Modern Mind: An Intellectual History of the 20th Century

by Peter Watson

  68. Weiss, Op. cit., pages 28, 34 and 40.

  69. Lindsay and Vergo (editors), Op. cit., page 364, quoted in Everdell, Op. cit., page 307.

  70. Quoted in Hughes, Op. cit., page 301.

  71. Weiss, Op. cit., page 91.

  72. Algot Ruhe and Nancy Margaret Paul, Henri Bergson: An Account of His Life and Philosophy, London: Macmillan, 1914, page 2.

  73. Jacques Chevallier, Henri Bergson, London: Ridier, 1928, pages 39–41.

  74. Leszek Kolakowski, Bergson, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985, page 73.

  75. Chevallier, Op. cit., page 60.

  76. Philippe Soulez (completed by Frédéric Worms), Bergson: Biographie, Paris: Flammarion, 1997. pages 93–94.

  77. New Catholic Encyclopaedia, volume II, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967, page 324.

  78. Jacques Chevallier, Bergson, Paris: Plon, 1926.

  79. Soulez, Op. cit., pages 132–133.

  80. Kolakowski, Op. cit., pages 88–91.

  81. Soulez, Op. cit., pages 133–134.

  82. Ibid., pages 142–143.

  83. Ibid.

  84. Ibid., pages 251 ff.

  85. New Catholic Encyclopaedia, volume X, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967, page 1048.

  86. Ibid., volume IX, pages 991–995.

  87. J. G. Frazer, The Golden Bough, London: Macmillan, 1890; revised 1900.

  88. René Bazin, Pius X, London: Sands & Co., 1928, pages II ff.

  89. The Catholic Encyclopaedia, volume X, London: Caxton, 1911, page 415.

  90. Ibid., page 416. For an account of other reactions to Pascendi, see: A. N. Wilson, God’s Funeral, London: John Murray, 1999, pages 349ff.

  91. Quotes are from: John King Fairbank, China: A New History, Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1994, page 52.

  92. Fairbank, Op. cit., page 53.

  93. Denis Twitchett and John K. Fairbank, The Cambridge History of China, Volume II, Late Ch’ing, 1800–1911, Part 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980, pages 361–362; Fairbank, Op. cit., page 218.

  94. Fairbank, Op. cit., page 224.

  95. O. Edmund Clubb, Twentieth-Century China, New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1964, pages 25ff.

  96. Fairbank, Op. cit., page 232.

  97. Ibid., page 240.

  98. Ibid., page 243.

  99. Jerome B. Grieder, Intellectuals and the State in Modem China, New York: Free Press/Macmillan, 1981, pages 35ff; Fairbank, Op. cit., page 243.

  CHAPTER 5: THE PRAGMATIC MIND OF AMERICA

  1. Edward Bradby (editor), The University Outside Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1939, pages 285ff

  2. Ibid., passim.

  3. Professor Robert Johnston, personal communication.

  4. Bradby, Op. cit., pages 39ff. See also: Samuel Eliot Morison (editor), The Development of Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1930, pages 11 and 158.

  5. Morison, Op. cit., page XC, and Abraham Flexner, Universities: American, English, German, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1930, pages 85ff.

  6. Bradby, Op. cit., page 52. Flexner, Op. cit., page 67. It was also noteworthy that in Germany scientific leadership was concentrated in the universities, whereas in Britain the equivalent was located in the private academies, such as the Royal Society, and this also held back the development of the universities.

  7. Flexner, Op. cit., page 124. Bradby, Op. cit., page 57.

  8. Ibid., page 151. See also: E. R. Holme, The American University, Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1920, pages 143ff. Bradby, Op. cit., pages 59–60.

  9. Ray Fuller (editor), Seven Pioneers of Psychology, London: Routledge, 1995, page 21.

  10. William James, Pragmatism, New York: Longman Green, 1907; reprinted New York: Dover, 1995, pages 4 and 5.

  11. William James, Varieties of Religious Experience, London: Longman Green, 1902.

  12. James, Pragmatism, Op. cit., page 20.

  13. Ibid., pages 33ff.

  14. Arthur Lovejoy, The Great Chain of Being, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1936.

  15. Ellen Key, The Century of the Child, New York: Putnam, 1909.

  16. Richard Hofstadter, Anti-Intellectualism in American Life, Op. cit., page 362.

  17. John Dewey, The School and Society, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1900; and John Dewey, with E. Dewey, The School of Tomorrow, London: Dent, 1915.

  18. Hofstadter, Op. cit., page 366.

  19. Ibid., page 386.

  20. Morison, Op. cit., pages 534–535.

  21. Frederick Winslow Taylor, The Principles of Scientific Management, New York: Harper & Bros, 1913.

  22. Ibid., pages 60–61.

  23. Morison, Op. cit., pages 539–540.

  24. Hofstadter, Op. cit., Part IV, pages 233ff.

  25. Ibid., page 266.

  26. Ibid., page 267.

  27. Ada Louise Huxtable, The Tall Building Artistically Reconsidered: The Search for a Skyscraper Style, New York: Pantheon, 1984.

  28. John Gloag, The Architectural Interpretation of History, London: Adam and Charles Black, 1975, page I.

  29. Paul Goldberger, The Skyscraper, New York: Knopf, page 9 for a discussion of the significance of the Flatiron Building and page 38 for a reproduction of Steichen’s photograph.

  30. See ibid., page 38 for a reproduction of a famous greetings card of the Flatiron, called ‘Downdrafts at the Flatiron,’ with a drawing of a woman, her petticoats being raised by the wind.

  31. Goldberger, Op. cit., pages 17ff.

  32. John Burchard and Albert Bush-Brown, The Architecture of America, London: Victor Gollancz, 1967, page 145.

  33. Goldberger, Op. cit., pages 22–23.

  34. Ibid., page 18. See also: Hugh Morrison, Louis Sullivan: Prophet of Modern Architecture, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1971 (reprint of 1935 edition).

  35. Wesley Towner, The Elegant Auctioneers, New York: Hill & Wang, 1970, page 176.

  36. Patrick Nuttgens, The Story of Architecture, Oxford: Phaidon, 1983.

  37. William J. Curtis, Modern Architecture since 1900, Oxford: Phaidon, 1982, page 39.

  38. Goldberger, Op. cit., pages 18–19. See also: Louis H. Sullivan, The Autobiography of an Idea, New York: Dover, 1956 (revised version of 1924 edition).

  39. Goldberger, Op. cit., page 34.

  40. For Sullivan’s influence in Europe, see: Leonard K. Eaton, American Architecture Comes of Age: European Reaction to H. H. Richardson and Louis Sullivan, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1972.

  41. Goldberger, Op. cit., page 83.

  42. Frank Lloyd Wright, An Autobiography, London: Quartet, 1977 (new edition) pages 50–52.

  43. Goldberger, Op. cit., pages 87 and 89 for a picture of the design.

  44. Henry Combs with Martin Caidin, Kill Devil Hill, London: Secker & Warburg, 1980, page 212.

  45. Ibid., page 213.

  46. Ibid., page 214.

  47. Ibid.

  48. Ibid., page 216.

  49. C. H. Gibbs-Smith, A History of Flying, London: Batsford, 1953, pages 42ff.

  50. Alphonse Berget, The Conquest of the Air, London: Heinemann, 1909, pages 82ff.

  51. Combs and Caidin, Op. cit., pages 50–51.

  52. Ibid., pages 36–38.

  53. Ibid., pages 137–138.

  54. Ibid., page 204.

  55. Ibid., pages 216–217.

  56. Gibbs-Smith, Op. cit., pages 242–245.

  57. H. H. Arnason, A History of Modem Art, London: Thames & Hudson, 1977, page 410.

  58. Robert Hughes, American Visions, London: The Harvill Press, 1997, page 323.

  59. Arnason, Op. cit., page 410.

  60. Martin Green, New York 1913, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988, page 137.

  61. Quoted in Hughes (1997), Op. cit., page 325.

  62. Ibid., page 327.

  63. Green, Op. cit., page 140.

  64. Hughes (1997). Op. cit., page 334.

&
nbsp; 65. Ibid., page 331.

  66. Arnason, Op. cit., page 507.

  67. Arthur Knight, The Liveliest Art, New York: Macmillan, 1957, pages 16–17.

  68. Everdell, The First Modems, Op. cit., page 203.

  69. Ibid., page 204.

  70. Richard Schickel, D. W. Griffith, London: Michael Joseph, 1984, pages 20–23.

  71. IBID., PAGES 129FF.

  72. Ibid., page 131.

  73. See the list in Schickel, Ibid., pages 638–640.

  74. Ibid., page 132.

  75. Ibid., page 134.

  76. Knight, Op. cit., pages 25–27.

  77. Schickel, Op. cit., page 116.

  CHAPTER 6: E=mc2, ]/≡/ v + C7H38O43

  1. Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, Op. cit., page 50. For the links between early empiricism and the Enlightenment, see Ernest Gellner, Plough, Sword and Book, Op. cit., page 133.

  2. Rhodes, Op. cit., pages 41–42.

  3. L. G. Wickham Legg (editor), Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1949, page 766, column 2.

  4. Rhodes, Op. cit., page 43.

  5. Dictionary of National Biography, Op. cit., page 769, column 2.

  6. Rhodes, Op. cit., page 47.

  7. Ibid.

  8. David Wilson, Rutherford: Simple Genius, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1983, page 291.

  9. Wilson, Op. cit., page 289.

  10. Ernest Marsden, ‘Rutherford at Manchester,’ in J. B. Birks (editor), Rutherford at Manchester, London: Heywood & Co., 1962, page 8.

  11. Rhodes, Op. cit., pages 49–50.

  12. Wilson, Op. cit., pages 294 and 297.

  13. Rhodes, Op. cit., page 50.

  14. Michael White and John Gribbin, Einstein: A Life in Science, London: Simon & Schuster, 1993, page 5.

  15. Ibid., page 9.

  16. Ibid., page 10.

  17. Ibid., page 8.

  18. Ronald W. Clark, Einstein: The Life and Times, London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1973, page 16.

  19. Ibid., pages 76–83; see also White and Gribbin, Op. cit., page 48.

  20. Clark, Einstein, Op. cit., pages 61–62.

  21. See Ibid., pages 89ff for others.

  22. White and Gribbin, Op. cit., page 95.

  23. Clark, Einstein, Op. cit., pages 100ff.

  24. This section is based on Wiebe E. Bijker, Of Bicycles, Bakelites and Bulbs: Towards a Theory of Sociological Change, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, chapter 3, pages 101–108.

  25. Stephen Fenichell, Plastic: The Making of a Synthetic Century, New York: HarperCollins, 1996, page 86. Bijker, Op. cit., page 130.

  26. Encyclopaedia Britannica, London: William Benton, 1963, volume 18, page 40A.

  27. Bijker, Op. cit., pages 107–115. The ‘Exploding Teeth’ reference is at page 114.

  28. Ibid., page 119.

  29. Fenichell, Op. cit., page 89.

  30. Bijker, Op. cit., page 146.

  31. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Op. cit., page 40D. Bijker, Op. cit., page 147.

  32. Fenichell, Op. cit., page 90.

  33. Bijker, Op. cit., page 147.

  34. Ibid., page 148.

  35. Ibid., page 158.

  36. Fenichell, Op. cit., page 91.

  37. Bijker, Op. cit., pages 159–160.

  38. See also Encyclopaedia Britannica, Op. cit., page 40D for further uses.

  39. Bijker, Op. cit., page 166.

  40. Caroline Moorehead, Bertrand Russell: A Life, London: Sinclair Stevenson, 1992, page 2.

  41. See: Ray Monk, Bertrand Russell, The Spirit of Solitude, London: Vintage, 1997, pages 667ff, for a bibliographical discussion of Russell’s works.

  42. Moorehead, Op. cit., page 335.

  43. Ibid., page 35.

  44. Ibid., pages 46ff.

  45. Ronald W. Clark, The Life of Bertrand Russell, London: Penguin, 1978, page 43. Moorehead, Op. cit., page 49.

  46. Moorehead, Op. cit., pages 96ff.

  47. Ibid., pages 97–100.

  48. Clark, Bertrand Russell and His World, London: Thames & Hudson, 1981, page 28; See also Monk, Op. cit., page 153.

  49. Monk, Op. cit., pages 129ff and passim; Moorehead, Op. cit., page 94.

  50. Moorehead, Op. cit., page 96.

  51. Bertrand Russell, ‘Whitehead and Principia Mathematica’, Mind, volume lvii, No. 226, April 1948, pages 137–138.

  52. Bertrand Russell, The Autobiography of Bertrand Russell, 1872–1914, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1967, page 152.

  53. Moorehead, Op. cit., pages 99ff.

  54. Monk, Op. cit., page 192.

  55. Ibid., page 193.

  56. Ibid., page 191.

  57. Moorehead, Op. cit., page 101.

  58. Ibid., page 102.

  59. Monk, Op. cit., page 193.

  60. Ibid., page 195.

  61. M. Weatherall, In Search of a Cure: A History of Pharmaceutical Discovery, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990, page 83.

  62. Ibid., pages 84–85.

  63. Ibid., page 86.

  64. Claude Quétel, Le Mal de Naples: histoire de la syphilis, Paris: Editions Seghers, 1986; translated as History of Syphilis, London: Polity Press in association with Basil Blackwell, 1990, pages 2ff.

  65. Allan M. Brandt, No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States since 1880, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985, page 23.

  66. Quétel, Op. cit., page 149.

  67. Ibid., page 146.

  68. Ibid., page 152.

  69. Ibid., pages 157–158.

  70. Martha Marquardt, Paul Ehrlich, London: Heinemann, 1949, page 163. Brandt, Op. cit., page 40.

  71. Quétel, Op. cit., page 141.

  72. Marquardt, Op. cit., page 28.

  73. Ibid., pages 86ff.

  74. Ibid., page 160.

  75. Ibid., pages 163 ff

  76. Ibid., page 168.

  77. Ibid., pages 175–176.

  78. Sigmund Freud, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, 1905, now available as part of volume VII of the Collected Works (see chapter I, note I, supra), pages 20–21 n.

  CHAPTER 7: LADDERS OF BLOOD

  1. David Levering Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois: A Biography of a Race, New York: Holt, 1993, page 392

  2. Ibid., pages 387–389.

  3. Manning Marable, W. E. B. Du Bois: Black Radical Democrat, Boston: Twayne, 1986, page 98.

  4. Lewis, Op. cit., page 393.

  5. Marable, Op. cit., pages 52ff.

  6. Lewis, Op. cit., page 33.

  7. Marable, Op. cit., page 49.

  8. Lewis, Op. cit., pages 302–303.

  9. Ibid., page 316.

  10. Ibid., pages 387ff.

  11. Marable, Op. cit., page 73.

  12. Lewis, Op. cit., page 404.

  13. Ibid., page 406.

  14. Marable, Op. cit., page 73.

  15. Lewis, Op. cit., page 405.

  16. Everdell, The First Moderns, Op. cit., page 209.

  17. Ibid., pages 210 and 215–219.

  18. Ibid., page 217.

  19. Mike Hawkins, Social Darwinism in European and American Thought, Op. cit., pages 239–240.

  20. Ibid., pages 229–230.

  21. Kenneth M. Ludmerer, Genetics and American Soaety, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972, page 60.

  22. Ernst Mayr, The Growth of Biological Thought, Op. cit., pages 752ff.

  23. Bruce Wallace, The Search for the Gene, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992, page 56.

  24. Mayr, Op. cit., pages 750–751.

  25. Wallace, Op. cit., pages 57–58; Mayr, Op. cit., page 748.

  26. Peter J. Bowler, The Mendelian Revolution, Op. cit., page 132; Mayr, Op. cit., page 752.

  27. Mayr, Op. cit., page 753.

  28. T. H. Morgan, A. H. Sturtevant, H. J. Muller and C. B. Bridges, The Mechanism of Mendelian Inheritance, New York: Henry Holt, 1915; see also Bowler, Op. cit., page 134.

  29. Bowler, Op. cit., page 144.

  30. Melville J. Herskov
its, Franz Boas: The Science of Man in the Making, New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1953, page 17. For Boas’s political views and his dislike of the German political system, see: Douglas Cole, Franz Boas: The Early Years 1858— 1906, Vancouver/Toronto: Douglas & Mclntyre and the University of Washington Press, Washington and London, 1999, pages 278ff.

  31. Ludmerer, Op. cit., page 25.

  32. Franz Boas, The Mind of Primitive Man, New York: Macmillan, 1911, pages 53fr for context.

  33. Ludmerer, Op. cit., page 97.

  34. Franz Boas, Op. cit., page 1.

  35. Boas, Op. cit., pages 34ff.

  36. Ibid., pages 145ff.

  37. Ibid., pages 251ff.

  38. Ibid., page 278.

  39. Bertrand Flornoy, Inca Adventure, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1956, page 195.

  40. Hiram Bingham, Lost City of the Incas, London: Phoenix House, 1951, page 100.

  41. John Hemming, The Conquest of the Incas, London: Macmillan, 1970; paperback edition 1993, page 243.

  42. Bingham, Op. cit., pages 50–52.

  43. Hemming, Op. cit., pages 463–464.

  44. Ibid., page 464.

  45. Bingham, Op. cit., page 141.

  46. Flornoy, Op. cit., page 194.

  47. Bingham, Op. cit., page 141.

  48. Hemming, Op. cit., page 464.

  49. Bingham, Op. cit., pages 142–143.

  50. Nigel Davies, The Incas, Niwot, Colorado: University of Colorado Press, 1995, page 9.

  51. Hemming, Op. cit., page 469.

  52. Ibid., page 470.

  53. Bingham, Op. cit., page 152. Hemming, Op. cit., page 470.

  54. Hemming, Op. cit., page 472

  55. David R. Oldroyd, Thinking About the Earth, London: The Athlone Press, 1996, page 250.

  56. See map in ibid., page 251.

  57. George Gamow, Biography of the Earth, London: Macmillan, 1941, page 133.

  58. Oldroyd, Op. cit., page 250.

  59. R. Gheyselinck, The Restless Earth, London: The Scientific Book Club, 1939, page 281. See map of geosyncline in Oldroyd, Op. cit., page 257.

  60. Oldroyd, Op. cit., pages 144 and 312 for other references.

  61. Gamow, Op. cit., pages 2ff.

  CHAPTER 8: VOLCANO

  1. Robert Frost, A Boy’s Will, verse 2, ‘The Trial by Existence’, 1913; in Robert Frost: Collected Poems, Prose and Plays, New York: The Library of America, 1995, page 28. Everdell, Op. cit., where Chapter 21, ‘Annus Mirabilis’, is given to 1913.