by Lucy Inglis
3. Henry Cushing, From a Surgeon’s Journal (Little, Brown, 1936), p.16.
4. Ibid., p.33.
5. Doughty and Heydon, p.42.
6. Cushing, pp.45–6.
7. ‘Rise in Opium’, The Register, 27 April 1915, p.4.
8. H. D. Dakin, ‘Biochemistry and War Problems’, British Medical Journal (23 June 1917), p.833.
9. Richard van Emden, The Soldier’s War (Bloomsbury, 2008), p.260.
10. Tar Heel Junior Historian, NC Museum of History, Spring 1993: https://www.ncpedia.org/wwi-medicine-battlefield.
11. Ikramul Haq, ‘Pak-Afghan Drug Trade in Historical Perspective’, Asian Survey, Vol. 36, No. 10 (University of California Press, 1996), p.954.
12. Cushing, p.281.
13. Jeffrey C. Larrabee, ‘A Tale Of Two Trucks: American Casualty Evacuation In World War I’, Icon, Vol. 14 (2008), p.130.
14. Axel Helmstädter and Svem Siebenand, ‘Drug shortages in World War I: How German Pharmacy Survived the Years of Crisis’, Pharmaceutical Historian 45 (2015), p.18.
15. Cushing, p.501.
16. Emden, p.205.
17. Bernard L. Rice, Indiana Magazine of History, Vol. 93, No. 4 (December 1997), p.316.
18. Ibid., p.318.
19. http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/medicalsupply/chapter2.htm.
20. League of Nations, Analysis of the International Trade in Morphine, Diacetylmorphine and Cocaine, for the years 1925–1930 (League of Nations Publications, 1930), p.29.
21. Quoted in Nicolas Rasmussen, ‘Medical Science and the Military: The Allies’ Use of Amphetamine during World War II’, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Autumn 2011), p.207.
22. John Nicholl, Tony Rennell, Medic: Saving Lives (Penguin, 2010), p.120.
23. S. Suter, Health Psychophysiology (Taylor & Francis, 1986), p.97.
24. Emma Newlands, Civilians Into Soldiers: War, the Body and British Army Recruits, 1939–45 (Oxford University Press, 2014), p.160.
25. A. A. Berle Jr on behalf of the US Secretary of State, quoted in George W. Grayson, Mexico: Narco-Violence or Failed State (Transaction, 2010), p.54.
26. Interview with Edward Heath of the DEA, PBS Frontline, 2000.
27. Quoted in George W. Grayson, p.24.
28. Bernard L. Rice, ‘Recollections of a World War II Combat Medic’, Indiana Magazine of History, Volume 3, Issue 4, 1997, p.343.
29. Patricia Posner, The Pharmacist of Auschwitz (Crux, 2017), Chapter 8 of preview edition.
30. Telford Taylor statement transcribed from United States Holocaust Museum recording.
31. Rice, pp.334–5.
32. Otto F. Apel MD and Pat Apel, MASH: An Army Surgeon in Korea (University Press of Kentucky, 1998), p.1.
33. John. M. Jennings, ‘The Forgotten Plague: Opium and Narcotic in Korea Under Japanese Rule, 1910–1945’, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 29, No. 4 (October 1995), p.795.
34. Ibid., p.799.
35. Pierre Arnaud Chouvy, Opium: Uncovering the Politics of the Poppy (I. B. Tauris, 2009), p.69.
36. Major Booker King, MD, FACS and Colonel Ismail Jatoi, MD, PhD, FACS, ‘The Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH): A Military and Surgical Legacy’, Journal of the National Medical Association (May 2005), p.649.
37. Ibid., p.652.
38. Albert E. Cowdrey, The Medic’s War (Center of Military History, United States Army, 1987), p.275.
39. Ibid., p.250.
40. Paul M. Edwards, The Korean War (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006), pp.106–7.
41. Richard Nixon, War on Drugs speech, 18 June 1971.
42. King and Jatoi, p.653.
43. https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/workers/black-panthers/1970/dope.htm.
44. Mark Jacobson, American Gangster: And Other Tales of New York (Atlantic, 2007), p.18.
45. Philip Caputo, A Rumour of a War (Pimlico, 1999), p.4.
Chapter Nine: Afghanistan
1. Lillias Hamilton, A Vizier’s Daughter (John Murray, 1900), p.5.
2. Louis Dupree, Afghanistan (Princeton University Press, 1973), p.14.
3. Corruption Perceptions Index, 2016: https://www.transparency.org.
4. Quoted in Dupree, p.419.
5. Hamilton, p.6.
6. Ibid., p.3.
7. Emadi Hafizullah, Customs and Culture of Afghanistan (Greenwood Publishing, 2005), p.35.
8. Eric Newby, A Short Walk in the Hindu Kush (Pan Macmillan, 2008 edn.), p.72.
9. Sixth Emergency Special Session, Provisional Verbatim Record of the Third Meeting, Document, General Assembly, United Nations, 11 January 1980.
10. Footage of Ronald Reagan dedicating the Columbia featured in documentary Bitter Lake (BBC, 2015).
11. The Shahada, or testimony of belief, quoted in Frederick Mathewson Denny, An Introduction to Islam (Routledge, 2015), p.409.
12. Pierre Arnaud Chouvy, Opium: Uncovering the Politics of the Poppy (I.B. Tauris, 2009), p.48.
13. Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (Yale University Press), p.117.
14. Nora Boustany, ‘Busy are the peacemakers’, Washington Post, 10 January 1998.
15. Abdul Rashid as interviewed by Ahmed Rashid, quoted in Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (Yale University Press), p.118.
16. http://www.unodc.org/pdf/research/AFG07_ExSum_web.pdf.
17. Mark Galeotti, Narcotics and Nationalism: Russian Drug Policies and Futures (New York University Center for Global Affairs, 2016), p.2.
18. Martin Jelsma, Learning Lessons from the Taliban Opium Ban (Transnational Institute, 2005), https://www.tni.org/en/archives/act/1594.
19. The Afghanistan Cannabis Survey, UNODC, 2009, p.7.
20. Afghan Opium Poppy Survey 2007 Executive Summary (UNODC, 2007), p.1.
21. Ministry of Counter-Narcotics, Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Food Zone Report, http://mcn.gov.af/en/page/5138/5141.
22. Afghan Opium Poppy Survey 2007 Executive Summary (UNODC, 2014), p.6.
23. Ibid., p.4.
24. David Vassallo, ‘A short history of Camp Bastion Hospital: the two hospitals and unit deployments’, British Medical Journal, 28 February 2015, p.355.
25. G. S. Arul, et al., ‘Paediatric admissions to the British military hospital at Camp Bastion, Afghanistan’, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons (January 2012), pp.52–7.
26. Gregor Aisch, ‘How Isis Works’, New York Times, 24 September 2014.
27. Alexandra Fisher, ‘Africa’s Heroin Highway to the West’, Daily Beast, 11 May 2016.
28. Hiba Khan, ‘Isis and al-Qaeda’, Independent on Sunday, 16 April 2017.
Chapter Ten: Heroin Chic, HIV and Generation Oxy
1. Jean Cocteau, Diary of an Addict (Longman, Green, 1932), p.11.
2. Thomas De Quincey, Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (George Newness, 1822), p.81.
3. Cocteau quoted in John Baxter, The Golden Moments of Paris (Museyon, 2014), p.135.
4. Tom Carnwath and Ian Smith, Heroin Century (Routledge, 2002), p.19.
5. Alan A. Block, ‘European Drug Traffic and Traffickers between the Wars: The Policy of Suppression and Its Consequences’, Journal of Social History, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Winter 1989), pp.319–20.
6. Ibid., p.317.
7. Patrick H. Hughes, Noel W. Barker, Gail A. Crawford and Jerome H. Jaffe, ‘The Natural History of a Heroin Epidemic’, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1530426/pdf/amjph00729-0095.pdf.
8. William S. Burroughs, Junky (Penguin, 2003), p.128.
9. Barry Miles, Call Me Burroughs: A Life (Twelve, 2015), p.55.
10. William S. Burroughs, Naked Lunch: The Restored Text (Penguin, 2015), p.17.
11. Pille Taba, Andrew Lees and Gerald Stern, ‘Erich Harnack (1852–1915), and a Short History of Apomorphine’, European Neurology, 2013 (69), p.323.
12. Lees quoted by Robert McCrum, Observer, 14 October 2014.
13. William S. Burroughs,
Rub Out the Words: The Letters of William S. Burroughs 1959–1974 (to the editor of the New Statesman, 4 March 1966) (Penguin, 2012), p.168.
14. Bowie quoted by Frank Mastropolo, Ultimate Classic Rock, 11 January 2016.
15. Craig Copetas, Rolling Stone, 28 February 1974.
16. Carnwath and Smith, p.55.
17. Paul Gerwitz, ‘Methadone Maintenance for Heroin Addicts’, Yale Law School Legal Repository, 1 January 1969, p.1175.
18. Michael Agar, ‘Going Through the Changes: Methadone in New York City’, Human Organization, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Fall 1977), p.291.
19. Gerwitz, p.1179.
20. Cary Bennett, ‘Methadone Maintenance Treatment: Disciplining the “Addict”’, Health and History, Vol. 13, No. 2, Special Feature: Health and Disability (2011), p.131.
21. Burroughs, Naked Lunch, p.18.
22. Agar, p.291.
23. Gerwitz, p.1195.
24. Ibid., p.1200.
25. http://www.timeisonourside.com/chron1971.html.
26. Rebecca Jones, Today, BBC Radio 4, 23 May 2011.
27. http://www.sciencemag.org/careers/2013/09/complex-socialprocess.
28. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/20/science/candace-pert-67-explorer-of-the-brain-dies.html.
29. Randy Shilts, And the Band Played On (St Martin’s Press, 1987), p.xxi.
30. Ronald Reagan, Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Ronald Reagan, 1986 (Office of the Federal Register, 1986), p.1182.
31. William W. Darrow. ‘Randy M. Shilts 1952–1994’, Journal of Sex Research, Vol. 31, No. 3 (1994), p.249.
32. Ronald O. Valdiserri, T. Stephen Jones, Gary R. West, Carl H. Campbell, Jr. and P. Imani Thompson, ‘Where Injecting Drug Users Receive HIV Counseling and Testing’, Public Health Reports (1974–), Vol. 108, No. 3 (May–June 1993), p.295.
33. Shilts, p.xxiii.
34. The Age, 27 October 1992, p.127.
35. Sonny Shiu Hing Lo, The Politics of Cross-border Crime in Greater China: Case Studies of Mainland China, Hong Kong and Macao (Routledge, 2009), p.187.
36. Fenton Bresler, The Trail of the Triads: An Investigation into International Crime (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1980), p.1.
37. Ibid., p.2.
38. Steven Tsang, A Modern History of Hong Kong (I.B. Tauris, 2004) p.276.
39. Greg Girard, City of Darkness: Life In Kowloon’s Walled City (Watermark, 1993).
40. Carol Jones and Jon Vagg, Criminal Justice in Hong Kong (Routledge, 2007), p.357.
41. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Drug Policy Profile: Poland (2014), p.5.
42. https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/141189NCJRS.pdf.
43. Philip Matthews, ‘Chronicle of Malaysia, 11 January 1977’, in Chronicle of Malaysia: Fifty Years of Headline News, 1963–2013 (Editions Didier Millet, 2013), p.128.
44. James Morton, The Mammoth Book of Gangs (Constable & Robinson, 2012), p.187.
45. http://hmt-sanctions.s3.amazonaws.com/sanctionsconlist.pdf, p.181.
46. U.S. Vulnerabilities to Money Laundering, Drugs, and Terrorist Financing: HSBC Case History, 17 July 2012, hearing transcript: https://www.hsgac.senate.gov/download/report-us-vulnerabilities-to-money-laundering-drugs-and-terrorist-financing-hsbc-case-history.
47. Daniel Foggo, Telegraph, 27 April 2003: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1428462/Rachel-did-not-die-from-a-heroin-overdose.html.
48. Jason Bennetto, Independent, 12 November 2003: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/what-did-happen-torachel-77919.html.
49. Foggo: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1428462/Rachel-did-not-die-from-a-heroin-overdose.html.
50. Kevin M. De Cock, Reflections on 30 Years of AIDS: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3358222/.
51. Max Daly, Vice, 18 January 2017, ‘This Is What Happened to the “Trainspotting” Generation of Heroin Users’.
52. http://dequinceyjynxie.blogspot.fr/2015/07/mad-dog-newbrunswick-nj.html.
53. Ross Coomber, Perceptions of Illicit Drugs and Drug Users: Myth-Understandings and Policy Consequences, PhD thesis, 1999, University of Greenwich, p.27.
54. Ann Higgins, ‘Cut The Shit’, VICE, 1 December 2005.
55. United States v. Ross William Ulbricht (United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit, Southern District of New York, 27 September 2014).
56. Cat Marnell, New York Times, 27 January 2017: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/27/style/cat-marnell-addiction-memoirhow-to-murder-your-life.html.
57. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/ss/ss6506a1.htm.
58. https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/prescribing.html.
59. Casey Leins, ‘New Hampshire: Ground Zero for Opioids’, US States and World Report, 28 June 2017.
60. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Prescribing Rate Maps: https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/maps/rxratemaps.html.
61. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. County Prescribing Rates, 2012: https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/maps/rxcounty2012.html.
62. Amy Yukanin, ‘Poor, Rural and Addicted’, www.al.com, 24 August 2017.
63. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Prescribing Rate Maps: https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/maps/rxratemaps.html, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Drug Overdose Death Data: https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/statedeaths.html
64. Michael Nerheim quoted by James Fuller, ‘Suburban Counties Sue Drug Makers Over Overdose Deaths’, Daily Herald, 21 December 2017.
65. David Crow, ‘US Seeks Fix For Its Opioid Addiction’, Financial Times, 11 September 2017.
66. Atul Gawande, Annals of Surgery, Vol. 265, Issue 4 (April 2017), p.693.
INDEX
Page numbers listed correspond to the print edition of this book. You can use your device’s search function to locate particular terms in the text.
Abbasids 38–9
Abdur Rahman Khan (Iron Emir) 305–7
Abram, Thomas 141
Abulcasis (al-Zahrawi) 53
Academy of Gondeshapur (India) 35–6
acetic anhydride 328
acetylation 234
Acosta, Cristobal 118
Acre 61
addiction 237–9, 256
and apps 371
earliest document of drug 24
early theories 150–4
and Kerr 238–9
legislation passed 238–9
rehabilitation centres 238
and working class 237–8
see also heroin addiction; morphine addiction; opium addiction
Afghanistan 301–29
Alternative Livelihood programmes 323
Amanullah’s reforms 307–8
Camp Bastion 324–5
cannabis supplier 322
Durand Line 306, 307, 311, 321
eradicating opium production
attempts by NATO/US 322–3, 325
Helmand River Valley Project 309–13
heroin addiction 327
heroin production 301, 317, 320, 327
history 301–9
invasion of by United States (2001) 321–2
Iron Emir’s rule 305–7
and ISIS 325–6, 328–9
mujahideen 313–14, 315
Northern Alliance 320
opium-poppy replacement project 348–9
opium production 309, 314, 319–21, 322–4
Panjdeh Incident (1885) 306, 307
persecution of the Hazara people 306
relations with Britain 307
Sikh dispute 303, 304
Soviet invasion and occupation 313–15
Soviet withdrawal 315–16
and Taliban 318–21, 322, 326
use of opium poppy for medicinal purposes 302
Africa
heroin smuggling 327–8
Iberian trade with 72–3
opium trade in North 327
spice trade 31
Africanus, Constantine 52
AG Bayer 288
Aguinaldo, Emilio 249, 250, 251
AIDS see HIV/AIDS
Ain Maliha (Israel) 5
Akha people 349
al-Kindi 39, 41
al-Qaeda 315, 322, 326
al-Sabbāh, Hassan 58–9
alcohol, combination of opium and 69, 126
alcoholism 236
and Drunkards Act (1879) 237, 238, 239
and Gin Craze 135–40, 141–2, 145, 363
and Inebriates Act (1888) 238–9
Rush’s book on 152
Trotter’s essay on 153–4
Alcott, Louisa May
Hospital Sketches 214
Alder Wright, Charles Romley 233, 234–5, 240
Alexander the Great 20
Alexios I, Emperor 46
Algeciras, Siege of (1342–4) 65
Alphabay 370
Alphanus of Monte Cassino 51–2
Alston, Charles
A Dissertation on Opium 146
Amanullah 307–8
ambergris 79–80
America/Americans 203–30
anti-Chinese sentiment 222–4, 228
association of blacks with cocaine 254–5
attempts at eradicating opium production in Afghanistan 323
banning of opium (1875) 223, 253
banning of opium (1909) 253
Beat Generation 333–4, 341
and Boston Tea Party (1773) 166
Chinese immigrants and opium dens 219–24
Chinese labourers 222–3
Harrison Act (1914) 255, 256, 259, 275, 276, 277, 339
heroin addiction and epidemic 297, 298–9, 332–3, 337, 373
and HIV/AIDS 344, 345–8
invasion of Afghanistan (2001) 321–2
involvement of in establishing the Golden Triangle 295–6, 297
and Korean War 291–2
medical advertising 209
medical pioneers and patent medicines 203–9
and Mexican opium production 286–7
and MMT 338–9, 348
New York’s Cosa Nostra’s heroin trade 269–75
opioid prescriptions 372–5
opium contained in patent medicines 206–8
opium dens and opium trade in Deadwood (South Dakota) 225–7
opium prohibition 255, 256, 259, 260
and opium trade 177, 178–9
organized crime in 267–8
Progressive Era 256
prohibition of alcohol (Volstead Act) 255–6, 259