Afghanistan

  273. Interview following talk at the Heritage Foundation by Ambassador Thomas Schweich, Washington, 16 May 2007.

  274. Adam Pain, Let Them Eat Poppies: Closing the Opium Poppy Fields in Balkh and its Consequences. Kabul: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit, December 2008, p. 2.

  275. Rachel Donadio, “New Course for Antidrug Efforts in Afghanistan,” The New York Times, 28 June 2009.

  276. Talk given at the Association of the US Army annual meeting, Washington, 6 October 2009.

  277. For example: Jon Lee Anderson, “Letter from Afghanistan: The Taliban’s War,” The New Yorker, 9 July 2007, http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/07/09/070709fa_fact_anderson.

  278. Doris Buddenberg and William A. Byrd, eds., Afghan’s Drug Industry, Structure, Functioning Dynamics and Implications for Counter-Narcotics Policy, 2008, United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime and World Bank, p. 6.

  279. Mohammed Hanif Atmar, Minister of Interior, Washington, talk given at the Brookings Institution, 27 February 2009.

  280. Talk given at the Association of the US Army annual meeting, Washington, 6 October 2009.

  281. The Senlis Council, Feasibility of Opium Licensing in Afghanistan. London: MF Publishing, 2005.

  282. Vanda Feldab-Brown, Opium Licensing in Afghanistan: Its Desirability and Feasibility. Washington: Brookings Institution Policy Paper, August 2007.

  283. Interview, Kabul, 26 October 2008.

  284. Interviews, Kabul, October—November 2008.

  285. David Mansfield and Adam Pain, Counter-Narcotics in Afghanistan: The Failure of Success. Kabul: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU) briefing paper, December 2008, p. 3.

  Chapter Seven

  286. Interview, Kabul, 27 October 2008.

  287. Talk given at the Atlantic Council, Washington, 15 October 2009.

  288. The International Republican Institute, Afghanistan Public Opinion Survey, May 3—16, 2009, Lapis Communication Research, www.iri.org, p. 49.

  289. John Lee Anderson, “The Man in the Palace,” The New Yorker, 6 June 2005.

  290. Gary Langer, Public Opinion Trends in Afghanistan, ABC News, 11 February 2009.

  291. Antonio Giustozzi, Koran, Kalashnikov and Laptop: The Neo-Taliban Insurgency in Afghan. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008, p. 45.

  292. Interview, Kabul, 26 October 2008.

  293. Interviews, multiple locations, Afghanistan, October—November 2008.

  294. Interviews, Afghanistan, September 2009.

  295. Interviews, Kabul, October—November 2008; Giustozzi, op. cit., pp. 43–46.

  296. Bashir Ahmad Nadem, “Religious Scholar Shot Dead in Kandahar” (Pajhwok Afghan News, 6 January 2009, http://www.pajhwok.com/viewstory.asp?lngAfghanistaneng&idAfghanistan67799_Bashir_Ahmad_Nazim); “Religious Scholar, Four Guards Killed in Kandahar” (Pajhwok Afghan News, 1 March 2009, http://www.pajhwok.com/viewstory.asp?lngAfghanistaneng&idAfghanistan70485); A. Jamali, “Taliban Forces Are Now Attacking Sunni Leaders in Afghanistan” (Eurasia Daily Monitor, v. 2 n. 107, 2 June 2005, http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cacheAfghanistan1&tx_ttnewsKabul5Btt_newsKabul5DAfghanistan30481).

  297. Although ulema, especially sayids, did play an important mediative role. Sana Haroon, Frontier of Faith: Islam in the Indo-Afghan Borderland. London: C. Hurst and Co. Publishers, 2007, pp. 68, 78.

  298. “Afghanistan: In Search of Justice,” National Public Radio, 12–17 December 2008, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyIdAfghanistan98121740.

  299. Carlotta Gall, “Afghan Lawmakers Review Court Nominees,” The New York Times, 17 May 2006.

  300. “Taliban Says Responsible for Pro-Karzai Cleric’s Killing,” The News (Islamabad), 30 May 2005.

  301. Quoted in The American Enterprise Institute Newsletter, January 2009.

  302. Sources on corruption include: USAID, Assessment of Corruption in Afghanistan (15 January 2009–15 March 2009); Yama Torabi and Lorenso Delesgues, Bringing Accountability Back In (Integrity Watch Afghanistan, June 2008); Manija Gardizi, Afghan’s Experience of Corruption: A Study Across Eight Provinces (Afghan Integrity Watch Afghanistan, December 2007); Yama Torabi and Lorenso Delesgues, Afghan Perceptions of Corruption: A Survey Across Thirteen Provinces (Integrity Watch Afghanistan, January 2007).

  303. Interview, Kabul, 23 October 2008.

  304. Talk given at Brookings Institution, Washington, 25 February 2009.

  305. See, for example, Alissa J. Rubin, “Karzai Vows Corruption Fight, But Avoids Details,” The New York Times, 3 November 2009.

  306. ABC Polling, 11 February 2009.

  307./span>. Ruth Rennie, Sudhindra Sharma, and Pawan Sen, Afghanistan in 2009, A Survey of the Afghan People. Washington: The Asia Foundation, 2009, pp. 69–71.

  308. Talk at CSIS, Washington, 5 August 2008.

  309. Interview, Washington, 27 February 2007.

  310. “Afghan Charged in New York with Financing the Taliban,” Reuters News Report, 21 April 2009.

  311. Benjamin Weiser, “Afghan Linked to Taliban Sentenced to Life in Drug Trafficking Case,” The New York Times, 1 May 2009.

  312. Dexter Filkins, Mark Mazetti, and James Risen, “Brother of Afghan Leader Said to Be on CIA Payroll,” The New York Times, 28 October 2009.

  313. Gaith Abdu-Ahad, “New Evidence of Widespread Fraud in Afghanistan Election Uncovered,” The Guardian, 19 September 2009.

  314. These results are at: http://www.transparency.org/.

  315. Phyllis Korkki, “The Countries Most Known for Corruption,” The New York Times, 6 December 2009, p. 2BU, http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2009/cpi_2009_table.

  316. Interview, Washington, 27 February 2007.

  317. Kenneth P. Vogel, “Afghanistan,” Politico, v. 3, n. 85, 24 June 2009, p. 3.

  318. Peter W. Galbraith, “What I Saw at the Afghan Elections,” The Washington Post, 4 October 2009, pp. B1, B5.

  319. Abubakar Siddique, “US Special Inspector: Afghan Corruption a ‘Mix’ of External, Internal Factors,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty News Report, 12 November 2009.

  320. Interview, Kabul, 25 October 2008.

  321. Interviews with former CLJ delegates, Kabul, October—November 2008.

  322. Talk at the Atlantic Council, Washington, 15 October 2009.

  323. One Afghan source in Kabul, October 2009, when he had exhausted the extensive substantive and personal complaints he had against Karzai, turned to his inability to compose decent Persian-language verse.

  324. Talk at the Atlantic Council, Washington, 15 October 2009.

  325. Dr. Najibullah Lafraie, Resurgence of the Taliban insurgency in Afghanistan: How and Why?, New York: paper delivered at the 50th Annual convention of the International Studies Association, 15–18 February 2009.

  326. Gary Langer, Public Opinion Trends in Afghanistan, ABC News, 11 February 2009.

  327. Talk at CSIS, Washington, 26 February 2009.

  328. Gary Langer, Public Opinion Trends in Afghanistan, ABC News, 11 February 2009.

  329. Asia Foundation 2009 survey, pp. 59–63.

  330. On Ismail Khan, see: Dr. Antonio Giustozzi, Genesis of a Prince: The Rise of Ismail Khan in Western Afghanistan 1979—92. London: Crisis States Working Paper No. 4, September 2006.

  331. On Afghan warlords, see: Antonio Giustozzi, The Debate on Warlordism: The Importance of Military Legitimacy. London: Crisis States Development Research Centre Discussion paper 13, October 2005.

  332. Andrew Bushell, “Uzbek Warlord Remains Enigma to Outside World,” The Washington Times, 23 February 2002.

  333. Biden and Holbrooke have criticized Karzai for dealing with Dostum. “No Dream Team for Karzai,” The Economist, 1 December 2008. Some participants in the meetings involving these individuals believed that Holbrooke, convinced he could “handle former Communist warlords” from his experience in the former Yugoslavia, was frustrated that he was unable to secure results from Dostum.

  334. Brian Glyn Williams, “T
he Return of the Kingmaker. Afghanistan’s General Dostum Ends his Exile,” Jamestown Terrorism Review, 20 August 2009.

  335. Interviews, multiple locations, October—November 2008. An example of pro-Ismail Khan Dari-language press is: Azhand, “Fragile Security in Heart,” Hasht-e Sobh (Kabul), 30 September 2009. Translated from Dari at World News Connection, NewsEdge Document Number: 200910021477.1_f3e8017464e5617c.

  336. Gary Langer, Public Opinion Trends in Afghanistan, ABC News, 11 February 2009.

  337. On DDR: Simonetta Rossi and Antonio Giustozzi, Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) of Ex-Combatants in Afghanistan: Constraints and Capabilities. London: Crisis States Research Centre Working Paper no. 2, series 2, June 2006.

  338. Ron Synovitz, “Afghan Amnesty Law Draws Criticism, Praise,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty News Report, 14 March 2007, http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1075272.html.

  339. Interviews, multiple locations in Afghanistan, October—November 2008.

  340. Interview, Kabul, 2 November 2008.

  341. Interview, Bagram AB, 12 October 2008.

  342. Atia Abawi, “Ignored by Society, Afghan Dancing Boys Suffer Centuries-Old Tradition,” CNN News Report, 26 October 2009.

  343. “Battle Lines Drawn over Contraception,” IRIN, 15 March 2009, http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportIdAfghanistan83476.

  344. Hama Yusuf, “Pakistan’s Taliban Rising? Ask the Women,” Christian Science Monitor, 26 May 2009.

  345. The controversy is analyzed in: Laurun Oates, A Closer Look: The Policy and Law-Making Behind the Shiite Personal Status Law (Kabul: Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU), September 2009, http://www.areu.org.af/index); Jon Boone, “Afghanistan Passes ‘Barbaric’ Law Diminishing Women’s Rights” (The Guardian [London], 14 August 2009).

  346. Ruth Rennie, Sudhindra Sharma, and Pawan Sen, Afghanistan in 2009, A Survey of the Afghan People. Washington: The Asia Foundation, 2009, pp. 110–19.

  347. Ibid., pp. 20, 124. Asked to identify the biggest problem facing women in their area, they responded: education/illiteracy (49 percent), lack of jobs/opportunities (28 percent), lack of rights/women’s rights (21 percent). Nationwide figures for education are 15 percent and unemployment 26 percent.

  348. World Bank, Gender and ICTs in Fragile States: Afghanistan, briefing, February 2008, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTEDEVELOPMENT/Resources/20080225-Gender_and_ICT_in_Fragile_States-Afghanistan.pdf?resourceurlnameAfghanistan20080225-Gender_and_ICT_in_Fragile_States-Afghanistan.pdf.

  349. Ruth Rennie, Sudhindra Sharma, and Pawan Sen, Afghanistan in 2009, A Survey of the Afghan People. Washington: The Asia Foundation, 2009, p. 125. 92 percent of the women and 83 percent of the men surveyed supported equal opportunities in education.

  350. Ibid., pp. 123–27.

  351. Rahiem Taiez, “Ousted Female Afghan Lawmaker Fighting to Return to Parliament,” AP Worldstream News Report, 5 April 2008.

  352. Gary Langer, Public Opinion Trends in Afghanistan, ABC News, 11 February 2009.

  353. Ruth Rennie, Sudhindra Sharma, and Pawan Sen, Afghanistan in 2009, A Survey of the Afghan People. Washington: The Asia Foundation, 2009, pp. 16–17.

  354. An overview is Martin Walker, “The World’s New Numbers,” The Wilson Quarterly, v. 33, n. 2, Spring 2009, pp. 24–31.

  355. Ruth Rennie, Sudhindra Sharma, and Pawan Sen, Afghanistan in 2009, A Survey of the Afghan People. Washington: The Asia Foundation, 2009, pp. 22–23.

  356. Talk given at the Association of the US Army annual meeting, Washington, 6 October 2009.

  357. Jack A. Goldstone, “Population and Security, How Demographic Change Can Lead to Violent Conflict,” Journal of International Affairs, v. 56, n. 2, Fall 2002, pp. 3–23.

  358. Telephone interview, M. Ashraf Haidari, Political Counselor, Embassy of Afghanistan, Washington, 29 June 2008.

  359. Interview, Kabul, 20 October 2008.

  360. Talk given at CSIS, Washington, 24 June 2009.

  361. Talk given at CSIS, Washington, 28 May 2009.

  362. Interview, Kabul, 27 October 2009.

  363. Carlotta Gall, “Hunger and Food Prices Push Afghanistan to Brink,” The New York Times, 18 May 2008.

  364. Interview, Kabul, 2 November 2008.

  365. Interview, Washington, 26 February 2009.

  Chapter Eight

  366. Steve Coll, Ghost Wars The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001. New York: Penguin, 2004, p. 180.

  367. The non-radicalized bulk of the madrassa system is potentially part of the solution: Tahir Andrabi et al., “The Madrassa Myth” (Foreign Policy Online, June 2009, http://www.foreignpolicy.com); Barry Bearak, “Pakistan Battles its Tax Scofflaws,” (The New York Times, 27 May 2000).

  368. Rick Barton, “Bring People Power to Pakistan,” The Christian Science Monitor, 19 May 2009.

  369. See generally: Selig S. Harrison, In Afghanistan’s Shadow: Baluch Nationalism and Soviet Temptation. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (CEIP), 1981.

  370. Frederic Grare, Pakistan: The Resurgence of Baluch Nationalism (Washington: CEIP, 2006); Shahzada Zulfiqar, “Endless War” (The Herald, April 2006, pp. 33, 36).

  371. On claims of Afghan support: Shakeel Anjum, “Operation in Darra, Bara Soon: Malik,” The News Online (Islamabad), 22 November 2009.

  372. Nicholas Schmidle, “Waiting for the Worst: Baluchistan 2006,” Virginia Quarterly Review, v. 82, n. 2, spring 2007, pp. 214–37.

  373. Talk given at CSIS, Washington, 23 February 2007.

  374. Ahmed Rashid, The Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), p. 29; Steve Coll, Ghost Wars The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 (New York: Penguin, 2004), p. 291.

  375. Ahmad Rafay Alam, “The Beginning of the Talibanization of Lahore,” The News, (Islamabad), 13 October 2008, http://www.thenews.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?idAfghanistan140667.

  376. On the extent of pre-2004 Pakistani military operations in the FATA, see C. Christine Fair and Seth G. Jones, “Pakistan’s War Within,” Survival, v. 51, n.6, December 2009, pp. 167–79.

  377. Hassan Abbas, Police and Law Enforcement Reform in Pakistan: Crucial for Counterinsurgency and Counterterrorism Success. Cambridge: Institute of Social Policy and Understanding, April 2009, http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/18976/police_law_enforcement_reform_in_Pakistan_.html.

  378. Hassan Abbas, “Transforming Pakistan’s Frontier Corps,” Jamestown Terrorism Monitor, v. 5, n. 6, 30 March 2007, pp. 1–4.

  379. “US General Questions Frontier Corps’ Loyalty,” Daily News (Pakistan), 16 June 2008.

  380. Peter Beaumont and Mark Townsend, “Pakistan Troops ‘Aid Taliban’: New Classified US Documents Reveal that Mass Infiltration of Frontier Corps by Afghan Insurgents is Helping Latest Offensive,” The Observer (Pakistan), 22 June 2008.

  381. Akram Gizabi, “Bajaur: Tribe and Custom Continue to Protect Al Qaeda,” Jamestown Terrorism Focus, v. 3, n. 2, 18 January 2006, pp. 2–3.

  382. “Car Bomb Kills Two Ansar-ul-Islam Men in Peshawar,” Dawn (Karachi), 22 August 2009, http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/metropolitan/07-one-killed-three-injured-in-hayatabad-car-explosion-ha-06.

  383. Ahmed Rashid, “Pakistan on the Brink,” The New York Review of Books, v. 67, n. 10, 11 June 2009, pp. 12–16.

  384. On 2003–04 Pakistani military operations in the FATA, see C. Christine Fair and Seth G. Jones, “Pakistan’s War Within,” Survival, v. 51, n. 6, December 2009, pp. 161–188.

  385. Ahmed Rashid, talk given at CSIS, Washington, 6 June 2008.

  386. C. Christine Fair and Seth G. Jones, “Pakistan’s War Within,” Survival, v. 51, n. 6, December 2009, pp. 161–188.

  387. Ahmed Rashid, talk given at CSIS, Washington, 6 June 2008.

  388. Daniel Markey, H
otbed of Terror. Washington, Council on Foreign Relations, 11 August 2008, http://www.cfr.org/publication/16929/hotbed_of_terror.html.

  389. C. Christine Fair and Seth G. Jones, “Pakistan’s War Within,” Survival, v. 51, n. 6, December 2009, pp. 161–188.

  390. Makhdoom Babar, “Chinese Engineers Rescued Through Commando Action,” The Daily Mail (London), 15 October 2004.

  391. Carlotta Gall and Ismail Khan, “Taliban and Allies Tighten Grip in North of Pakistan,” The New York Times, 11 December 2006.

  392. Joby Warrick, “CIA Places Blame for Bhutto Assassination,” The Washington Post, 18 January 2008, p. A1.

  393. Hassan Abbas, “A Profile of Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan,” Counter Terrorism Center (CTC) Sentinel, v. 1, n. 2, January 2008, pp. 1–4.

  394. “Militants Overrun Pakistan Fort” (BBC News report, 17 January 2008); “Pakistani Troops Flee Border Post” (Al Jazeera News Report, 17 January 2008).

  395. Zulfiqar Ali, “Over 4,000 Houses Destroyed in Waziristan Operation: Report” (Dawn [Pakistan], 8 November 2008); Iqbal Khattak, “Deserted Town Shows Human Cost of Operation Zalzala” (The Daily Times [Pakistan], 20 May 2008).

  396. Mobarek A Virk, “Tehrik-e-Taleban Pakistan Banned,” The News (Islamabad), 26 August 2008, http://www.thenews.com.pk/top_story_detail.asp?IdAfghanistan16831

  397. Hassan Abbas, “Defining the Punjabi Taliban Network,” Counter Terrorism Center (CTC) Monitor, v. 2, n. 4, April 2009, pp. 1–4.

  398. Aoun Abbas Sahi, “The Punjab Connection,” Newsline (Pakistan), October 2008.

  399. Hassan Abbas, “Increasing Talibanization in Pakistan’s Seven Tribal Agencies,” Jamestown Terrorism Focus, v. 5, n. 18, 27 September 2007, pp. 1–5.

  400. Graham Usher, “The Pakistani Taliban” (Middle East Report Online, 13 February 2007); Mukhtar A. Khan, “A Profile of the TTP’s New Leader: Hakimullah Mehsud” (CTC Sentinel, v. 2, n. 10, October 2009, pp. 1–4).

  401. Hassan Abbas, “The Road to Lal Masjid and Its Aftermath,” Jamestown Terrorism Monitor, v. 5, n. 14, 19 July 2007.

  402. Farhana Ali and Mohammed Shehzad, “Pakistan’s Radical Red Mosque Returns,” Jamestown Terrorism Monitor, v. 5, n. 20, 25 October 2007, pp. 3–6.