by Lucy Inglis
prosecution of darknet retailers 370
Reagan’s campaign against drugs 346–7
relations with China 201
rise of morphinism 209–14, 221, 251
spirit addiction 151–3
use of opium by doctors 204–5
War on Drugs 338, 339
war with Spain (1898) 145
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions 201
American Civil War (1861–5) 214–19
American Field Service 277
American War of Independence 150–1
American–Philippine War 250–2
Amin, Hafizullah 312, 313
Amoy (Xiamen), capture of (1683) 96
amphetamines 284, 285
anaesthesia
early methods 63–4
and First World War 280
opium and early use of in 63–6
anal fistula 65
Anatolia 116
Anel, Dominique 210
Anel syringe 210
Anglo–Dutch War 88
Anglo-Oriental Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade 235–6
Annan, Kofi 320
Anslinger, Harry 262
Anstie, Francis 230
Antioch, Siege of (1098) 48
antiseptics
and First World War 280
Antwerp 76
Anzio Effect 286
Apel, Otto 292, 293
apomorphine 234, 334, 335–6, 340
apothecaries 48, 62, 67
competition between doctors and 130–1
as valued members of the community 130
apothecary shops 131–2
Arab world
and cannabis 59
medicine 39–44
surgical procedures 40–1
use of opium for medicinal purposes and as an anaesthetic 40, 41, 42–3
Arcot, Siege of (1751) 169–70
Arderne, John of 64–6
Fistula in ano 65
Arghandab Dam (Afghanistan) 310
Aristotle 19
On Sleeping 18
Arnold, John 132
ARPANET 368
Arrow (ship) 196–7
aspirin 240, 241, 243
Assizes of Jerusalem 49–50
Assyrian Herbal, The 10
Atatürk (Mustafa Kemal) 262
Atkinson, Leslie ‘Ike’ 298
Auckland, Lord 303, 304
Aurelius, Emperor Marcus 23, 24
Meditations 24
Auschwitz camp 288
Avesta 34
Avicenna (Ibn-Sīnā) 41–4, 47, 53
The Book of Healing 41–2
Canon of Medicine 42–3
Awsiter, John 147
Ayer, James Cook 207–9
Ayer’s Almanac 208
Ayer’s Cherry Pectoral 207–8
Ayyubid dynasty 49
Babur 115, 118
Bacon, Francis 130
History of Life and Death 123
The New Instrument of Science 123
Bactrian camel 28–9
Badakshan 60
Baghdad 38, 41
Banda Islands 86, 87–8
Banks, Joseph 167
bankshalls 106–7
barbiturates 333
Barboas, Gonçalo Gil 77
Barker, Fordyce 212
Barnes, Nicky 298
Bartholow, Robert 212, 213
Bayer 240–1, 243
Bayer Leverkusen 288
Bayt al-Hikma (House of Wisdom) 38–9
Beard, George Miller
American Nervousness 229
Beat Generation 333–4, 341
Beddoes, Thomas
Hygëia 154–5
Bedford, Duchess of 167
Beecher, Henry 286
Begim, Gulbadan 119
Belon, Pierre 116
Benevolent Assimilation (1898) 250–1
Benezet, Anthony
The Mighty Destroyer Displayed 152
Bengal 173
Benzedrine 284, 285
Bes (Egyptian god) 14
betel-chewing 93
Betts, Dr Thaddeus 204
Betts, Leah 363
Bhumibol, King 348
bin Laden, Osama 313, 315, 322
binomial nomenclature 145
bitcoin 370
Black Death (1346–53) 61
Black Hole incident (1756) 170
Black Panthers 298
blacks
association with cocaine in America 254–5
Boadicea, Queen 46
Boko Haram 326
Bolivia 82
Bonfadini Report (1876) 270
Borgognoni, Theodoric 52–3
Cyrugia 52–3, 54
Boston Tea Party (1773) 166
Bowie, David 336, 337, 341, 342
Boyle, Robert 124, 125
Brent, Charles 252, 253
Brezhnev, Leonid 311–12, 313
Bridgman, E. C. 200–1
Britain
and Afghanistan 303–4, 304–5, 307, 321–2
arrival of Christianity in 45
attempts at regulating medical profession 228
and Dangerous Drugs Act (1920) 255
Dark Ages 45–6
early evidence of opium poppy in 8–9
early sea explorations 84–5
early use of opium in medicines 125–7
and First Opium War 188–90
Gin Craze 135–40, 141–2, 145, 363
heroin addiction 365–6
and India 112, 115, 163, 170
Industrial Revolution 181
and medicine 123–5
opium smugglers 172–9
and opium trade 164, 172–9, 182–3
opium trade with China 164, 178, 182–3
and Second Opium War 196–9
tea consumption and demand 91–2, 164–5, 167
tea trade 165–7
tobacco habit 95
trade with Canton 180–1, 185
trade with China 99–103, 106, 110–12, 176
trade deals with Spain 88
trade in the East 87
trade with Mughal Empire 120–2
trade with Philippines 247
Bronze Age 9–15
Brown, Dr John 149, 154
Brunonian System of health 149
Burma 291, 295–6
Burroughs, William 228, 241–2, 333–7
Naked Lunch 334–5
Burton, Robert 143
The Anatomy of Melancholy 143–4
Byzantium 25, 33–4, 50–1 see also Constantinople
Calamity Jane (Martha Jane Burke) 225, 227
Calkins, Dr Alonzo 228–9, 230
Camp Bastion (Afghanistan) 324–5
Campbell, William 305–6
Can Tintorer (Gavà) 5–6
cannabis 26, 59, 62, 322, 363, 369
Canton 102–3, 106–11, 174, 180–5
attempt by Lin Zexu to end opium trade in 186–9
and EIC 109–11
guild system 107–8
Jardine Matheson and trade in 180–2
opium missionaries 199–201
opium trade 179–82, 184, 186–7, 200, 202
relationship between hongs and merchants 183–4
removal of EIC’s control over trade 181–2
taken by British/French forces (1857) 197
trade with Britain 180–1, 185
Triads in 183
Caputo, Philip 299–300
Carbone, Paul Bonnaventure 267, 268
carfentanil 374
Carrhae, Battle of (53BC) 30, 31
Catalan Atlas 72
Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 373
Central Intelligence Agency see CIA
Ceres 16
Chapman, Nathaniel 203–4
Chardin, Jean 117
Charlemagne, King 46
Chauliac, Guy de 63
Ch’en Ts’Ang Ch’i 38
China 2
6–27, 27–29, 38, 80–81
arrival of Jesuits in (1582) 83
banning of opium 98, 174, 179
currency crisis in sixteenth century 80–1
early sea exploration 73
European private expeditions to 81
first appearance of opium in writings of 38
first English trade voyage to (1637) 99–103
and First Opium War 188–90, 193–4, 200
guild system 107–8
Han dynasty 28–29
and Hong Kong 103–106
legalization of opium trade 198, 202
Ming dynasty 71, 82–3, 94
movement of Arab Muslims to 38
opium consumption and addiction 94–5, 96–7, 111–12, 174, 178–9, 186, 202
opium dens 97
opium missionaries 199–202
opium smoking 109
opium trade 198–9
opium trade with Britain 164, 178, 182–3
population 81, 84, 108–9
Qing dynasty 94, 98, 104, 197–8
and Second Opium War 196–9
and Silk Roads 28–9
Taiping Rebellion 198
tea trade with Britain 166–7
tea/tea-drinking 88–9, 90
tobacco/tobacco smoking 93–4
trade with Britain 99–103, 106, 110–12, 176
trade with Philippines 246
China White 373
Chinese
anti-Chinese sentiment in America 222–4, 228
emigration to America 219–24
in Hong Kong 194, 352–3
in Philippines 246, 247–9, 251
Chinese hongs 108, 183–4
Chinese Repository 200
chloroform 280
Christianity 25, 45–6
Churchill, Winston 283
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) 268–9, 291, 297, 356
clippers 180–1
Clive of India (Robert Clive) 163, 168–72
Clostridium novyi 363
Cobain, Kurt 342
Cobden, Richard 197
Coca-Cola 218
cocaine 326
association of American blacks with 254–5
Cocteau, Jean 330–1, 332, 333
coffee 90, 91, 92
Cogotai (envoy) 56
Cohong 110, 111
coinage 34
appearance of opium poppy on 20
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 155, 156–7, 159–60
‘Kubla Khan’ 156
Columbus, Christopher 74–5, 80
Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) 327, 328
Commutation Act (1784) 166
compradors 101–2, 107, 108, 110, 111
Constantine, Emperor 25, 33–4
Constantinople 25, 33–4, 55
conquest of by Ottomans (1453) 74
see also Byzantium
Convention Against Illicit Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs (1988) 367
Coptic Christians 44–5
Coram, Thomas 140
Corsican Mafia 267–9, 273, 291
Cosa Nostra 269–75
Cowper, William 168
Crete 11
Crothers, Thomas D. 217, 244
Crumpe, Samuel 149–50
An Inquiry into the Nature and Properties of Opium 149–50
Crusades 46–51, 61, 115
Cuba
war of independence from Spain 244–5
Cueva de los Murciélagos (Granada, Spain) 9
Cushing, Harvey 277, 278, 281
Cyprus 13–14
cyrugicus 47
da Gama, Vasco 75–6, 78
Dachau, liberation of (1945) 287–8
Dai Fou 219–24
Dalrymple Home for Inebriates 238
Damiani Report (1881–6) 270, 271
Dangerous Drugs Act (1920) 255
Daoud, Mohammad 310, 311–12
Dark Ages 44–5
darknet 369–70
Davenant, Charles 138
Day, Horace B.
The Opium Habit 218
De Quincey, Thomas 155, 157–9, 160, 230, 332
Confessions of an English Opium-Eater 158, 229
DEA (Drug Enforcement Agency) (US) 287, 352, 360
Deadwood (South Dakota) 225–8
Deadwood (TV series) 224
Defoe, Daniel 137
Defour, Judith 139–40
Deir-el-Medina (Egypt) 14–15
Demeter (Greek goddess) 16
Dent, John Yerbury 335
Dent, Lancelot 185, 187, 201
Derosne, Charles 161
Dewey, Thomas E. 273
dhows 71–2
diacetylmorphine 233–5, 239–40, 241–2
see also heroin
diamorphine 241, 242–3, 255, 285
Dias, Bartolomeu 74
Dio, Cassius 30
Dioscorides, Pedanius 21, 40
De materia medica 21–2
diryaq 49
disease theory 152
dissection 66, 68
doctors
increase in demand for during the plague 63
and morphine addiction 230
relationship with apothecaries 130–1, 132
dolantin 285
Dost Mohammed Khan 303, 304
Dover, Thomas 129–30, 132–5
The Ancient Physician’s Legacy to his Country 133–5
Dover’s Powder 134–5
Dreser, Heinrich 240, 241–2
Drug Enforcement Agency see
DEA Drunkards Act (1879) 237, 238, 239
Du Yuesheng 265–7, 352
Durand Line 306, 307, 311, 321
dwale 64
Dylan, Bob 341
East India Company see EIC
East Indies
European exploration of 74–6
opium use 118
Portuguese military expeditions 78
Ebers Papyrus 15, 43
ecstasy 363
Edinburgh 149
Egypt 49
heroin epidemic 327, 337
Egypt, ancient 14–15
Egyptian opium 145
EIC (East India Company) 85–6, 87, 88, 96, 99, 108, 112, 163–4, 169, 170–1
British government’s attempt at regulating 174
in Canton 109–11
end of trading days 181
growth of dominance 163
opium trade 173–6
opium trade in India 171, 173
tea trade 164, 165, 166–7
Eichengrün, Arthur 240–1
Eisle, Otto 285
Eliopoulos, Elias 262–3
Elliot, Captain Charles 187, 188, 190
Elphinstone, William 304
Emily incident (1821) 177–8
encephalin 343
endorphins 343
England see Britain
Estonia 332
evidence-based medicine 53
Ezra, Edward Isaac 264
Falloppio, Garile 68
Farmacia Santa Maria Novella 67
Federal Bureau of Narcotics 262
Federal Narcotics Control Board 259
fentanyl 323, 373, 374
fentanyl lollipops 324–5
Fertile Crescent 4–5, 25
field medic (Second World War) 282–3, 287
Fielding, Henry 140, 142
Finland 332
First Opium War 188–90, 193–4, 200
First World War 276–82
American casualties 292
innovations in treatment of wounds and anaesthetics 280
shortage of medical supplies and morphine 277–9, 280–1
use of mustard gas by Germans 278
Fitch, Ralph 84–5
Fitzgerald, Luke 364, 365
Fleet Prison (London) 63
Fleming, Alexander 283
Flint, James 110–11
Florus 30
Fordham, Elias P. 204
Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act (1999) 360–1
F
ortune, Robert 191
Foundling Hospital (London) 140
14K Gang 359
France 46
Communists in 268
and Corsican Mafia 267–9
heroin production 331
Franks 47
Friedman, Elizebeth Smith 264
Galen of Pergamon 23–5, 42, 53, 123
gambling 142
Gandamak, Treaty of (1879) 305
gardens, opium growing in early 20, 61–2
Garth, Dr Samuel 130–1
Gawande, Atul 375–6
Gay-Lussa, Joseph Louis 161
Geber 40
Genghis Khan 55
Germany 70
attitude towards opium and cocaine 284
golden age of pharmaceutical production 283–4
Neolithic settlements 7–8
Gin Act (1751) 142
Gin Craze 135–40, 141–2, 145, 363
Ginsberg, Allen 333, 334
Glacium flavum see horned poppy
Gladstone, William 188
glaucine 5
Godber, Peter Fitzroy 354, 355
Godfrey’s Cordial 148, 205
Gold Cure 230, 256
Golden Triangle 295–6, 297, 298, 356
Gondeshapur 35–6
Goulāo, Joāo 367
Government of India Act (1833) 181
Great Bengal Famine (1770) 175
Greece, ancient 11–13, 16–20
Green Gangs 263–7, 351
Grimm, Henry
The Chinese Must Go 223–4
Grotius, Hugo
The Freedom of the Seas 87
Guam 145–6
Guangdong 97, 98, 105, 246
Guangzhou 79
Guérini, Antoine and Bartélemy 267, 268, 269
Guild of Physicians and Apothecaries 67
guilds 66–67
Canton/Chinese 107–8
Italian city-state 55
Gulf War 324
Gutenberg, Johannes 67
Habitual Drunkards Act see Drunkards Act
Habsburg Empire 122
haemorrhoids 53
Hague Convention 262, 331
Hamilton, Lillias 306
Han dynasty 28–9
Hansa (Internet) 370
Hanseatic League 70
Hanway, Jonas 164
Essay on Tea 164
haoma 35, 59
Harrison Narcotics Tax Act (1914) 255, 256, 259, 275, 276, 277, 339
Harvey, William 124
Hastings, Governor General Warren 167, 175
Hauschild, Dr Fritz 284
Heath, Edward 286–7
Heaven and Earth Society see Triads
Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin 316
Helmand River Valley Project (Afghanistan) 309–13
hemlock 19, 53, 62, 64
henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) 8, 21, 42, 46, 64
Hendrix, Jimi 341
Henry the Navigator 72
Heraclius, Emperor 36
herbalism, medieval 62
Herodotus 27
heroin
adulteration of 368–9
Afghanistan production 301, 317, 320, 327
and Corsican Mafia 269
creation of Golden Triangle and production of 295–6
creation of 240–2
domination of global trafficking of by Triads 360
early appearances of overdoses 244