Blood Profits
Page 30
7. “US General Voices Concern over Iran Venezuela ties,” AFP, April 5, 2011. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gMdmJ9NnlROhzcDjs457Jwn0gBEg?docId=CNG.692381365d745fc505df40c97673c9ec.861
8. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), World Drug Report 2011 (New York: United Nations, 2011), p. 107.
9. Hirst, p. 234.
10. Jo Becker, “Beirut Bank Seen as a Hub of Hezbollah’s Financing,” New York Times, December 13, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/world/middleeast/beirut-bank-seen-as-a-hub-of-hezbollahs-financing.html?
11. https://www.fbi.gov/newyork/press-releases/2011/civil-suit-seeks-more-than-480-million-from-entities-that-facilitated-Hezbollah-related-money-laundering-scheme
12. Sections of what follows were previously published as Vanessa Neumann, “The New Nexus of Narcoterrorism: Hezbollah and Venezuela.”
13. https://mltoday.com/article/760-continental-bolivarian-movement-significance-for-socialists/47
CHAPTER 5
1. Neumann, “The New Nexus.”
2. While Hezbollah blamed the killing on Mossad (Israel’s intelligence service), it has since emerged that it was the CIA that built the bomb, tested it twenty-five times before taking it to Damascus, and were the on-the-ground spotters for agents back in Mossad’s headquarters in Tel Aviv, according to The Washington Post: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/cia-and-mossad-killed-senior-hezbollah-figure-in-car-bombing/2015/01/30/ebb88682-968a-11e4-8005-1924ede3e54a_story.html
3. https://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=122 and https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/le.html
4. “Hadith” comes from the Arabic meaning a “report,” “account,” or “narrative.” It is allegedly based on reports of the Prophet Muhammad’s words, actions, or habits.
5. Jo Becker, “Beirut Bank Seen as a Hub of Hezbollah’s Financing,” New York Times, December 13, 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/14/world/middleeast/beirut-bank-seen-as-a-hub-of-hezbollahs-financing.html?
6. Asher and Modell, p. 26.
7. Juval Aviv, Interfor Report (intelligence report on PanAm 103) (New York: Interfor, 1989), p. 11.
8. Scott Helfstein and John Solomo, Risky Business: The Global Threat Network and the Politics of Contraband (Washington, D.C.: US Department of Defense’s Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, May 2014), pp. 49–50
CHAPTER 6
1. Max Manwaring, “Gangs and Cartels in Coalition and Conflict: The Insurgency Phenomenon in Mexico,” in The Hybrid Threat: Crime, Terrorism and Insurgency in Mexico, HPSI Issue Brief (Washington, D.C. and Carlisle, PA: George Washington University and US Army War College, December 2011), p. 131.
2. Ibid., pp. 131–32.
3. Ibid., p. 132.
4. Ibid., p. 113.
5. Ibid., p. 23.
6. Operation Martillo (“hammer” in Spanish) is a multinational detection, monitoring, and interdiction operation focused on the activities of transnational criminal and terrorist organizations. It is a critical component of the US government’s coordinated interagency regional security strategy in support of the White House Strategy to Combat Transnational Organized Crime and the US Central America Regional Security Initiative. As of 2012, fourteen countries were participating: Belize, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, France, Guatemala, Honduras, the Netherlands, Nicaragua, Panama, Spain, United Kingdom, and the United States; Chile had also given help. The US contribution includes US Navy and Coast Guard vessels, aircraft from US federal law enforcement agencies, and military and law enforcement units from various nations working together to deny transnational criminal organizations the ability to exploit these transshipment routes for the movement of narcotics, precursor chemicals, bulk cash, and weapons along Central American shipping routes. http://www.southcom.mil/Media/Special-Coverage/Operation-Martillo/
7. CIA, The World Factbook, Guatemala, Transnational Issues. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gt.html
8. International Narcotics Control Strategy Report, Volume I: Drug and Chemical Control (Washington, D.C.: United States Department of State, Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, March 2015), p. 10.
9. http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2011/08/11/120336/violent-mexican-drug-gang-taking.html#storylink=cpy
10. Neumann, “Never Mind the Metrics.”
11. Manwaring, p. 24.
12. Ibid., p. 27.
13. Ibid., p. 26.
14. Barry R. McCaffrey, General, USA (Retired), “Mexico: Drugs, Crime and the Rule of Law,” in The Hybrid Threat: Crime, Terrorism and Insurgency in Mexico, p. 6.
15. DEA assistant administrator and chief of intelligence Rodney G Benson, in his testimony before the Western Hemisphere Subcommittee, Committee on Foreign Affairs, and the Oversight, Investigations and Management Subcommittee, at the House Committee on Homeland Security, in the House of Representatives. Sharon L. Cardash, Frank J. Cilluffo, and Bert B. Tussing, “Mexico and the Triple Threat,” in The Hybrid Threat: Crime, Terrorism and Insurgency in Mexico, p. 11.
16. McCaffrey, p. 6.
17. June Beittel, Mexico: Organized Crime and Drug Trafficking Organizations, Congressional report (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, July 22, 2015), p. 5.
18. United States Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, 2016 National Drug Threat Assessment Summary (Washington, D.C.: Drug Enforcement Administration, November 2016), pp. 6–8.
19. Ibid., p. 22.
20. United States House Committee on Homeland Security Subcommittee on Oversight, Investigations, and Management, A Line in the Sand: Countering Crime, Violence and Terror at the Southwest Border, 112th Congress, 2nd Session, November 2012.
21. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2004/sep/28/20040928-123346-3928r/
22. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/mar/27/Hezbollah-uses-mexican-drug-routes-into-us/#ixzz2JIMNOgPK
23. http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA514191
24. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2004/oct/5/20041005-013052-7047r/ and http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2004/sep/28/20040928-123346-3928r/#ixzz2HPE4HFYt
CHAPTER 7
1. “Chinggis Khaan” is Mongolia’s preferred local spelling for “Genghis Khan.”
2. Stephen Mihm, “No Ordinary Counterfeit,” New York Times, July 23, 2006.
3. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and European Union Intellectual Property Office, Trade in Counterfeit and Pirated Goods: Mapping the Economic Impact (Paris: OECD, 2016), p. 12.
4. https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/Notorious%20Markets.pdf
5. http://www.toptechnews.com/article/index.php?story_id=120003R5FKXC
6. Klaus von Lampe, Marin K. Kurti, Anqi Shen, and Georgios A. Antonopoulos, “The Changing Role of China in the Global Illegal Cigarette Trade,” International Criminal Justice Review 22, number 1 (2012), pp. 43–67, 49–50.
7. Ibid., p. 51.
8. Ibid., pp. 58–59.
9. Ibid., p. 54.
10. 18 US Code § 798.
11. 18 US Code Chapter 115.
CHAPTER 8
1. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/218880.htm
2. Jaime Doward, “How Cigarette Smuggling Fuels Africa’s Islamist Violence,” The Guardian, January 26, 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jan/27/cigarette-smuggling-mokhtar-belmokhtar-terrorism
3. Wolfram Lacher, “Organized Crime and Conflict in the Sahel-Sahara Region,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, September 2012. http://carnegieendowment.or
g/files/sahel_sahara.pdf
4. Ibid.
5. Sabbagh was later replaced by Gen. Jesús Manuel Zambrano, who was named the new president of the CVG Ferrominera Orinoco C.A., according to the national decree Gaceta Oficial # 40241, dated Monday, September 2, 2013. http://www.el-nacional.com/economia/Designan-presidente-CVG-Ferrominera-Orinoco_0_257374300.html
6. Chris Rawley, “Terrorists, Tyrants and Tobacco: How the Illicit Cigarette Trade Fuels Instability in the Middle East,” Center for International Maritime Security (CIMSEC), August 20, 2014. http://cimsec.org/terrorists-tyrants-tobacco-illicit-cigarette-trade-fuels-instability-middle-east/12623
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Federal Register, Friday, February 15, 2008, Executive Order 13460. https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/sanctions/Documents/13460.pdf
10. Greg B. Smith and Oren Yaniv, “Terrorists May Get Money from Regional, Cheap Cigarette Ring: Ray Kelly,” Daily News, May 16, 2013. http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/terrorists-money-regional-cigarette-smugglers-ray-kelly-article-1.1346120#ixzz2ebDJWWLV
11. Sari Horwitz, “Cigarette Smuggling Linked to Terrorism,” Washington Post, June 8, 2004. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A23384-2004Jun7.html
12. Against Organized Crime, INTERPOL Trafficking and Counterfeiting Casebook, 2014.
13. www.INTERPOL.org
14. Ibid.
15. Elizabeth Allen, The Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products and How to Tackle It, 2nd ed. (London: International Trade and Investment Center 2013), p. 5.
16. “Memorandum Submitted by the Serious Organized Crime Agency (SOCA),” Parliament, June 2009. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200910/cmselect/cmhaff/74/74we15.htm
17. www.acetateweb.com
18. GAMA’s Web site, http://acetateweb.com/kyc-program/, accessed February 6, 2016.
19. Ibid.
CHAPTER 9
1. Name has been changed.
2. “‘Money-Launderer’ Nidal Waked Arrested in Colombia,” BBC, May 7, 2016. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-36218993
3. Malcolm Moore and Ralph Atkins, “FIFA: The Fall of the House of Blatter,” Financial Times, November 22, 2015. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/64573fc6-8df6-11e5-a549-b89a1dfede9b.html#axzz3xb9k3IqL
4. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/fifa/11680400/Swiss-investigation-into-Fifa-corruption-and-awarding-of-World-Cups-to-Russia-and-Qatar-could-take-years.html
5. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/fifa-corruption-arrests-how-chuck-blazer-rinsed-money-from-the-beautiful-game-10279922.html#gallery
6. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Illicit Trade Converging Criminal Networks, pp. 240–41.
7. Ibid., pp. 241–42.
8. http://www.thesportster.com/entertainment/top-15-craziest-sports-bets-of-all-time/?view=all
9. OECD, Illicit Trade, pp. 243–47.
10. Ibid., p. 246.
11. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/fifa/11680400/Swiss-investigation-into-Fifa-corruption-and-awarding-of-World-Cups-to-Russia-and-Qatar-could-take-years.html
12. International Center for Sport Security (ICSS), Match-Fixing/Sport Betting—Background Fact Sheet.
13. OECD, Illicit Trade, p. 249.
14. Ibid., p. 251.
15. Ibid., p. 252.
16. Brett Forrest, The Big Fix: The Hunt for the Match-Fixers Bringing Down Soccer (New York: William Morrow, 2014), pp. 208–09.
17. Ibid., p. 182.
18. Ibid., pp. 52–53.
19. http://guardian.ng/business-services/communication/how-and-why-online-betting-fund-terrorism/
20. Forrest, p. 151.
21. http://www.thesportster.com/entertainment/top-15-craziest-sports-bets-of-all-time/?view=all
22. Vice Sports gives an example of a Belarussian Premier League match on February 3, 2014, where FC Slutsk beat the heavily favored Shakhter Soligorsk 2-1 with two late goals. bet365 and SBOBET took bets (SBOBET even confirmed the results with the victorious team) and paid out winnings. The match never took place. Betfair has similarly paid out winnings on matches that never happened, including the “friendly” exhibition match between Portugal’s Freamunde and Spain’s Ponferradina in August 2014. Betfair offered live betting.
23. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/03/sports/soccer/sepp-blatter-coca-cola-mcdonalds-fifa-resign.html?_r=0
24. http://www.coca-colacompany.com/press-center/company-statements/open-letter-to-the-fifa-executive-committee/
CHAPTER 10
1. Jean-Luc Moreau, “Coartem: Une Tragédie en Trois Actes,” Crime Pharmaceutique: Une Épidémie Silencieuse, Défis 5 (June 2015), pp. 7–12.
2. Ibid., pp. 7–10.
3. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8512195.stm
4. Moreau, Coartem, pp. 18–19.
5. This is according to the Global Fund’s Web site: http://www.theglobalfund.org/en/financials/
6. Sarah Chayes, Thieves of State: Why Corruption Threatens Global Security (New York: Norton, 2015), p. 194.
7. OECD, Illicit Trade, p. 80.
8. Moreau, “L’industrie,” p. 17.
9. Roger Bate, Phake: The Deadly World of Falsified and Substandard Medicines (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute Press, 2012), p. 362.
10. Ibid., 369, and OECD, Illicit Trade, p. 78.
11. OECD, Illicit Trade, p. 78.
12. Newton (2012) in OECD, Illicit Trade, p. 79.
13. Moreau, “L’industrie,” p. 17.
14. Erwin A. Blackstone, Joseph P. Fuhr, and Steve Pociask, “The Health and Economic Effects of Counterfeit Drugs,” American Health & Drug Benefits 7, number 4 (2014), pp. 216–24.
15. Ibid., p. 217.
16. Bate, p. 398.
17. Jean-Luc Moreau, “Counterfeit Drugs: Fighting Illegal Supply Chains,” statement before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations House Energy and Commerce Committee, February 27, 2014.
18. Bate, pp. 360–61.
19. Moreau, “Counterfeit Drugs.”
20. Ibid.
21. Bate, p. 359.
22. Ibid., p. 361.
23. Ibid., p. 358.
24. OECD, Illicit Trade, p. 86.
25. Bate, p. 376.
26. http://definitions.uslegal.com/h/hostis-humani-generis/
27. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X6Y9nT71lFI
28. Elizabeth Allen, The Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products and How to Tackle It, 2nd ed. (London: International Trade and Investment Center, 2013), p. 12.
29. Ibid.
30. International Chamber of Commerce, Controlling the Zone: Balancing Facilitation and Control to Combat Illicit Trade in the World’s Free Trade Zones. May 2013, p. 12.
31. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-04-04/ethiopia-somaliland-sign-accord-to-boost-use-of-berbera-port
32. The press release: http://www.africanews.com/2016/06/01/somaliland-secures-442m-deal-to-revamp-berbera-port/
33. http://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2016
CHAPTER 11
1. https://panamapapers.icij.org/the_power_players/
2. http://www.miaminewtimes.com/news/kilo-cocaine-made-miami-part-1-6366058
3. June S. Beittel, Mexico: Organized Crime and Drug Trafficking Organizations, Congressional report (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, July 22, 2015), pp. 7–9.
4. Ibid., p. 14.
5. According to famed Mexican journalist Carlos Loret de Mola, at
a talk at the Americas Society in New York.
6. Based on chart from LSE Expert Group on the Economics of Drug Policy, “Ending the Drug Wars” (London: London School of Economics, May 2014), p. 19.
7. According to Loret.
8. Beittel, p. 29.