by Lucy Inglis
early preparations of 242–3
and Hong Kong 350–3, 356, 360
Internet forums 370–1
intravenous use of 337
and ISIS 327
and Korean War 293–4
legalization of in Portugal 366–8
and musicians 341, 342
and New York’s Cosa Nostra 269–75
production during inter-war years 331–2
production process 356–8
and prostitution 256
and Russia 321
smuggling of in Africa 327–8
success in treating disease 242–3
use of by soldiers in Vietnam War 295, 296
heroin addiction
Afghanistan 327
America 297, 298–9, 332–3, 337, 373
apomorphine as treatment of 334–6
Britain 365–6
and Burroughs 333–4
Egypt 327, 337
Hong Kong 354, 360
ibogaine as treatment 340
and methadone maintenance
treatment (MMT) 337–40, 348
Pakistan 316–17
Portugal 366–7
heroin hydrochloride 242–3
heroin pills 243
Hersende 50
Hi Kee 226
Hickman, Sophie Frances 244
Hippocrates 17–18, 47, 53
Hippocratic oath 17
HIV/AIDS 344–9
Hoffmann, Felix 240
Hogarth, William 141
Holland
and cartography 86
sea explorations and trade with East/China 85–8
tea 91
Holmes, Oliver Wendell 218–19
Homer
Odyssey 16–17
Hong Kong 185, 190–6, 350–6
beginnings of 103–6
ceded to the British 190
Chinese population in 194, 352–3
and credit 195
economic hierarchy in 350
heroin addiction 354, 360
heroin trade and trafficking 350–3, 356, 360
moving of British and Indian businesses to 191–2
Nam Pak Hong trade 195
and opium trade 192–3
opium use 355
police corruption 354–5, 355
rapid colonization of 193–4
return to Chinese control 361
tackling of heroin trade by government 354–5
Triads 351, 354, 355
Walled City 354–5
hong merchants 108, 110, 174, 184, 193
Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation see HSBC
horned poppy (Glacium flavum) 5, 22, 46
House of the Golden Bracelet (Pompeii) 20
Howqua 183–4, 187
HSBC (Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation) 195–6, 350, 362
Hua Tao 26
Hugh of Lucca 52
Hulagu 56
humours theory 17–18, 45, 66
Hunter, Charles 211
Hunter, William 184
hydrogen peroxide 276
Hyoscyamus niger see henbane
hypodermic needle 209–13, 229, 280, 345
ibogaine 340
Ibrahim, Dawood 361–2
IG Farben 284, 285, 288
improvement societies 236
Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) 354, 355
India 29, 31, 112, 163, 169–70
Black Hole incident (1756) 170
and Britain 112, 115, 163, 170
da Gama’s exploration of 75–6
Great Bengal Famine (1770) 175
opium production and trade 172–6
opium smoking 172–3
spice trade 31–2
tea industry 167
see also Mughal Empire
Industrial Revolution 181, 237
Inebriates Act (1888) 238–9
insomnia 143
International Opium Commission 252–4
International Opium Convention (The Hague) (1912) 254
Internet, buying of drugs on 368–70, 371
intoxication, new culture of 135–42
Iron Emir 305–7
ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) 325–6, 328–9
Islam 36–44, 58
medicine 39–44
surgical procedures 40–41
Islamic Conference 313
Ismail II, Shah 117
Italy 368
city states 54–5, 70–1
Jaffe, Jerome 295, 299
Jahangir 119–22
James I, king 95
Jamšid, king 34–5
Japan 81–2, 99
invasion of Manchuria (1931) 266
Jesuits in 83
punishment of opium smoking 290
Jardine Matheson 180–1, 184–5, 191, 192, 200, 201
Jardine, William 180–1, 182, 188
Jefferson, Thomas 204
Jerusalem, European recapture of (1099) 50
Jesuits 83
Jiajing, Emperor 79
John II, king 74, 75
Johnson, Dr Samuel 144, 165
Jones, John
The Mysteries of Opium Reveal’d 145–6
Jones, Robert 280
Jones-Miller Act 255
Joplin, Janis 341
‘junkies’ 256
Kajaki Dam (Afghanistan) 310
Kane, Harry Hubbell 230
Karmal, Babrak 313
Kearney, Dennis 224
Keeley, Dr Leslie 230
Keian suicides 19–20
Kerouac, Jack 333, 334
Kerr, Norman Shanks 238–9
Kingpin Act 360–1
Kiteon (Cyprus) 13–14
KMT 290–1, 297
Knights Hospitaller 50, 51
Kolb, Dr Lawrence 256
Korea 289–94
drug addiction 290
as Japanese colony 289–90
opium production 289
Korean Society for the Prevention of Drug Abuse 290
Korean War (1950–3) 291–4, 337
Kowloon, Battle of 188
Kublai Khan 56, 57
Kwok Acheong 194
La Marmotta settlement (Italy) 6–7
Lady Hughes affair (1784) 178
Lansky, Meyer 272, 275
Laos 295–6
CIA’s covert operations in 297
Late Bronze Age 11
laudanum 69, 126–7, 129, 146
endemic of 155
Le Mort’s recipe 133
and Romantics 155–8
Sydenham’s recipe 126–7, 129, 133
LBK (Linearbandkeramik) 6–8
Le Mort, Jakob 133
League of Nations 255
Lees, Professor Andrew 335–6
Leigh, John 148–9, 150
Letter of Tansar 33
Liber isogogarum 52
Lin Zexu 186–9, 200
Linnaeus, Carl 144–5
Lintin Island 179, 184
Lloyd, B. E. 220, 223
Locke, John 128–9
London 123–4
gin intoxication of working class 136–7, 138, 139–40
London Dispensary 131
Loo Aqui 194
Lotsof, Howard 340
LSD 333
Lu Yu
The Classic of Tea 89
Lucas, Frank 297–9
Luciano, Charles ‘Lucky’ 272–3, 274–5
Ma brothers 353–4
Ma Yik Shing 353–4
Macao 79–80, 99
Macartney, 1st Earl of 176
McCrae, Jack 279–80
Macfarlan’s 254
madak 95, 96, 97
Madrid decree (1814) 248
Mafia
Corsican 267–9, 273, 291
New York 271–3, 298
Sicilian 270–1, 273
Magniac & Co. 180, 184
Maimonides, Moses 49
Glossary of Drugs 49
Treatise on Asthma 49
&
nbsp; Treatise on Poisons and Their Antidotes 49
Maine, sinking of (1898) 145
Malacca 78
Manchuria, Japanese invasion of (1931) 266
Mandelslo, John 173
Mandeville, Bernard
‘The Grumbling Hive’ 137
Mao Tse-tung 290, 350
Maranzano, Salvatore 269
Marco Polo 54–60, 61, 66, 89
marijuana 333, 358
Marks, Jeanette 217
Marmotta people 6–7
Marne, Battle of the (1914) 277
Marseilles 267, 268–9, 273, 291, 351
Martin, James 253
Martin, Montgomery 193
Marx, Karl 198
MASH (Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals) 291–3, 294, 324
Massoud, Ahmad Shah 315, 316, 320
Matheson, Alexander 191
Matheson, James 180–1, 182
Matthews, Frank 298
Matthiessen, Augustus 233–4
Mattinson, J. B. 230
medical publications 67–8
Medical Reform Act (1858) 228
medical schools 35, 47, 50–4
Medical Unit Self-Contained Transportables (MUST) 295
Medici family 67
Meer, Dr Fritz ter 288
melancholy
Burton’s book on 143–4
Mengele, Dr Joseph 288
mental health
Burton’s book on melancholy 143–4
Mercator, Gerardus 86
Mercator projection (1569) 86
Merck 162, 276, 284
Merck, Friedrich Jacob 127–8
Mering, Joseph von 242
Merton Priory 62
Mesue Senior 41
methadone 285, 337–40, 348
methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) 338–40, 348
Mexican Revolution 260
Mexican Silver Cycle 108
Mexico 246–7, 256–60, 376
drug trafficking 258, 259–60
legislation prohibiting opium 259
marijuana culture 258, 259
opium production 258–9, 259, 286–7
rise of Sinaloa 256–60
Mill, John Stuart
On Liberty 236–7
Minoans 11–12, 13
Mithridates VI, king of Pontus 24
Mobile Army Surgical Hospitals see MASH
Moluccas 78–9
money laundering 360, 362
Mongols 55, 56, 89, 301
Montgomery, Richard 141
Montpellier medical school 54
morphine
administration of powder during American Civil War 215
discovery of 161–2
early form of administration 209–10
effect on the brain 343
hypodermic administration of 211–14, 229
lack of supplies during First World War 277–8, 279
rise of in America 209–14, 221, 251
and Second World War 283, 286
and Turkey 262
morphine addiction 213, 221, 230
and doctors 230
in Korea 290
and veterans of the American Civil War 216–18
Morrison, Robert 199–200
Morson, Thomas 162
Mowkqua 184
Mrs Winslow’s Soothing Syrup 206–7
Mughal Empire 115, 118–22, 144, 164, 169
court culture 118, 120, 121, 122
and Jahangir 119–21
opium use 118–19, 120
trade with England 120–2
wine drinking 119
women in 121–2
Muhammad, Prophet 36–7
Mumbai
Islamist terrorist attack (2008) 361
Mundy, Peter 99–101, 103
musicians
and heroin 341, 342
Mussolini, Benito 271, 273
Muziris 22, 31
My Lai Massacre (1968) 296–7
Mycenae 13
Nadir Khan, Mohammad 308
Nadir Shah 308–9
naloxone 374
Nanking, Treaty of (1842) 18
Napier, Lord 185
Napoleon 303
narcomania 239
National Prohibition Act see Volstead Act
NATO
and Afghanistan 322, 324
Natufians 4–5
navigation 71
Neolithic settlements 4–9, 10
Nerheim, Michael 375
Nestorian-Christians 35–6
Netiv Hagdud (Jordan Valley) 5
neuralgia 128, 211
opium treatment for 128–9
New York
heroin business 297–8
and Mafia 271–3, 298
Newby, Eric
A Short Walk in the Hindu Kush 310
Nine Inch Nails
‘Hurt’ 342
Nisbet, Tom 153
Nixon, Richard 294, 295
Norette, Paolo 101–2, 103
Norman Conquest 46
Northumberland, Countess of 128–9
Nur Jahan 121–2
nutmeg 86
Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) 273–4
Office of Strategic Services (OSS) 274
Old Man of the Mountain legend 57–8
Olyphant & Co. 201
Omar, Mullah Mohammad 317, 319, 320
Onions, Tom 284–5
opiates, studies into mechanisms of 342–4
opium
deaths caused by in nineteenth century 228
eighteenth century works/texts on 145–50
medicinal purposes in early history 10, 12, 17–19, 42–3, 125–6, 140
mental effects of 145–6
origins 3–25
texts warning of danger of 146–8
opium addiction/addicts 228–9
and Cocteau 330–1, 332
and women 229
Opium and Coca Leaves Trade Restrictions At (1914) 255
opium dens
China 97
Deadwood (South Dakota) 225–7
Philippines 249
setting up of by Chinese in America 220–2
opium latex 12, 22, 60, 67, 126, 160–1, 201–2, 342, 356
opium missionaries, Chinese 199–202
opium pills 126, 127
opium pipe, discovery of first 14
opium poppy
number of species 3
replacement projects 348–9,
opium smoking 127, 172
China 109
India 172–3
Philippines 248, 249
punishment of in Japan 290
Opium Smoking Exclusion Act (1909) 253, 258–9
opium trade 26, 69, 77, 78, 144
and America 177, 178–9
attempts to stop 235–6
and Britain 164, 172–9, 182–3
Bronze Age 9–10
Canton 179–82, 184, 186–7, 200, 202
and EIC 171, 173–6
eradication of by Maso Tse-tung 290
and First Opium War 188–90
and Hong Kong 192–3
India 172–6
and Jardine Matheson 180–2
Mexico 258–60
Neolithic 8, 9
North Africa 327
Philippines 248–9, 251
Shanghai 263–7
sixteenth century 77, 78
Southern Route 326–8
Turkey 261–3
and VOC 109
Opium War
First 188–90, 193–4, 200
Second 196–9
organic chemistry 160–1
organized crime 256–7, 275, 376
America 267–8
Hong Kong 350, 353, 354
Marseilles 267
see also Mafia
Ottoman Empire 71, 74, 115–17, 118, 144
Oxford University 62
OxyContin 372–3
pain theory 42, 211
Pakistan
heroin use and
addiction 316–17
Palmerston, Viscount 187
Pantokrator Hospital (Constantinople) 51
Papaver setigerum 3
Papaver somniferum 3, 7, 8, 9, 14, 62, 145, 377
Paracelsus 68–9, 123
Paris medical school 62
Paris, Treaty of (1898) 250
Parker, Peter 201
Parthians 32, 34–5
patent medicines 203–9
opium contained in 151, 155, 206–8
Peking, Convention of (1860) 198
penicillin 283
Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (P&O) 193
Pepys, Samuel 91
Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 31
Perkins & Co. 185
Persia/Persians 25, 34–6, 303
and medicine 34–5
Muslim conquest of 37
Safavid Empire 117
Sassanid Empire 32–3, 34–6
Pert, Candace 342–4
Pervitin 284, 285
Pharmacy Act (1868) 228, 229
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy 205
Philippines
Chinese in 246, 247–9, 251
fight for independence from Spain 249–50
invasion and capture of by Americans (1898) 250–1
opium cultivation and trade 248–9, 251
opium-smoking culture and banning of 248, 249
trade with Britain 247
trade with China 246
war with America 244–52
physicus 47–8
Pierce, F. M. 235
Pires, Tomé 78, 80
plague 61–2, 63
Plassey, Battle of (1757) 112, 115, 170
Pliny the Elder 20–1, 30, 32, 137
Poppy Goddess 12
poppy straw 376–7
population 81
Portugal/Portuguese 72
da Gama’s exploration of India 75–6
heroin epidemic 366–7
legalization of drugs (2001) 366–8
military expeditions in the East Indies 78–9
sea exploration and ships 71–5
trade with Africa 72–3, 74
trade with Japan 99
post-traumatic stress disorder 324
Potosí (Bolivia) 82
Pottinger, George 191
Pravaz, Charles Gabriel 211
printing press 67
prostitution
and heroin 256
Puankhequa 183
Puerta, Enrique Fernández 260
Purdue Pharma 371–3
Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) 253
Qur’an 37
Rada, Martin de 90
RADARS 372
Ramusio, Giovanni Battista 89
Raunds (Northamptonshire) 8, 9
recreational drug use, boom in 341–2
Red Sea 31
Reddit 370–1
Renaissance 66, 67
Rhazes 39–41, 47, 53
Ricci, Matteo 83–4
Map of the Ten Thousand Countries of the World 83–4
Ricettario, El 67
Richards, Keith 340, 342
Rinieri, Bartolomea 66
Roe, Sir Thomas 121–2
Purchas his Pilgrimes 121
Romans 16, 20–5, 29–31, 32, 33–4, 36, 48
Romantics 154–60
Rothstein, Arnold 267–8
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 144
Royal College of Physicians 130, 131