Milk of Paradise

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by Lucy Inglis


  44. Ibid., pp.395–6.

  45. James Boswell, The Life of Samuel Johnson (H. Baldwin for C. Dilly, 1791), p.339.

  46. William G. Smith, ‘On Opium, Embracing its History, Chemical Analysis and Use and Abuse as a Medicine’ (NYSU, 1832), pp.10–11.

  47. Dr John Jones, The Mysteries of Opium Reveal’d (Richard Smith, 1700), pp.7–8.

  48. Ibid., pp.101, 106.

  49. Ibid., p.371.

  50. George Young, A Treatise on Opium: Founded Upon Practical Observations (A. Millar, 1753), p.vi.

  51. Ibid., p.59.

  52. Ibid., p.6.

  53. John Awsiter, An Essay on the Effects of Opium (G. Kearsley, 1763), p.v.

  54. Ibid., pp.3–5.

  55. Ibid., p.62.

  56. John Leigh, An Experimental Inquiry Into the Properties of Opium (Elliot, 1786), p.23.

  57. Ibid., p.51.

  58. Ibid., pp.124–5.

  59. Samuel Crumpe, An Inquiry into the Nature and Properties of Opium (G. G. & J. Robinson, 1793), p.5.

  60. Ibid., p.207.

  61. James Harvey Young, Old English Patent Medicines in America (Smithsonian Institute, 1956), p.22.

  62. J. Hector St John de Crèvecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer and Sketches of Eighteenth-Century America, 1782 (Penguin USA, 1986), p.160.

  63. Anthony Benezet, The Mighty Destroyer Displayed (James Crukshank, 1774), p.17.

  64. Benjamin Rush, Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits on the Human Mind and Body (Benjamin & Thomas Kite, 1784), p.8.

  65. Ibid., frontispiece.

  66. David W. Robson, ‘“My Unhappy Son”: A Narrative Of Drinking In Federalist Pennsylvania’, Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies, Vol. 52, No. 1 (January 1985), pp.22–35.

  67. Thomas Trotter, An Essay, Medical, Philosophical and Chemical, on Drunkenness, and its Effects on the Human Body (Longman & Rees, 1804), pp.12–13, 17, 44.

  68. Thomas De Quincey, Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (George Newness, 1822), p.348.

  69. The Poetical Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge (D. Appleton, 1854), p.143.

  70. Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Complete Works, Letter 493, http://inamidst.com/coleridge/letters/letter493.

  71. Richard Buckley Littlefield, Tom Wedgwood, the first photographer (Duckworth, 1903), p.178.

  72. Ibid., p.179.

  73. Robert Southey quoted in Alethea Hayter, Opium and the Romantic Imagination (Faber & Faber, 1968), p.196.

  74. De Quincey, p.431.

  75. Thomas de Quincey, Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (Ticknor, Reed & Fields, 1851 edition), p.111.

  76. Charles Rzepka, ‘De Quincey and the Malay: Dove Cottage Idolatry’, The Wordsworth Circle, Vol. 24, No. 3 (Summer 1993), pp.180–1.

  77. De Quincey, p.192.

  78. Ibid., p.68.

  79. Robert Morrison, The English Opium Eater: A Biography of an English Opium Eater (Hachette, 2009), p.226.

  80. Charles Richard Sanders, The Victorian Rembrandt: Carlyle’s Portraits of His Contemporaries (Manchester University Press, 1957), p.5.

  81. Derosne quoted in John E. Lesch, ‘Conceptual Change in an Empirical Science: The Discovery of the First Alkaloids’, Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, Vol. 11, No. 2 (1981), p.312.

  82. Annalen der Physik, 55 (1817), pp.56–9.

  Chapter Five: The China Crisis

  1. Hoh-Cheung and Lorna H. Mui, ‘The Commutation Act and the Tea Trade in Britain, 1784–1793’, Economic History Review, New Series, Vol. 16, No. 2 (1963), p.234.

  2. Jonas Hanway, An Essay on Tea, Considered as Pernicious to Health (Woodfall & Henderson, 1756), p.298.

  3. Samuel Johnson, The Literary Magazine 2, No. 13 (1757).

  4. Jonas Hanway quoted in ibid.

  5. Ibid.

  6. Mary Waugh, Smuggling in Devon and Cornwall, 1700–1850 (Countryside Books, 1991), p.14.

  7. Ibid., p.24.

  8. Hoh-Cheung and Mui, p.237.

  9. Quoted in Tom Pocock, Battle for Empire, The Very First World War, 1756–63 (Michael O’Mara Books, 1998), p.46.

  10. Thomas Babington Macaulay, Essays, Critical and Miscellaneous (A. Hart, 1846), p.332.

  11. Horace Walpole, The Letters of Horace Walpole, Earl of Orford, Vol. 4 (R. Bentley, 1840), p.55.

  12. Quoted in Percival Spear, Master of Bengal: Clive of India (Thames & Hudson, 1974), p.189.

  13. William Hoey, A Monograph on Trade and Manufactures in Northern India (Lucknow, 1880), p.142.

  14. G. H. Smith, ‘Abstract of a Paper on Opium-Smoking in China’, Medico-Chirurgical Review and Journal of Practical Medicine, Vol. 36 (1842), p.584.

  15. M. S. Commissariat, Mandelslo’s Travels in Western India 1638–9 (H. Milford, 1931), pp.43–4.

  16. Wellesley quoted in Richard M. Eaton, Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History (Cambridge University Press, 2013), p.83.

  17. Lo-shu Fu, A Documentary Chronicle of Sino-Western relations, Volume 1 (Association for Asian Studies by the University of Arizona Press, 1966), p.380.

  18. Colonel Thomas H. Perkins quoted in Jacques M. Downs, The Golden Ghetto: The American Commercial Community at Canton and the Shaping of American China Policy 1784–1844 (Hong Kong University Press, 2014), p.123.

  19. Richard J. Grace, Opium and Empire: The Lives and Careers of William Jardine and James Matheson (McGill Queen’s University Press, 2014), p.11.

  20. Ibid., p.125.

  21. Matheson quoted in Dan Waters, ‘Hong Kong Hongs With Long Histories and British Connections’, Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 30 (1990), p.223.

  22. Charles-Edouard Bouée, China’s Management Revolution (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), p.192.

  23. William C. Hunter, The ‘Fan Kwae’ at Canton before Treaty Days, 1825–1844 (Kegan Paul, Trench, 1882), p.40.

  24. Quoted in R. Alexander, The Rise and Progress of British Opium Smuggling (Judd and Glass, 1856), p.9.

  25. Grace, p.133.

  26. http://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1839lin2.asp.

  27. Sessional Papers of the House of Lords, Correspondence Relating to China, No.148 (1840), p.385.

  28. Michael Partridge, Gladstone (Routledge, 2003), p.43.

  29. Alexander, p.10.

  30. Quoted in ibid., p.6.

  31. Queen Victoria quoted in John Cannon and Robert Crowcroft, The Oxford Companion to British History (Oxford University Press, 2015), p.924.

  32. Robert Fortune quoted in John M. Carroll, Edge of Empires: Chinese Elites and British Colonials in Chinese Hong Kong (Harvard University Press, 2005), p.39.

  33. Robert Fortune, Three Years’ Wanderings in the Northern Provinces of China (John Murray, 1847), p.13.

  34. https://www.jardines.com/en/group/history.html.

  35. Dafydd Emrys Evans, ‘Jardine, Matheson & Co.’s First Site In Hong Kong’, Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 8 (1968), p.149.

  36. Ibid.

  37. Fortune, p.13.

  38. Robert Fortune, Three Years’ Wanderings in the Northern Provinces of China: Including a Visit to the Tea, Silk and Cotton Countries (Cambridge University Press, 2012), p.24.

  39. Fortune (1847), p.28.

  40. John Mark Carroll, A Concise History of Hong Kong (Rowman & Littlefield, 2007), p.8.

  41. Steve Tsang, A Modern History of Hong Kong (I. B. Tauris, 2003), p.59.

  42. Ibid., p.61.

  43. Pottinger, quoted in Evans, p.149.

  44. Simon Morgan (ed.), The Letters of Richard Cobden: Volume III: 1854–1859 (Oxford University Press, 2012), p.287.

  45. Karl Marx quoted in Travis Hanes and Frank Sanello, ‘The Opium Wars: The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another’, New York Daily Tribune, 20 September 1858.

  46. King James Bible, Mark 16:15.

  47. Jon Miller and Gregory Stanczak, ‘Redeeming, Ruling, and Reaping: British Missionary Societies, the East India Company, and the
India-to-China Opium Trade’, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 48, No. 2 (June 2009), p.336.

  48. Bridgman quoted in Michael C. Lazich, ‘American Missionaries and the Opium Trade in Nineteenth-Century China’, Journal of World History, Vol. 17, No. 2 (June 2006), p.205.

  49. Parker quoted in Edward P. Crapol, Tyler: The Accidental President (University of North Carolina, 2013), p.131.

  50. https://www.unodc.org/documents/wdr/WDR_2008/WDR2008_100years_drug_control_origins.pdf.

  Chapter Six: The American Disease

  1. Samuel Ward, America (Boston, Massachusetts, July 1895).

  2. John Duffy, From Humors to Medical Science: A History of American Medicine (University of Illinois Press, 1993), p.32.

  3. Nathaniel Chapman, Elements of Therapeutics or Materia Medica (H. C. Carey and I. Lea, 1825), p.162.

  4. Thaddeus Betts, ‘To the Public’, Connecticut Journal, 21 April 1878.

  5. Elias P. Fordham, Personal Narrative of Travels in Virginia, Mary land, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky; and of a Residence in the Illinois Territory: 1817–1818, ed. Frederic A. Ogg (The Arthur H. Clark Co., 1906), p.57.

  6. Edwin Morris Betts, Hazlehurst Bolton Perkins and Peter J. Hatch, Thomas Jefferson’s Flower Garden at Monticello (University Press of Virginia, 1986), p.72.

  7. Winslow’s standard advertisement, taken from 1895: http://www.herbmuseum.ca/content/mrs-winslows-soothing-syrup.

  8. J. Collins Warren and Thomas Dwight (eds.), Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, Vol. 83 (Cupples, Upham, 1873), p.432.

  9. Ayer’s American Almanac (Ayer, 1857), no page numbers.

  10. James Grant Wilson & John Fiske (eds.), Appleton’s Cyclopaedia of American Biography (D. Appleton, 1900), p.122.

  11. Jonathan Lewy, ‘The Army Disease: Drug Addiction and the Civil War’, War In History, Vol. 21, No. 1 (January 2014), p.104.

  12. John Price, ‘Dominique Anel And The Small Lachrymal Syringe’, http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC1033979&blobtype=pdf.

  13. Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, No. 82 (1855).

  14. Robert Bartholow, Manual of Hypodermic Medication (Lippincott, 1869), p.25.

  15. J. H. Bill, ‘A New Hypodermic Syringe’, Medical Record 5 (1870), pp.45–6.

  16. Charles Warrington Earle, ‘The Opium Habit’, Chicago Medical Review 29 (1880), p.493.

  17. Felix von Niemeyer, A Text-book of practical medicine, Vol. 2 (H. K. Lewis, 1869), p.291.

  18. H. Gibbons, ‘Letheomania: the result of the hypodermic injection of morphia’, Pacific Medical and Surgical Journal 12 (1870), p.481.

  19. Niemeyer, p.291.

  20. Bartholow, p.6.

  21. H. H. Kane, The Hypodermic Injection of Morphia (C. L. Bermingham, 1880), p.5.

  22. Louisa May Alcott, Hospital Sketches, and Camp Fireside Stories (Roberts Brothers, 1871 edn.), p.50.

  23. Ibid., p.37.

  24. James M. MacPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom (Penguin USA, 1990), p.485.

  25. Walt Whitman, Prose Works, 1:32 (David McKay, 1892), p.26.

  26. W. W. Keen quoted in Michael C. C. Adams, Living Hell: Dark Side of the Civil War (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014), p.90.

  27. H. H. Cunningham, Doctors in Gray (LSU Press, 1993).

  28. Lewy, p.104.

  29. Dan Waldorf, Martin Orlick and Craig Reinerman, Morphine Maintenance: The Shreveport Clinic, 1919–1923 (Drug Abuse Council, 1974), p.63.

  30. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1286579/pdf/amjphealth00104-0034.pdf.

  31. Thomas Crothers, Morphinism and Narcomanias (W. B. Saunders, 1902), p.76.

  32. Joseph Spillane, Cocaine: From Medical Marvel to Modern Menace in the United States, 1884–1920 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), p.75.

  33. Horace B. Day, The Opium Habit (Harper and Brothers, 1868), p.7.

  34. Holmes, quoted in Cunningham.

  35. Rodman Paul, ‘The Origin of the Chinese Issue in California’, Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 25:2 (September 1938), p.182.

  36. B. E. Lloyd, The Lights and Shades of San Francisco (A. L. Bancroft, 1870), p.245.

  37. Mark Twain, Roughing It (Harper, 1904), p.133.

  38. Lloyd, p.236.

  39. Ronald Takaki, Strangers From A Different Shore (Little, Brown, 1998), p.84.

  40. Lloyd, p.234.

  41. Henry Grimm, ‘The Chinese Must Go’: A Farce in Four Acts (Bancroft, 1879), p.3.

  42. Andrew Urban, ‘Legends of Deadwood’, Journal of American History, Vol. 94, No. 1 (June 2007), p.224.

  43. Rose Estep Fosha and Christopher Leatherman, ‘The Chinese Experience in Deadwood’, Historical Archaeology, Vol. 42, No. 3, The Archaeology of Chinese Immigrant and Chinese American Communities (2008), p.97.

  44. Ibid., p.100.

  45. Watson Parker, Deadwood: The Golden Years (Bison Books, 1981), p.145.

  46. Black Hills Residence and Business Directory, May 1898 (Enterprise Printing Co., 1898), p.51.

  47. Parker, p.145.

  48. Fosha and Leatherman, p.102.

  49. Jeremy Agnew, Alcohol and Opium in the Old West (McFarland, 2013), p.160.

  50. Parker, p.146.

  51. Virginia Berridge and Griffith Edwards, Opium and the People: Opiate Use in Nineteenth Century England (Allen Lane, 1982), p.455.

  52. Alonzo Calkins, Opium and the Opium Appetite (Lippincott, 1871), p.163.

  53. Quoted in D. T. Courtwright, ‘The Female Opiate Addict in Nineteenth-Century America’, Essays in Arts and Sciences, Vol. 10, No. 2. (1982), p.164.

  54. George Miller Beard quoted in Stephen R. Kandall, Substance and Shadow: Women and Addiction in the United States (Harvard University Press, 1999), p.29.

  55. Quoted in ibid., p.37.

  56. Barry Milligan, ‘Morphine-Addicted Doctors, the English Opium Eater, and Embattled Medical Authority’, Victorian Literature and Culture, Vol. 33, No. 2 (2005), p.545.

  57. Ibid., p.541.

  Chapter Seven: A New Addiction, Prohibition and the Rise of the Gangster

  1. M. J. D. Roberts, Making English Morals: Voluntary Association and Moral Reform in England, 1787–1886 (Cambridge University Press, 2004), p.165.

  2. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty (Walter Scott Publishing, 1878), p.167.

  3. Letter to the Editor, Boston Medical Surgery Journal (October 2, 1833), pp.117–20, 435.

  4. Virginia Berridge and Griffith Edwards, Opium and the People: Opiate Use in Nineteenth Century England (Allen Lane, 1982), p.193.

  5. Society for the Study and Cure of Inebriety, Inaugural Address, April 25th 1884, Norman Kerr MD (H. K. Lewis, 1884), p.4.

  6. Ibid.

  7. ‘Dalrymple Home for Inebriates’, British Journal of Psychiatry, 29 (128) (January 1884), pp.615–16.

  8. N. Kerr, ‘How to deal with inebriates’, Report of the III International Congresses against the Abuse of Spiritual Beverages in Christiania (Mallinske Boktrykkeri, 3–5 September 1890).

  9. Kerr quoted in Jack S. Blocker, David M. Fahey and Ian R. Tyrrell (eds.), Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History (ABC CLIO, 2003), p.190.

  10. http://bayer.com.

  11. https://www.bayer.com/en/history.aspx.

  12. H. Dreser and T. Floret, ‘Pharmakoligisches ueber einige morphin-derivative’, Therapeutische Monatschefte, 12 (1898), pp.509–12, and H. Dreser, ‘Ueber die wirkung einiger Derivate des Morphins auf die Athmung’, Archiv fur Physiologie, 72 (1898), pp.485–521.

  13. Tom Carnwath and Ian Smith, Heroin Century (Routledge, 2002), p.34.

  14. José Cantón Navarro, History of Cuba (Union Nacional de Juristas, 2000), p.71.

  15. Alma N. Bamero, ‘Opium: The Evolution of Policies, the Tolerance of the Vice, and the Proliferation of Contraband Trade in the Philippines, 1843–1908’, Social Science Diliman (January–December 2006), 3:1–2, p.58.

  16. Ibid., p.59.

  17. Ibid., p.62.

  18. Glenn A. May, ‘Why the United States Won th
e Philippine-American War, 1899–1902’, Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 52, No. 4 (November 1983), p.356.

  19. http://www.msc.edu.ph/centennial/benevolent.html.

  20. Bamero, p.68.

  21. Hamilton Wright, ‘Uncle Sam is the Worst Dope Fiend in the World’, New York Times, 12 March 1911.

  22. Hamilton Wright, ‘The Opium Commission’, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 3, No. 3 (July 1909), pp.648–73.

  23. Ibid.

  24. Caroline Jean Acker, Creating the American Junkie: Addiction Research in the Classic Age of Narcotic Control (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), p.13.

  25. Quoted in Carnwath and Smith, p.18.

  26. International Opium Convention, The Hague, 1912, The American Journal of International Law, Vol. 6, No. 3, Supplement: Official Documents (Jul., 1912), pp.177–92.

  27. Howard Abadinsky, Organized Crime (Wadsworth Publishing, 2009), p.2.

  28. Luis Astorga, Drug Trafficking in Mexico: A First Assessment (UNESCO, 1999), p.11.

  29. John J. Bailey, Organized Crime and Democratic Governability: Mexico and the U.S.–Mexican Borderlands (University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000), p.69.

  30. Ryan Gingeras, Heroin, Organized Crime and the Makings of Modern Turkey (Oxford University Press, 2014), p.33.

  31. Ibid., p.73.

  32. LIFE, 19 July 1943, p.86.

  33. Ibid.

  34. Brian G. Martin, ‘The Green Gang and the Guomindang State: Du Yuesheng and the Politics of Shanghai’, Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 54, No. 1 (February 1995), p.67.

  35. Alfred W. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin (Lawrence Hill Books, 2003), p.49.

  36. Oriana Bandiera, ‘Land Reform, the Market for Protection, and the Origins of the Sicilian Mafia: Theory and Evidence’, Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization, Vol. 19, No. 1 (April 2003), p.227.

  37. Arcangelo Dimico, ‘Origins of the Sicilian Mafia: The Market for Lemons’, paper delivered at Gothenburg University, 23 June 2014 (University of Gothenberg, appendix, table 3).

  38. McCoy, p.29.

  39. Ibid.

  40. Carnwath and Smith, p.60.

  Chapter Eight: From the Somme to Saigon

  1. Merritt Crawford quoted in Ellen Hampton, ‘How World War I Revolutionized Medicine’, The Atlantic, 24 February 2017.

  2. Lea Doughty and Susan Heydon, ‘Medicine Supply During the First World War: Overcoming Shortages in New Zealand’, Health and History, Vol. 17, No. 2, Special Issue: World War I (2015), p.37.

 

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