 693–4
peasants: H’s plans for 629
and national community 272
Nazi advances among 191–2
Peenemünde 791
Peloponnese 604
People’s Court 706, 707, 741, 844–5, 847
Persian Gulf 585, 586, 710
personality cult see Führer cult
Petacci, Clara 953
Pétain, Philippe 560, 561, 581–2, 582–3, 732
Peter II, King of Yugoslavia 603
Pfeffer von Salomon, Franz 170, 186, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 216
Pfordten, Theodor von der 127, 136
Pfundtner, Hans 344–5
Philipp of Hesse, Prince 409, 410
Pintsch, Karl-Heinz 612
Pirow, Oswald 468
Pissia river 517
Planck, Erwin 234, 240
plebiscites: Anschluß (1938) 414
Chancellor’s powers (1934) 317, 318
‘Reich peace policy’ (1933) 299–300
Saarland (1935) 332–3
Young Plan (1929) 193, 196
Ploesti oilfields 487, 565, 581, 584, 801
Plön 947, 959
Pöhner, Ernst 114, 128, 129, 131, 134, 135, 161
Poland: border question 386–7, 482, 504, 517
British Guarantee 482–3, 484, 486, 496–7, 500–502, 504–5
‘Case White’ 483–4, 502
and Czechoslovakia 423, 437, 475–6
Danzig Question 470–71, 481–2, 486, 493, 507
deportation of Jews 455, 520–21, 548–9, 573–6, 594–5, 669, 677–8
ethnic German population 154, 518, 519
extermination camps 262, 469, 678, 687–8, 697
German annexation 516–18, 585
and German annexation of Memelland 481
German invasion (September 1939) 502–3, 507–9, 516–18
‘Germanization’ of territories 515, 521, 527, 573–4
Jewish population 455, 514
Katyn case 759
massacres of Jews 520–21, 523, 573, 670, 715, 759, 764
military alliance with Britain (1939) 503
national socialist party 100
Nazi atrocities following invasion 518–27, 536, 548–9, 573–5, 601
non-aggression pact with Germany (1934) 298, 331, 483, 486
Soviet Union invades from east 517, 868, 888, 890, 892, 894
as ‘transit camp’ for Jews 669, 685
war trials 965
Polavy bridgehead 888
Polish air force 516
Polish Corridor 470–71, 475, 482, 486, 493, 504, 506, 507
Polish crisis (summer 1939) 448, 480, 489–90, 492–507
Politischer Arbeiterzirkel (Political Workers’ Circle) 82, 84
Poltava 718, 719, 821
Pölzl, Johann Baptist (H’s maternal grandfather) 2
Pölzl, Johanna (H’s maternal aunt) 2, 3, 10, 1
4, 31, 33, 34–5
Pölzl, Johanna (née Hüttler; H’s maternal grandmother) 2
Pölzl, Klara see Hitler, Klara (H’s mother)
Pölzl, Theresia (H’s maternal aunt) 2
Pomerania 188, 205, 515, 534, 891, 892, 908, 913
Pomßen 532
Ponza 768
Popitz, Johannes 541, 819, 846
Popp, Frau (Munich landlady) 49, 50
Popp, Joseph 48, 53
Posen 517, 522, 535, 678, 681–2, 776, 890, 891
Potempa murder affair (1932) 236–8
Pötsch, Leopold 9
Potsdam 280, 930, 935, 939, 941, 946, 953
Prague 289, 415, 478, 479, 574, 685–6, 713, 841, 919
press: antisemitic 37, 42–3
bourgeois 241
censorship and bans 273, 291
Hearst 207
Hugenberg 193, 196
Marxist 38
nationalist 193
Pretzsch 618
Price, Ward 412
Prien am Chiemsee 233
princes, German 169
Prinz Eugen (cruiser) 704
Pripet marshes 591, 594, 610, 630, 670, 692
Probst, Christoph 741
Pröhl, Ilse (later Heß) 147
propaganda: anti-Bolshevik 71–2, 77
H’s talent for 79–80, 96–7, 105–6, 108–9, 158, 188–9, 326, 335, 936
Nazi Party programmes 188–9, 854–5, 856–7, 858
prostitution 22, 23–4, 43
Protestant Church 295–7, 315, 381, 463, 533
Protestantism and Protestants: in Franconia 205
optimism for H’s government 261
and support for Nazi Party 205–6, 277
in Thuringia 163
Protocols of the Elders of Zion 93, 763
Prussia: anti-Prussian feeling in Bavaria 58, 90
bans H from public speaking 166
‘Day of Potsdam’ 280, 288
emergency decree (1933) 276
Göring appointed Minister President 283–4
Papen deposes government (1932) 231, 273, 274, 278, 283–4
pre-1918 rule in Poland 154
security police 329
state elections (1932) 227–8
terror-wave in 272–4, 276–7 see also East Prussia
Prussian Academy of Arts 292
Prussian Gestapo 306
psychiatry 529–30
Puccini, Giacomo 20
putsch attempt (Munich, 1923) 42, 64, 79, 98, 118–19, 127–32, 133, 138, 189, 455
Puttkamer, Karl-Jesko Otto von 375, 515, 556, 880, 925, 942
Quisling, Vidkun 553, 758
‘racial hygiene’ 530
‘racial purity’ 22, 28, 56, 182, 342–3, 371, 452, 572
racist theory 28–9, 148, 180–81, 323, 526, 632
radar 761, 770
Rademacher, Franz 576–7
radio broadcasts 264–5, 279, 353, 406, 507, 731, 748, 773, 784, 789–90, 885, 898–9
Raeder, Erich: and annexation of Memelland (1939) 481
and bombing of the Deutschland (1937) 384
and Fritsch scandal (1938) 398
and German expansionism 390
and German occupation of France 561
imprisonment 964–5
and opening of Western Front 540
preparation for war with Britain 422
and proposed invasion of Britain 563, 565, 567, 568
and rearmament 265, 353, 387
replaced by Dönitz 761
and Scandinavian campaign 551, 552, 554
and war in Mediterranean 580
rallies: Deutscher Tag (‘German Day’): (1922) 109;
(1923) 123–4
National Opposition 223
Nazi Party: Munich 119–20, 122, 357
Nuremberg 110;
(1927) 174, 184–5;
(1929) 174, 194, 530;
(1933) 304;
(1934) 319;
(1935) 339, 344–5;
(1936) 361, 363, 364, 365, 368;
(1937) 378, 381, 383, 386
(1938) 432, 434;
(1939; cancelled) 502
Thuringian Gau 307
Weimar 172–3, 174, 180
Reich Party Rally of Freedom (1935) 344
Reich Party Rally of Victory (1933) 304
‘Rally of German Art’ (Munich, 1939) 490
Ranke, Leopold von 145
Rapallo Treaty (1922) 182, 331
Rastenburg 586, 624, 702, 814, 829
Räterepublik 67–8, 70–71, 72, 90, 106, 107, 135
Rath, Ernst vom 455, 456–7, 462
rationing 502, 705
Rattenhuber, Johann 792
Ratzel, Friedrich 154
Raubal, Angela (‘Geli’; H’s niece) 177, 218–22, 380, 490
Raubal, Angela (née Hitler; H’s half-sister) see Hammitzsch, Angela
Raubal, Leo 16
Ravensbrück concentration camp 714
rearmament 265–7, 270, 297–9, 331, 333–7, 350, 359–60, 362, 364, 472 see also Four-Year Plan
Rechlin 490, 931, 947
Red Army: advance on Berlin 892, 904, 920–21, 923–4, 926–7, 928, 931, 934–42, 946, 952, 953–4
atrocities 879, 919–20
counter-offensives: (December 1941) 656, 661–2: 664, 690;
(December 1943) 786, 787;
(spring 1944) 797–8;
(summer 1944) 810–11, 813–14, 851, 867–8, 879;
(winter 1945) 886, 888–92, 894–6, 905, 908, 914, 918
in Finland 56, 718
and German army spring/summer offensive (1942) 711–12, 720
German surrender to 959
invasion of Germany 890, 893, 919–21
losses 623, 626, 627, 644, 652, 712, 754–5, 920
Operation Bagration 810–11
and Operation Citadel 766–7, 772, 774–5
size 639, 888, 934
‘Stalingrad Front’ 733
in Ukraine 644
‘Red Roses Bring You Happiness’ (song) 926
Reggio di Calabria 771, 772
Reich, Das (newspaper) 686, 706
Reich Agrarian League (Reichslandbund) 243, 251, 267
Reich Association of Asylums 533
Reich Association of German Industry 268, 269
Reich Chancellery: bomb damage 901, 922
‘Führer Apartment’ 376, 378, 926
H returns to (January 1945) 895
H’s entourage in 293–4, 324–6, 373–7
New Reich Chancellery 901, 902, 903, 954, 958
‘Wintergarten’ 376, 923, 956–8 see also Führer Bunker
Reich Citizenship Law 345–9, 451
Reich Commissars 278
‘Reich Committee for the German People’s Petition’ 193
‘Reich Committee for the Scientific Registration of Serious Hereditary and Congenital Suffering’ 532
Reich Defence Commissars 854, 857, 912
Reich Estate of German Industry (Reichsstand der Deutschen Industrie) 269
Reich Governors (Reichsstatthalter) 283–4
Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories 634, 689–90
Reich Party Rally of Freedom (1935) 344
Reich Party Rally of Victory (1933) 304
Reich Security Main Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt; RSHA) 679, 690, 825
Reichenau, Walter von: ambitions to run War Ministry 397, 398
and the Anschluß 404, 408
and Czechoslovakia 428–9
death 666
and genocidal programme 672
and oath of unconditional loyalty to H 318
and rearmament 266
and the SA 309
takes over from Rundstedt 655
Reich Presidency elections: (1925) 165; (1932) 224, 226–7
Reichsbank 223, 267, 347, 472
Reichsbanner 237, 275, 289
Reichsflagge 120, 123, 124
Reichskristallnacht (Crystal Night; 9–10 November 19
38) 449–50, 454, 457–60, 462–7, 679
Reichslandbund (Reich Agrarian League) 243, 251, 267
Reichssicherheitshauptamt (RSHA; Reich Security Main Office) 679, 690, 825
Reichsstand der Deutschen Industrie (Reich Estate of German Industry) 269
Reichsstatthalter (Reich Governors) 283–4
Reichstag elections: (1924) 132–3, 141–2, 144, 165, 178; (1928) 187, 190, 204;
(1930) 198, 199, 201–2, 204–6, 209, 223;
(1932) 224, 230, 231–2, 235, 240–42;
(1933) 264–5, 272, 277–8, 299–300;
(1936) 353, 356;
(1938) 414
Reichstag fire (27 February 1933) 274–6, 277
Reichswehr: Bayerische Reichswehr Gruppenkommando Nr.4 71–2
Brüning and 229
emergency powers (1923) 125
and Freikorps 107
H’s need for its support 122–3, 137
and H’s talent for nationalist agitation 77–8
influences H’s ideology 64, 70, 71
introduction of Nazi emblem 304
Leipzig Reichswehr trial (1930) 206–8, 217
oath of unconditional loyalty to H 317–18
and putsch attempt (1923) 126, 130, 133
rearmament 266–7
and the SA 302, 304–5, 306, 308–9, 310
support for NSDAP 95
training of soldiers 73, 93, 120
‘war games’ exercise (December 1932) 244 see also German army; Wehrmacht
Reichwein, Adolf 824
Reinhardt, Fritz 270, 656
Reinhardt, Hans 890
Reisser, Hans 957
Reiter, Maria (‘Mizzi’/‘Mimi’) 218
Reitsch, Hanna 938, 947
Remagen 892–3, 908
Remer, Otto Ernst 837–8, 839, 845
Rendulic, Lothar 890
reparations 96, 132, 191, 198, 208, 222
Reserve Army 662, 835, 845, 860
Reusch, Paul 243
Reuters 943
Reval 687
Rheims 962, 963
Rheyd 168
Rhine river 892–3, 905, 908
Rhineland: remilitarization of 350–58, 363, 368–9, 402
Ribbentrop Bureau (Dienstelle Ribbentrop) 370
Ribbentrop, Joachim von: Ambassador in London 338, 369, 408
and Anglo-German Naval Agreement (1935) 338, 369
and annexation of Memelland (1939) 481
and the Anschluß 404–5, 408
anti-British 471, 472, 579
and Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) 370
and Balkan campaign 605
and Czechoslovakia 418, 419, 426, 430, 444, 448, 476, 477
and D-Day 805
and declaration of war on United States 659
dismissal 950
dissuades H from scrapping Geneva convention 905